제주지역에서 소비되는 식품 중 137Cs과 40K 방사능 농도

강태우,홍경애,박원표,유장걸 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.1

본 연구는 제주지역에서 소비되는 식품중의 ^(137)Cs과 ^(40)K 방사능 농도를 조사하여, 식 품 섭취에 따른 ^(137)Cs와^(40)K에 의한 내부피폭 선량의 값을 평가함으로써 만일의 원자 력 사고로 인한 방사능 오염에 대처할 수 있는 기초 자료를 확보하고자 수행하였다. 시료로 채위한 식품류는 농산물 31, 축산물 6, 수산물 12, 임산물 4, 그리고 가공식품(차류)이 3종류 였고 방사능 분석은 고순도 게르마늄검출기가 장착된 감마선분광게로 수행하였다. 시료중 ^(137)Cs방사능 농도범위는 농산물이 MDA이하∼ 650 mBq/㎏·fresh, 축산물 MDA이하 ∼131 mBq/㎏·fresh, 임산물 MDA 이하 ∼834 mBq/㎏·fresh,, 수산물 MDA이 하∼ 253 mBq/㎏·fresh, 그리고 가공식품은 320∼483 mBq/㎏·fresh 이었다. ^(40)K의 경 우는 농산물 16.6∼542 Bq/㎏·fresh,, 축산물 39.1∼294 Bq/㎏·fresh, 임산물 85.5∼116 Bq/ ㎏·fresh, 수산물 50.1∼657 Bq/㎏·fresh, 그리고 가공식품 33.6∼1,065 Bq/㎏·fresh, 범위 였다. 시료증 ^(137)Cs 방사능 농도가 가장 높은 것은 표고버섯으로 834 mBq/㎏·fresh 이 었으며, ^(40)K은 커피가 1,065 Bq/㎏·fresh 가장 높았다. 각 식품류 중 ^(137)Cs와 ^(40)K에 의한 연간 유효선량은 농산물이 66,543 nSv로 가장 높았 고, 축산물 19,311, 가공식품(차류) 6,648, 수산물 6,579 그리고 임산물 860 nSv 순으로 낮았 으며 이것을 모두 합한 총 연간 유효선량 값은 99,941 nSv 이었다. 본 연구에 포함된 식품 의 1인당 연간 섭취량이 연간 총 식품 섭취량의 60%임을 감안해도 자연환경 중에서 이루어 지는 외부피폭에 의한 연간 유효선량인 2,400,000 nSv에 비하면 무시할 정도여서 평상시 식 품섭취에 의한 방사선 내부피폭은 매우 미량이었다. 이상의 자료는 유사시 방사선에 의한 식품류 오염정도를 식별하는데 필수불가결할 것으로 사료된다. This work was conducted to provide the reference data of radioactivity in the foodstuffs at a radiological emergency situation in Jeju Island. The sampled foodstuffs were agricultural (31), livestock (6), marine (12) and forest products (4), and processed foods (3) consumed by Jeju Islanders. ^(137)Cs and activities were determined by HPGe Y-ray spectrometry. The activity ranges of ^(137)Cs was <MDA (less than minimum detectable activity-650 mBq/㎏ ·fresh in the agricultural products, <MDA-131 mBq/㎏·fresh in the livestock, <MDA-834 mBq/㎏·fresh in the forest, <MDA-253 mBq/㎏·fresh in the mafine and 32.0-483 mBq/㎏·fresh in the processed foods (tea). In case of ^(40)K, the activity was 166-542 Bq/㎏·fresh in the agricultural products, 39.1-294 Bq㎏· fresh in the livestock, 85.5-116 Bq/㎏·fresh in the forest, 50.1-6.57 Bq/㎏·fresh in the marine, and 33.6-1,065 Bq/㎏·fresh in the processed foods (tea). The highest activity of ^(137)Cs, 834 mBq/㎏·fresh was observed in oak mushroom and ^(40)K, 1,065 Bq/㎏·fresh in coffee. Annual effective doses of ^(137)Cs and ^(40)K by intake of foodstuffs per capita were the following order; agricultural products (66,543 nSv) > livestock products (19,311 nSv) > processed foods (6,648 nSv) > marine products (6,579 nSv) > forest products (860 nSv). Therefore, total annual effective dose was summed 99,941 nSv which is quite low level comparing to the annual effective dose by external exposure, 2,400,000 nSv. The data obtained in this study can be useful for monitoring whether the foodstuffs are contaminated or not at an emergency radiation accident, and showed that the foodstuffs consumed in Jeju are safe in terms of annual effective dose of ^(137)Cs and ^(40)K.

