정당의 광장정치에 대한 포섭과 배제의 동원 - 2004, 2008, 2016년 광장을 통한 시민참여와 정당정치를 중심으로 -

안정은(Ahn, Jeongeun),임여원(Lim, Yeowon) 참여연대 참여사회연구소 2020 시민과세계 Vol.- No.37

본 논문은 인지적 동원(cognitive mobilization) 능력이 높아진 시민들이 비제도적인 광장정치와 제도적인 선거 정치를 통해 정치구조의 참여를 높이고, 이를 정당이 어떻게 포섭하고 배제했는지 분석하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위하여 의회의 구성, 광장의 성격, 여당과 야당의 여부, 임박한 선거의 여부를 기준으로 2004년 노무현 대통령 탄핵 관련 시위, 2008년 광우병 관련 시위, 2016년 박근혜 대통령 탄핵 관련 시위 등의 사례 분석을 진행했다. 이를 통해 광장의 민의는 제도권을 개혁할 수 있는 선거와 함께 시너지 효과를 내고, 정치적 기회를 얻음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 정당은 광장의 정치에 합류하여 민의에 따른 항의와 처벌을 피하거나, 혹은 지지를 확대하기 위하여 포섭과 배제의 유권자 동원전략을 활용한다. 결과적으로 정당의 광장에 대한 포섭과 배제의 전략을 통해 광장에서 이루어지는 정치행위의 성공 여부를 결정지을 수 있게 된다. This paper aims to analyze how citizens highly capable of cognitive mobilization have embraced political participation with the use of formal electoral politics as well as informal politics of agora. The research also analyzes how political parties seek to include or exclude the demands of social protests. It conducts a case analysis on three major social protests in Korea on the basis of composition of the Congress, the characteristics of social protests (pro-regime or anti-regime), majority party or minority party, the existence of imminent elections as follows: 1) 2006 candlelight protests regarding the impeachment of President Roh Moo-hyun, 2) 2008 candlelight protests over the Lee Myung-bak government’s decision to import US beef and the subsequent Mad Cow Disease controversy, and 3) 2016~2017 candlelight protests over the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. The results of the analysis suggest that the demands of the agora create the synergy effect and open political opportunities when combined with the elections. The results also indicate that political parties either join the politics of agora, thereby bypassing the protests or punishment from the public, or utilize voter mobilization tactics of inclusion and exclusion to earn the voter support. In sum, political parties’ strategy of inclusion and exclusion of the agora can determine the success or failure of the political acts of the agora.

트럼프 행정부 시기 신의성실원칙의 이행 문제(commitment problem)에 따른 북핵 협상 국면전환 연구

안정은 ( Jeongeun Ahn ) 서울대학교 한국정치연구소 2021 韓國 政治 硏究 Vol.30 No.3

본 논문은 트럼프 행정부 시기 내 북핵 협상을 둘러싼 ‘위기-화해 조성-교착 국면’ 전환을 ‘신의성실원칙의 이행 문제(commitment problem)’ 모델을 통해 분석하고자 한다. 신의성실원칙의 이행 문제는 협상에서 협력을 통한 이익이 매우 크지만, 둘 사이에 존재하는 불균등한 협상력 때문에 협력을 기피하는 것을 의미한다. 미국과 북한이 불균등한 협상력을 가졌을 때, 북한은 협상력을 증대시키기 위하여 ‘경제건설 및 핵무력 병진노선’을 통해 핵무력 완성을 선포하고, 대북제재의 손실을 만회하기 위한 협상에 참여한다. 미국 또한 전쟁이나 선제공격으로 발생하는 손실보다 대화에 따른 이익이 크기 때문에 협상에 참여해 위기 국면이 화해 조성 국면으로 전환된다. 하지만 깊은 불신과 신의성실원칙의 이행 문제가 발생하면서 협상을 이행해도, 협상 파기에 대한 불안감과 위협 때문에 결렬하는 것이 오히려 더 이익이 되는 딜레마가 발생한다. 이로 인해, 화해 조성 국면은 교착 국면으로 빠지게 된다. This paper aims to analyze the shift in the “crisis-reconciliation-deadlock phase” surrounding North Korean nuclear negotiations during the Trump administration through the ‘commitment problem’ model. Commitment problem means avoiding cooperation due to the imbalance bargaining power that exists between the two, although the benefits of cooperation are very great in negotiations. When the U.S. and North Korea have imbalance bargaining power, North Korea declares the completion of nuclear power through “Byungjin Line(parallel development: nuclear and economic)” to increase bargaining power and participates in negotiations to make up for the loss of sanctions against North Korea. The U.S. also participates in negotiations and turns the crisis phase into a phase of reconciliation because the benefits of negotiations are greater than those caused by wars or preemptive attacks. However, even if negotiations are implemented due to the commitment problem and deep distrust, it creates a dilemma that is more beneficial to break down due to anxiety and threats about the destruction of negotiations. As a result, the reconciliation creation phase falls into a deadlock phase.

