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Wafer-scale single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride film via self-collimated grain formation
Lee, Joo Song,Choi, Soo Ho,Yun, Seok Joon,Kim, Yong In,Boandoh, Stephen,Park, Ji-Hoon,Shin, Bong Gyu,Ko, Hayoung,Lee, Seung Hee,Kim, Young-Min,Lee, Young Hee,Kim, Ki Kang,Kim, Soo Min American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2018 Science Vol.362 No.6416
<P><B>Wafer-scale hBN crystalline films</B></P><P>Although wafer-scale polycrystalline films of insulating hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can be grown, the grain boundaries can cause both scattering or pinning of charge carriers in adjacent conducting layers that impair device performance. Lee <I>et al.</I> grew wafer-scale single-crystal films of hBN by feeding the precursors into molten gold films on tungsten substrates. The low solubility of boron and nitrogen in gold caused micrometer-scale grains of hBN to form that coalesced into single crystals. These films in turn supported the growth of epitaxial wafer-scale films of graphene and tungsten disulfide.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 817</P><P>Although polycrystalline hexagonal boron nitride (PC-hBN) has been realized, defects and grain boundaries still cause charge scatterings and trap sites, impeding high-performance electronics. Here, we report a method of synthesizing wafer-scale single-crystalline hBN (SC-hBN) monolayer films by chemical vapor deposition. The limited solubility of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) atoms in liquid gold promotes high diffusion of adatoms on the surface of liquid at high temperature to provoke the circular hBN grains. These further evolve into closely packed unimodal grains by means of self-collimation of B and N edges inherited by electrostatic interaction between grains, eventually forming an SC-hBN film on a wafer scale. This SC-hBN film also allows for the synthesis of wafer-scale graphene/hBN heterostructure and single-crystalline tungsten disulfide.</P>
MiYoung Lee,Hayoung Hwang 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7
The fashion industry is one of the most labor intensive industries, and employs over 25 million workers in over 100 countries (Reinhard, Schmidt, Rützel, & Zentgraf, 2013). There have been many concerns regarding the poor working conditions of garment workers, including their long working hours, forced overtime, and hazardous working environments, especially in developing countries. In Korea, competition has intensified within the industry with the emergence of global fashion companies, which has caused many fashion companies to move their production bases overseas in search of cheaper labor (Son, 2007). Thus, the labor problems that have arisen in the fashion industry are mostly about low wages and the poor working conditions of production workers. However, what about the labor problems of fashion industry workers other than those in production factories? Lee, Kim, Shin, Yoon, Lee, Chang, Chung, and Choi (2009) noted in their study that white-collar workers in fashion companies in Korea work longer hours, receive fewer benefits, and have a higher turnover rate than workers in other industries. In 2015, the poor working environment and low or absent wages of fashion industry interns came under public scrutiny (Kim, 2015; Kwon, 2016). In addition, there were cases in which body size was specified when hiring fashion designers, which raised the question of discrimination based on physical appearance (Kim, 2015). These employment conditions are important factors that influence fashion design majors entering the job market. Hence, regarding this and the physical body size discrimination of fashion designers in the Korean fashion industry, the aims of this paper are twofold: 1) to examine the present situation of physical discrimination by analyzing fashion companies’ job advertisements and 2) to explore fashion major undergraduates’ opinions about job criteria that indicate potential physical discrimination. Two approaches were used in this exploratory study to examine potential hiring discrimination tied to job applicants’ body size; 1) investigation of job advertisements by fashion companies and 2) focus group interviews with fashion majors seniors or graduates looking for a work as fashion designers. First, job advertisements for fashion designers placed