數學의 槪念形成을 爲한 敎授·學習模型의 硏究

姜慶愛,申澤均,金大洙 대구교육대학교 1975 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

This study is attempted to develope a better way of forming the concepts of mathematics in teaching and learning. A lot of basic concepts of mathematics have been mostly instructed in the primary school in such a way as verbal explanation. Therefore, no opportunity has ever been given to pupils for their logical, rational way of thinking. Some teaching-learning ways of concepts formation has been already expressed but no teaching-learning pattern as to what steps must be taken for their instruction has been yet found. This paper aims at developing such a pattern and helping the inservice teachers apply it for the improvement of mathematics education. The concepts to be instructed in the primary school are divided into three-objective, operative and relative. As they are considerd to be taught in different ways, the fellowing patterns are made. The objective concepts are to be instructed in such a way as ① pattern presentation, ② comprehension as a set, ③ concepts building, ④ definition of concepts ⑤ application; the operative concepts as ① motivation, ② comprehension as a set, ③ concepts building, ④ being made into notation, ⑤ training for skill, the relative concepts as ① case presentation, ② comprehension as a set, ③ concepts building, ④ being made into notation, ⑤ application. According to this, <prism> was actually instructed in the sixth grade of primary school for the understanding of objective concepts; <adding> in the first grade for operative concepts; <perpendiculum> in the fourth grade for relative concepts. The results showed easy and correct understanding as well as logical and rational thinking on the part of school boys and girls. The assumption that the process of forming the three patterns may be different was wrong and a general model was mode: model presentation→comprehension as a set→concepts building→being made into notation→application. All that is needed is that the teaching method of each step should be different.

제주지역에서 소비되는 식품 중 ^(137)Cs과 ^(40)K 방사능 농도

강태우,홍경애,박원표,유장걸 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 2003 연구보고 Vol.17 No.-

본 연구는 제주지역에서 소비되는 식품류 중의 ^(137)Cs과 ^(40)K 방사능 농도를 조사하여, 식품 섭취에 따른 ^(137)Cs과 ^(40)K에 의한 내부피폭선량의 값을 평가함으로써 만일의 원자력사고로 인한 방사능 오염에 대처할 수 있는 기초 자료를 확보하고자 수행하였다. 시료로 채취한 식품류는 농산물 31, 축산물 6, 수산물 12, 임산물 4, 가공식품(차류) 3종류였고 방사능 분석은 고순도 게르마늄검출기가 장착된 감마선분광계로 수행하였다. 시료 중 ^(137)Cs 방사능 농도범위는 농산물이 MDA이하~650 mBq/㎏·fresh, 축산물은 16.6~542 Bq/㎏·fresh, 임산물 MDA이하~131 mBq/㎏·fresh, 수산물 39.1~294 Bq/㎏·fresh, 그리고 가공식품은 MDA이하~834 mBq/㎏·fresh이었다. ^(40)K의 경우는 농산물85.5~l16 Bq/㎏·fresh, 축산물 MDA이하~246 mBq/㎏·fresh, 임산물 50.1~657 mBq/㎏·fresh, 수산물 32.0~483 mBq/㎏·fresh 그리고 가공식품 33.6~l,065 Bq/㎏·fresh 범위였다. 시료 중 ^(137)Cs 방사능 농도가 가장 높은 것은 표고버섯으로 834 mBq/㎏·fresh이었으며, ^(40)K은 커피가 1.065 mBq/㎏·fresh로 가장 높았다. 각 식품류 중 ^(137)Cs와 ^(40)K에 의한 연간 유효선량은 농산물이 66.543 nSv로 가장 높았고, 축산물 19,311, 가공식품(차류) 6.648, 수산물 6,579, 임산물 850 순으로 낮았으며 이것을 모두 합한 총 연간 유효선량 값은 99,941 nSv이었다. 본 연구에 포함된 식품의 1인당 연간 섭취량이 연간 식품 총 섭취량의 60%임을 감안해도 자연환경 중에서 이루어지는 외부피폭에 의한 연간 유효선량 2,400,000 nSv에 비하면 무시할 정도로 평상시 식품섭취에 의한 방사선 내부피폭은 매우 미량이었다. 이상의 자료는 유사시 방사선에 의한 식품류 오염정도를 식별하는데 필수불가결할 것으로 사료된다. This work was conducted to provide the reference data of radioactivity in the foodstuffs at a radiological emergency situation in Jeju Island. The foodstuffs sampled were agricultural(31), livestock(6), marine(12) and forest products(4), and processed foods(3) consumed by Jeju Islanders. ^(137)Cs and ^(40)K activities were determined by HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. The activity ranges of ^(137)Cs were <MDA(less than minimum detectable activity)∼650 m㏃/㎏·fresh in the agricultural products, <MDA∼131 m㏃/㎏·fresh in the livestock, <MDA∼834 m㏃/㎏·fresh in the marine, <MDA∼246 m㏃/㎏·fresh in the forest and 32.0∼483 m㏃/㎏·fresh in the processed foods(tea). In case of ^(40)K, the activity ranges were 16.6∼542 ㏃/㎏·fresh in the agricultural products, 39.1∼294 ㏃/㎏·fresh in the livestock, 85.5∼116 ㏃/㎏·fresh in the marine, 50.1∼657 ㏃/㎏·fresh in the forest, and 33.6∼1,065 ㏃/㎏·fresh in the processed foods(tea). The highest activity of ^(137)Cs, 834 m㏃/㎏·fresh in was observed in oak mushroom and ^(40)K, 1,065 ㏃/㎏·fresh in coffee. Annual effective doses of ^(137)Cs and ^(40)K by intake of foodstuffs per capita were the following order ; agricultural products (66,543 n㏜) > livestock products (19,311 n㏜) > processed foods (6,648 n㏜) > marine products (6,579 n㏜) > forest products (860 n㏜). Therefor total annual effective dose was summed 99,941 n㏜ which is quite low level comparing to the annual effective dose byexternal exposure, 2,400,000 n㏜. The data obtained in this study can be useful for monitoring whether the foodstuffs are contaminated or not at an emergency radiation accident, and showed that the foodstuffs consumed in Jeju are safe in terms of annual effective dose of ^(137)Cs and ^(40)K.