분쟁에 의한 접경지역에서의 3자 개입에 따른 평화협력 향후 과제 : 키프로스와 북아일랜드 사례를 중심으로

안정은 ( Ahn Jeongeun ),권주현 ( Kwon Joohyun ) 평화문제연구소 2021 統一問題硏究 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 분쟁에 의해 형성된 접경지역의 평화와 화해의 평화협력을 견인하는 3자 개입의 유형과 사례를 분석하여 그 의의와 한계 및 향후 과제를 제안하고자 한다. 키프로스와 북아일랜드는 단일 국가(영토) 내에서 민족적, 종교적 분쟁으로 각각 그린라인(green line)과 인터페이스(interface)라는 접경지역이 만들어졌으며, 3자 개입을 통해 평화협력을 견인했다. 키프로스는 UN의 UNFICYP가 군사적 개입을 단행했고, 북아일랜드는 미국과 EU가 경제적 개입을 통해 사회 인프라를 구축하고 평화 및 화해 협력의 길을 열었다. 접경지역에서의 3자 개입은 평화협력을 이끄는 데 선도적인 역할을 하지만, 개입을 철수 할 때 접경지역이 가지고 있는 본질적인 문제에 의해 평화협력의 노력이 수포가 될 위험이 크다. 폭력과 분쟁의 구조적인 문제들을 해결하고, 분쟁의 관리 및 예방하고 발전을 모색하는 적극적 평화로 나아가기 위해서는 보다 접경지역 중심적이고 다차원적인 방면에서 접경지역의 취약성을 연구하고 함의를 분석하는 것이 중요하다. This study analyzes the types and cases of third-party interventions that leads to peace and reconciliation in the border region formed by conflict, and proposes its significances, limitations and future tasks. In Cyprus and Northern Ireland, border region called the ‘Green Line’ and ‘Interface’ were created due to ethnic and religious disputes within a single country(territory), respectively, and peaceful cooperation was prompted through third-party intervention. In Cyprus, the UN’s UNFICYP carried out military intervention and in Northern Ireland, the US and EU economically intervened to build social infrastructure and pave the way for peace and reconciliation and cooperation. Third-party intervention in the border region plays a leading role in leading peace cooperation, but when the intervention is withdrawn, there is a high risk that the efforts for peace cooperation will be in vain due to the inherent problems of the border region. In order to solve the structural problems of violence and conflict, manage and prevent conflict, and move toward an positive peace that seeks development, it is important to study the vulnerability of the border region and analyze its implications from a more border-centric and multi-dimensional perspective.

An Empirical Approach to Dosimetric Effect of Carbon Fiber Couch for Flattening Filter Free Beam of Elekta LINAC

Ahn, Sohyun,Park, Kwangwoo,Kim, Jinsung,Lee, Ho,Yoon, Jeongmin,Lee, Eungman,Park, Sohyun,Park, Jeongeun,Kim, Juhye,Keum, Ki Chang Korean Society of Medical Physics 2016 의학물리 Vol.27 No.4