on major fashion recruiting sites (e.g., www.saramin.co.kr, www.fashionscout.co.kr, and http://cafe.naver.com/fashionworking) in 2015 were reviewed to determine the current situation of which physical conditions or specific body measurements are set as job requirements or preferred qualifications when hiring fashion designers (n=201). Next, five focus group interviews with seven university seniors each(n=35) were conducted. No fashion companies that were looking for experienced fashion designers only (n=65) included a physical body-size requirement in the job advertisement. Thus 136 fashion designer interns or entry-level fashion designer advertisements were used in further analysis. According to the analysis of the “job requirements”, among those 136 advertisements, 51.5% required education and only 16.2% required a related major along with education, 10.3% required fitting capable size (e.g. female fitting size 55) and 13.2% even presented detailed body measurements (e.g. height 175–178 cm). Among the “preferred” qualifications mentioned in the advertisements, fitting capable size accounted for 6.6%, detailed body measurements accounted for 2%. Analysis results showed that physical conditions capable of fitting were presented more frequently than major as requirements or preferred qualifications, indicating that physical conditions capable of fitting was one of the most important factors for hiring fashion designers. Based on the five focus group interviews, participants’ opinion toward body size requirements in job advertisements were summarized into five themes: 1) Discontent over the unreasonable standard— “Why do I have to have a model figure to become a fashion designer?”; 2) Adapting to given circumstances— “I will lose weight to become a fashion designer”; 3) Frustration over reality that can’t be changed with effort— “I can lose weight, but I can’t get any taller”; and 4) Setting practical alternatives—“I can be a children’s clothing designer instead of women’s”. Most respondents shared a sense of discontent over such hiring requirements and unreasonable discrimination on the grounds of appearance, but they also showed reluctant acceptance of the unreasonable discrimination practiced by employers in the fierce job market. The physical restrictions set as requirements by fashion companies fundamentally deny opportunities to some applicants. Importantly, the outright specification of a physical condition that cannot be overcome through personal effort or improved by the cultivation of skills as a hiring requirement is an infringement upon personal rights. The fashion industry should make efforts to improve its awareness of fashion designers as specialists equipped with design competencies instead of treating them as fitting models simply to save costs.
Baekhee Lee,Seunghoon Lee,Hayoung Jung,Jawon Lee,Teukgyu Choi,Mina Lee,Hogeun Kim,Eunha Kim,Hojun Jeon,Youngbum Cho,Seungwoo Seo,Heecheon You 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.11
Objective: The present study is to evaluate satisfaction of vehicle outside door handles (ODHs) by design factor for improving grip comfort. Background: Existing studies have mainly focused on size and/or shape of typical handles (e.g., cylindrical handle); therefore, a specialized research for ergonomic ODH design is needed. Method: Satisfaction (operation, shape, height, width, tilting angle, central radius (R), inside upper R, inside middle R, inside lower R, pressure distribution, and overall satisfaction) by design factor (2-level: section width; 3-level: central R, inside upper R, inside middle R, inside lower R, tilting angle, and section height) were analyzed by applying a Taguchi L18 design (2¹ × 3<SUP>6</SUP>). Design levels by design factor were determined referring to 5 existing ODHs. 18 ODHs developed in the study were relatively evaluated comparing with a reference ODH (0 point) through an 11-point bipolar scale (-5: extremely dissatisfaction, 0: no difference, +5: extremely satisfaction) by twenty participants aged 20s ~ 50s. Results: Section width and inside upper R were significant on satisfaction of ODH. Conclusion: A design guideline for ODH was established considering users’ satisfaction. Application: The design factor evaluation protocol using Taguchi method applied in the study can be applicable to the other vehicle moving handles (e.g., inside door handle, door trim grip handle, door trim pull handle).