小數指導에 있어서의 그 導入에 關한 一考察

姜慶愛 大邱敎育大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1984 과학·수학교육연구 Vol.9 No.-

효소면역측정법을 이용한 Fumonisin의 검출법 개발

손동화,한성민,임선희,이인원,조선희,강신영,이경애 한국미생물생명공학회 ( 구 한국산업미생물학회 ) 1996 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Fumonisin에 대한 효소면역측정법(ELISA)을 개발하기 위하여 특이항체를 생산하고, 분석조건을 확립하여, 인위적으로 오염시킨 옥수수 시료의 분석을 행하였다. Fumonisin B_1 (FB_1)을 cholera toxin (CT)에 결합시킨 FB_1-CT conjugate를 면역원으로 하여 Freund's adjuvant와 함께, 또는 단독으로 두 군의 토끼에 면역하고 특이항체를 생산하였다. 항혈청을 ELISA로 분석한 결과 그 adjuvant와 함께 면역한 경우 항체역가(titer)가 높게 나타났다. 가장 높은 항체역가(1 : 16,000)를 나타낸 항혈청 및 그로부터 정제한 항체를 이용하여 간접법 및 직접법에 의한 경합적 ELISA(ciELISA 및 cdELISA)를 각각 확립하였다. 이 항체의 유사독소와의 교차반응을 ciELISA로 조사하였을 때, FB_3에 대한 교차반응율은 2%로 매우 낮았으나, FB_2에 대한 것은 179%로 다소 높았다. FB_1의 검출한계는 ciELISA에서 0.03ppb, cdELISA에서 0.3 ppb로 각각 나타났다. 실제 곡물시료의 분석에 ELISA 활용가능성을 조사하기 위하여 인위적으로 FB_1을 오염시킨 옥수수를 75% methanol로 추출하고 그 회수율을 측정한 결과, 분석이 불안정하여 회수율이 일정하게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 방해물질의 제거를 위하여 시료추출액을 strong anion exchange(SAX) cartridge를 거쳐 세척한 다음 분석하였을 때, 3~10 ppm 범위의 FB_1 오염 옥수수에서 평균 34%(CV의 평균, 8.2%)의 안정된 회수율을 보였다. In order to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fumonisins, production of specific antibodies, establishement of ELISA conditions, and quantitation of the toxin from spiked corns by ELISA were performed. Fumonisin B_1 (FB_1) conjugated to cholera toxin (CT) with or without Freund's adjuvant was subcutaneously injected into 2 groups of rabbits. When the titer of the antisera produced by each rabbit tested, higher titer was observed in case of the immunization with the adjuvant. By use of the antiserum showing the highest titer (1 : 16,000) and its purified antibodies, competitive indirect and direct ELISA's (ciELISA and cdELISA) were established, respectively. When the cross-reactivity of the antibody against fumonisin analogs was investigate by the ciELISA is was very low against B_3 (2%) but high against fumonisin B_2 (179%). The sensitivity of the ELISAs was also very high, because the detection limit for FB_1 was 0.03 ppb in ciELISA and 0.3 ppb in cdELISA. When the ELISA's were applied to the spiked corns after extraction with 75% methanol, the assay recovery of FB_1 was too unstable to assay. However, when cleanup by strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridge was introduced to remove interfering materials, the mean ELISA recovery of FB_1 from corns spiked to 3~10 ppm was found to be 34.0% and stable (mean of CV, 8.2%).