Generally, it is recommended that the dosimetric effect of carbon fiber couch should be considered especially for an intensity-modulated therapy with a large portion of monitor units from posterior angles. Even a flattening filter free (FFF) beam has been used for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), the effect of carbon fiber couch for FFF beam is not well known. This work is an effort to evaluate the dosimetric effect of carbon fiber couch for flattened and FFF beam of Elekta linac empirically. The absorbed doses were measured with Farmer type chamber and water-equivalent phantoms with and without couch. And differences of the absorbed doses between with and without couch defined as "couch effect". By comparing calculated dose in treatment planning system (TPS) with measured dose, the optimal density of couch was evaluated. Finally, differences on patient's skin dose and target dose by couch were evaluated in TPS. As a result, the couch effect for 6 and 10 MV flattened beam were -2.71% and -2.32%, respectively. These values were agreed with provided data by vendor within 0.5%. The couch effect for 6 and 10 MV FFF beam were -3.75% and -2.80%, respectively. The patient's skin dose was increased as 18.6% and target dose was decreased as 0.87%, respectively. It was realized that the couch effect of FFF beam was more severe than that of flattened beam. Patient's skin dose and target dose were changed by the couch effect.

Discrimination of Sesame Oil from Sesame Flavored Oil by Combined Analysis of Stable Isotope Ratio and 1H NMR Spectrum

Jeongeun Kim,Gyungsu Jin,Hyang Sook Chun,Sangdoo Ahn,Byung Hee Kim 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2014 No.10

Characterization of vehicle-emitted greenhouse gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) in Megacity Seoul

JeongEun Kim,Jinho Ahn,Sambit Ghosh 대한지질학회 2021 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

To mitigate climate change, it is essential to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas, which has increased significantly since the industrial revolution. In particular, it is important to make a greenhouse gas inventory for a megacity like Seoul where more than half of the South Koreans live. The main greenhouse gas species emitted from vehicles are CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O. Usually, CO₂ emissions are calculated using fuel consumption and emission factors with various fuel types. However, there is no development for monitoring the non-CO₂ emission factors based on energy in Korea. To characterize the vehicle-emitted greenhouse gas in Megacity Seoul, we collected air samples from the entry and exit points of the Sangdo Tunnel during February to July of 2021, and measured the concentrations of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O. We also analyzed the δ<SUP>15</SUP>N and δ<SUP>18</SUP>O values of N₂O to understand the strength of various sources and sinks of N₂O. The N₂O/CO₂ molar ratio in vehicle emission is 4.10±0.18 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP>, being within the range 1.8-18.7 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP> previously reported in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and the USA. The relatively low value in the global range may be due to the variable vehicle types, traffics, and catalytic conversion methods across the countries and studied time intervals. The CH₄/CO₂ molar ratio in vehicle emission is 33.33±0.18 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP>, which is significantly higher than the emission ratio observed in Switzerland and the USA. (4.6±0.2 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP>, 15±0.2 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP> respectively). The δ<SUP>15</SUP>N of N₂O at the exit point is significantly lower than that at the entry point of the tunnel, whereas δ<SUP>18</SUP>O values are similar at both ends of the tunnel. The δ<SUP>15</SUP>N and δ<SUP>18</SUP>O values of N₂O emitted from the vehicles are estimated as 2.1 ± 0.1‰ and 42.0 ± 0.4‰ respectively. The δ<SUP>15</SUP>N values support the idea that the N₂O is produced during catalytic conversion in the vehicles. Our new data from Seoul will help us better understand greenhouse gas emission from vehicles in megacity through the catalytic converters.

Identification of gamma-irradiated ingredients in liquid seasonings by thermoluminescence analysis: an interlaboratory blind trial

Ahn, Jae-Jun,Akram, Kashif,Baek, Ji-Yeong,Lee, Jeongeun,Jeong, Il-Yun,Kwon, Joong-Ho Springer-Verlag 2013 European food research and technology Vol.236 No.5

Nonsaponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng attenuates cytokine production via inhibition of TLR4 expression

Ahn, Huijeong,Han, Byung-Cheol,Kim, Jeongeun,Kang, Seung Goo,Kim, Pyeung-Hyeun,Jang, Kyoung Hwa,So, Seung Ho,Lee, Seung-Ho,Lee, Geun-Shik The Korean Society of Ginseng 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.2