Kang, Minkyung,Lee, Yumin,Jung, Hayoung,Shim, Jun Ho,Lee, Nam-Suk,Baik, Jeong Min,Lee, Sang Cheol,Lee, Chongmok,Lee, Youngmi,Kim, Myung Hwa American Chemical Society 2012 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - Vol.84 No.21
<P>We demonstrate highly efficient electocatalytic activities of single crystalline RuO<SUB>2</SUB> nanorods grown on carbon fiber (CF), i.e., RuO<SUB>2</SUB> nanorod-CF hybrid microelectrode, prepared by a simple thermal annealing process from the Ru(OH)<SUB>3</SUB> precursor at 300 °C. The general electrochemical activity of a RuO<SUB>2</SUB> nanorod-CF microelectrode represents faster electron transfer for the [Fe(CN)<SUB>6</SUB>]<SUP>3–/4–</SUP> couple than that of the bare CF microelectrode which are confirmed from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. Also, the amperometric response for the H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> oxidation is remarkably facilitated at the RuO<SUB>2</SUB> nanorod-CF microelectrode by not only the enlarged surface area but the high electrocatalytic activity of the RuO<SUB>2</SUB> nanorod material itself. Furthermore, a single microelectrode of RuO<SUB>2</SUB> nanorod-CF exhibits the superior tolerance to Cl<SUP>–</SUP> ion poisoning unlike Pt-based electrocatalysts, indicating the promising sensor candidate in physiological conditions.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancham/2012/ancham.2012.84.issue-21/ac302334t/production/images/medium/ac-2012-02334t_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ac302334t'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Lee, Sang-Yeop,Oh, Man Hwan,Yun, Sung Ho,Choi, Chi-Won,Park, Edmond Changkyun,Song, Hyun Seok,Lee, Hayoung,Yi, Yoon-Sun,Shin, Juhyun,Chung, Chaeuk,Moon, Jae Young,Lee, Je Chul,Kim, Gun-Hwa,Kim, Seung Elsevier 2018 INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol.65 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) <I>Acinetobacter baumannii</I> strains have emerged rapidly worldwide. The antibiotic resistance characteristics of XDR <I>A. baumannii</I> strains show regional differences; therefore, it is necessary to analyze both genomic and proteomic characteristics of emerging XDR <I>A. baumannii</I> clinical strains isolated in Korea to elucidate their multidrug resistance. Here, we isolated new sequence type of XDR <I>A. baumannii</I> clinical strain (KAB03) from Korean hospitals and performed comprehensive genome analyses. The strain belongs to new sequence type, ST451. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis with other types of <I>A. baumannii</I> strains revealed that KAB03 has unique SNP pattern in the regions of <I>gyrB</I> and <I>gpi</I> of MLST profiles. <I>A. baumannii</I> KAB03 harbours three antibiotic resistance islands (AbGRI1, 2, and 3). AbGRI1 harbours two copies of Tn<I>2006</I> containing <I>bla</I> <SUB>OXA-23</SUB>, which play an important role in antibiotic resistance. AbGRI2 possesses aminoglycoside resistant gene <I>aph(3′)-Ic</I> and class A β-lactamase <I>bla</I> <SUB>TEM</SUB>. AbGIR3 has macrolide resistant genes and aminoglycoside resistant gene <I>armA</I>. <I>A. baumannii</I> KAB03 harbours mutations in <I>pmrB</I> and <I>pmrC</I>, which are believed to confer colistin resistance. In addition, proteomic and transcriptional analysis of KAB03 confirmed that β-lactamases (ADC-73 and OXA-23), Ade efflux pumps (AdeIJK), outer membrane proteins (OmpA and OmpW), and colistin resistance genes (PmrCAB) were major proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance. Our proteogenomic results provide valuable information for multi-drug resistance in emerging XDR <I>A. baumannii</I> strains belonging to ST451.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Whole genome of an XDR <I>A. baumannii</I> KAB03 belonging to ST451, isolated in South Korea, was analyzed </LI> <LI> <I>A.s baumannii</I> strains belonging to ST451 have unique SNP pattern in the regions of <I>gyrB</I> and <I>gpi</I> of MLST profiles </LI> <LI> Antibiotic resistance proteins of <I>A. baumannii</I> KAB03 were suggested by proteomic and transcriptomic analysis </LI> </UL> </P>