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Lee Haeun,Lee Dong-Geol,Jo HyungWoo,Heo Young Mok,Baek Chaeyun,Kim Hye-Been,COSMAX BTI,Kang Seunghyun,Lee Wooseok,Mun Seyoung,Han Kyudong 한국유전학회 2024 Genes & Genomics Vol.46 No.4
Background The skin microbiome is essential in guarding against harmful pathogens and responding to environmental changes by generating substances useful in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Among these microorganisms, Streptococcus is a bacterial species identified in various isolation sources. In 2021, a strain of Streptococcus infantis, CX-4, was identified from facial skin and found to be linked to skin structure and elasticity. As the skin-derived strain differs from other S. infantis strains, which are usually of oral origin, it emphasizes the significance of bacterial variation by the environment. Objective This study aims to explore the unique characteristics of the CX-4 compared to seven oral-derived Streptococcus strains based on the Whole-Genome Sequencing data, focusing on its potential role in skin health and its possible application in cosmetic strategies. Methods The genome of the CX-4 strain was constructed using PacBio Sequencing, with the assembly performed using the SMRT protocol. Comparative whole-genome analysis was then performed with seven closely related strains, utilizing web-based tools like PATRIC, OrthoVenn3, and EggNOG-mapper, for various analyses, including protein association analysis using STRING. Results Our analysis unveiled a substantial number of Clusters of Orthologous Groups in diverse functional categories in CX-4, among which sphingosine kinase (SphK) emerged as a unique product, exclusively present in the CX-4 strain. SphK is a critical enzyme in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, generating sphingosine-1-phosphate. The study also brought potential associations with isoprene formation and retinoic acid synthesis, the latter being a metabolite of vitamin A, renowned for its crucial function in promoting skin cell growth, differentiation, and maintaining of skin barrier integrity. These findings collectively suggest the potential of the CX-4 strain in enhancing of skin barrier functionality. Conclusion Our research underscores the potential of the skin-derived S. infantis CX-4 strain by revealing unique bacterial compounds and their potential roles on human skin. Background The skin microbiome is essential in guarding against harmful pathogens and responding to environmental changes by generating substances useful in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Among these microorganisms, Streptococcus is a bacterial species identified in various isolation sources. In 2021, a strain of Streptococcus infantis, CX-4, was identified from facial skin and found to be linked to skin structure and elasticity. As the skin-derived strain differs from other S. infantis strains, which are usually of oral origin, it emphasizes the significance of bacterial variation by the environment. Objective This study aims to explore the unique characteristics of the CX-4 compared to seven oral-derived Streptococcus strains based on the Whole-Genome Sequencing data, focusing on its potential role in skin health and its possible application in cosmetic strategies. Methods The genome of the CX-4 strain was constructed using PacBio Sequencing, with the assembly performed using the SMRT protocol. Comparative whole-genome analysis was then performed with seven closely related strains, utilizing web-based tools like PATRIC, OrthoVenn3, and EggNOG-mapper, for various analyses, including protein association analysis using STRING. Results Our analysis unveiled a substantial number of Clusters of Orthologous Groups in diverse functional categories in CX-4, among which sphingosine kinase (SphK) emerged as a unique product, exclusively present in the CX-4 strain. SphK is a critical enzyme in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, generating sphingosine-1-phosphate. The study also brought potential associations with isoprene formation and retinoic acid synthesis, the latter being a metabolite of vitamin A, renowned for its crucial function in promoting skin cell growth, differentiation, and maintaining of skin barrier integrity. These findings collectively suggest the potential of the CX-4 strain in enhancing of skin barrier functionality. Conclusion Our research underscores the potential of the skin-derived S. infantis CX-4 strain by revealing unique bacterial compounds and their potential roles on human skin.
조합 시험 설계를 이용한 소프트웨어 제품라인 시험항목 생성 방법
백하은(Haeun Baek),강성원(Sungwon Kang),이지현(Jihyun Lee) 한국정보과학회 2014 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.41 No.7
소프트웨어 제품라인은 제품들 간의 공통성 및 가변성을 전체 개발라이프사이클에 걸쳐 체계적으로 계획하고 재사용하여 생산성 향상, 비용절감, 시장적시성 향상을 꾀하는 소프트웨어 개발 패러다임이다. 소프트웨어 제품라인이 가져다 주는 이익을 최대화하기 위하여 시험은 도메인 공학과 어플리케이션 공학의 두 라이프사이클을 구성하는 프로세스들과 일관된 방식으로 통합되어야 하며, 더불어 시험 노력을 절감할 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 조합 시험 설계를 적용하여 제품라인 플랫폼을 시험할 시험항목을 생성함으로써 시험항목 개수를 상당히 줄이면서 동시에 재사용이 용이한 시험항목 생성을 지원하여 시험노력을 절감할 수 있는 조합 시험 설계를 이용한 제품라인 시험항목 생성 방법을 제안한다. 또한, 사례연구를 통하여 제안한 방법이 조합 설계를 이용하거나 그렇지 않은 기존의 다른 방법들 보다 효율적임을 보인다. Software Product Line (SPL) is a software development paradigm that guarantees high productivity, reduced cost, and shorter time-to-market by systematically planning and reusing commonality and variability. In order to maximize the benefits of SPL engineering, testing should be integrated into the SPL engineering lifecycle processes that consist of domain engineering and application engineering and should be performed with as little test efforts as possible. This paper proposes a systematic software product line test cases derivation method using combinatorial test design. By applying combinatorial test design to product line test cases derivation and exploiting commonality between products at the same time, the number of generated test cases is dramatically reduced with the result that they can be effectively reused by the products of the given product line. Case studies conducted in this paper show the efficacy of our method compared with other methods that use only commonality or combinatorial design or neither of them in terms of the number of derived test cases.