Background: Ginsenosides of Korean Red Ginseng extracts (RGE) and its saponin components suppress secretion of inflammasome-mediating cytokines, whereas the nonsaponin fraction (NS) of RGE oppositely stimulates cytokine secretion. Although direct exposure of NS to macrophages in mice induces cytokine production, oral administration of NS has not been studied in inflammasome-related disease in animal models. Methods: Mice were fed RGE or NS for 7 days and then developed peritonitis. Peritoneal cytokines were measured, and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were collected to assay expression levels of a set of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in response to NS ingestion. In addition, the role of intestinal bacteria in NS-fed mice was assessed. The effect of preexposure to NS in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) on cytokine production was further confirmed. Results: NS ingestion attenuated secretion of peritoneal cytokines resulting from peritonitis. In addition, the isolated PECs from NS-fed mice presented lower TLR transcription levels than PECs from control diet-fed mice. BMDMs treated with NS showed downregulation of TLR4 mRNA and protein expression, which was mediated by the $TLR4-MyD88-NF{\kappa}B$ signal pathway. BMDMs pretreated with NS produced less cytokines in response to TLR4 ligands. Conclusion: NS administration directly inhibits TLR4 expression in inflammatory cells such as macrophages, thereby reducing secretion of cytokines during peritonitis.

Nonsaponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng attenuates cytokine production via inhibition of TLR4 expression

Huijeong Ahn,Byung-Cheol Han,Jeongeun Kim,Seung Goo Kang,Pyeung-Hyeun Kim,Kyoung Hwa Jang,Seung Ho So,Seung-Ho Lee,Geun-Shik Lee 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.2

Background: Ginsenosides of Korean Red Ginseng extracts (RGE) and its saponin components suppress secretion of inflammasome-mediating cytokines, whereas the nonsaponin fraction (NS) of RGE oppositely stimulates cytokine secretion. Although direct exposure of NS to macrophages in mice induces cytokine production, oral administration of NS has not been studied in inflammasome-related disease in animal models. Methods: Mice were fed RGE or NS for 7 days and then developed peritonitis. Peritoneal cytokines were measured, and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were collected to assay expression levels of a set of tolllike receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in response to NS ingestion. In addition, the role of intestinal bacteria in NS-fed mice was assessed. The effect of preexposure to NS in bone marrowederived macrophages (BMDMs) on cytokine production was further confirmed. Results: NS ingestion attenuated secretion of peritoneal cytokines resulting from peritonitis. In addition, the isolated PECs from NS-fed mice presented lower TLR transcription levels than PECs from control diet efed mice. BMDMs treated with NS showed downregulation of TLR4 mRNA and protein expression, which was mediated by the TLR4-MyD88-NFkB signal pathway. BMDMs pretreated with NS produced less cytokines in response to TLR4 ligands. Conclusion: NS administration directly inhibits TLR4 expression in inflammatory cells such as macrophages, thereby reducing secretion of cytokines during peritonitis.

Obovatol inhibits NLRP3, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasome activation

Kim, Jeongeun,Ahn, Huijeong,Han, Byung-Cheol,Shin, Hyunjung,Kim, Jin-Chul,Jung, Eui-Man,Kim, Juyeol,Yang, Heejung,Lee, Jeonghyun,Kang, Seung Goo,Lee, Seung-Ho,Lee, Geun-Shik Elsevier 2019 Phytomedicine Vol.63 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Obovatol, a biphenolic chemical originating from <I>Magnolia obovata</I>, has been utilized as a traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflammasome induces maturation of inflammatory cytokines in response to intracellular danger signals, and its dysregulation induces inflammatory diseases.</P> <P><B>Purpose</B></P> <P>The effect of obovatol on inflammasome activation has not been reported, although its anti-inflammatory properties have been studied.</P> <P><B>Study design/methods</B></P> <P>Obovatol was treated to macrophages with inflammasome triggers, and secretions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 were measured as readouts of inflammasome activation. In addition, Asc pyroptosome formation, caspase-1 activity, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed in mechanical studies. Anti-inflammasome properties of obovatol were confirmed in an animal model.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Obovatol inhibited NLRP3, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes through inhibition of Asc pyroptosome formation and mitochondrial ROS generation. In addition, obovatol disrupted the priming step of inflammasome activation and inhibited transcription of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, obovatol attenuated serum IL-1β elevation in response to monosodium urate crystals.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>Obovatol is suggested as an inhibitor of NLRP3, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>