Evaluation for Impacts of Nitrogen Source to Groundwater Quality in Livestock Farming Area

Gyeong-Mi Lee,Sunhwa Park,Ki-In Kim,Sang-Ho Jeon,Dahee Song,Deok-hyun Kim,Tae-Seung Kim,Seong-Taek Yun,Hyen Mi Chung,Hyun-Koo Kim 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

We investigated 52 livestock farming complexes in Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces based on low, medium, and high livestock density and groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a relationship between nitrate N concentration in groundwater and animal factors, such as livestock density and animal species. 2,200 groundwater samples for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 at Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, DO, ORP, temperature, major anions and cations, such as NO₃-N, HCO₃<SUP>-</SUP>, PO₄<SUP>-</SUP>, SO₄<SUP>2-</SUP>, Cl<SUP>-</SUP>, NH₄-N, K<SUP>+</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP>, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>, Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>, T-N, and TOC. Average concentration of total N for generated load density was 23,973 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for cattle, 51,551 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for pig, and 52,100 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for poultry. For animal feeding species, average ratio for generated load over discharge load was 16.1% for cattle, 7.8% for pig, and 7.1% for poultry. Therefore, cattle feeding region is highly vulnerable for water pollution compared to pig and poultry feeding areas. The concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and total N in the groundwater samples were higher at high animal farming regions than other regions. The average concentration of nitrate, and chloride in groundwater samples was 5.0 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 16.6 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for low livestock density, 6.9 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 17.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for medium livestock density and 7.6 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 22.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for high livestock density and total nitrogen (T-N) was 7.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for low livestock density, 9.4 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for medium livestock density, 10.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for high livestock density. In conclusion, based on this research, for managing groundwater quality near livestock farming regions, Ca-(Cl+NO₃) group from the Piper diagram is more efficient than using 19 factors for water quality standard.

Evaluation for Impacts of Nitrogen Source to Groundwater Quality in Livestock Farming Area

Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Ki-In,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Song, Dahee,Kim, Deok-hyun,Kim, Tae-Seung,Yun, Seong-Taek,Chung, Hyen Mi,Kim, Hyun-Koo 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

We investigated 52 livestock farming complexes in Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces based on low, medium, and high livestock density and groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a relationship between nitrate N concentration in groundwater and animal factors, such as livestock density and animal species. 2,200 groundwater samples for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 at Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, DO, ORP, temperature, major anions and cations, such as $NO_3-N$, ${HCO_3}^-$, ${PO_4}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4-N$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, T-N, and TOC. Average concentration of total N for generated load density was $23,973g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for cattle, $51,551g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for pig, and $52,100g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for poultry. For animal feeding species, average ratio for generated load over discharge load was 16.1% for cattle, 7.8% for pig, and 7.1% for poultry. Therefore, cattle feeding region is highly vulnerable for water pollution compared to pig and poultry feeding areas. The concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and total N in the groundwater samples were higher at high animal farming regions than other regions. The average concentration of nitrate, and chloride in groundwater samples was $5.0mg\;L^{-1}$, $16.6mg\;L^{-1}$ for low livestock density, $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$, $17.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for medium livestock density and $7.6mg\;L^{-1}$, $22.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for high livestock density and total nitrogen (T-N) was $7.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for low livestock density, $9.4mg\;L^{-1}$ for medium livestock density, $10.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for high livestock density. In conclusion, based on this research, for managing groundwater quality near livestock farming regions, $Ca-(Cl+NO_3)$ group from the Piper diagram is more efficient than using 19 factors for water quality standard.

결핵균항원에 대한 폐결핵환자의 임파구 증식반응에 관한 연구

백태현,김준배,박정규,김화중,조은경,최대경 충남대학교부설 생명공학연구소 1992 생물공학연구지 Vol.2 No.-

T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in cell mediated immune response. To study the T lymphocyte proliferative response to purified 30-kDa antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBL) isolated from healthy controls and tuberculosis patients were stimulated with the 30-kDa antigen, crude antigen and PHA. Healthy controls and tuberculosis patients were divided into PPD(+), PPD(-) groups and AFB(-), AFB(+) groups, respectively. PBL proliferation were determined by the ^3H-thymidine incorporation assay and MTT colorimetric assay. PBL proliferation with 30-kDa and crude protein antigens measured by both methods were almost identical(r=0.74, p<0.001). The lymphocyte proliferation to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen were singnificantly increased in PPD(+) healthy controls and tuberculosis patients when compared to those in PPD(-) controls, but response to PHA was no significant difference. Analysis to T cell subsets of proliferated lymphocytes performed by the indirect immunoalkaline phosphatase techniques were no difference between not only healthy controls and patients groups, but also stimulated antigen or PHA, and especially, at all groups, the percentage of T8 cell was higher than that of T4 cell.

결핵균 30 kDa 단백항원 자극에 의하여 유도되는 IFN-Y 및 IL-4 mRNA 발현 양상과 세포독성능

백태현,조은경,박재하,박정규,김화중 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 1997 생물공학연구지 Vol.5 No.-

30 kDa protein antigen, a major secreted protein antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, exhibits strong T cell stimulatory activity. In order to better understand the immunologic activities of 30 kDa antigen, lymphocyte proliferation by ^3H-thymidine incorporation, cytokine mRNA expression pattern using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and cytotoxicity in response to in vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with 30 kDa antigen were evaluated. Lymphoproliferative responses to 30 kDa and crude protein antigens in PBMCs of normal PPD-negative and positive donors were compared. As expected, PPD negative donors demonstrated no thymidine incorporation in response to 30 kDa and crude protein antigens, while PPD positive donors showed extensive proliferation to both antigens. Freshly isolated PBMCs were stimulated with 30 kDa antigen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 hr, 1 wk, and 2 wk and examined for the induction of IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA using RT-PCR. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA was greatly augmented after 1 wk, and there was also early inductions at 6 and 24 hr, whereas IL-4 mRNA is consistently expressed through 0 to 48 hr and markedly decreased after 1 wk. In contrast, freshly isolated human tonsillar cells failed to express detectable level of IFN-γ mRNA but showed enhanced IL-4 mRNA expression after in vitro stimulation with 30 kDa antigen for 1 wk. Both natural killer (NK) and T cell cytotoxic activities induced by 30 kDa and crude antigens were also evaluated. PBMCs from PPD positive donors stimulated with 30 kDa antigen showed significantly higher NK and T cell cytotoxic activities than those in PPD negative donors. Crude antigen also induced similar level of cytotoxicity with that of 30 kDa antigen. These results suggest that 30 kDa antigen of M. tuberculosis may selectively activate Th1 cells and be a strong inducer of IFN-γ expression. In conclusion, 30 kDa antigen can be used as a standard T cell immunogen.

수체에서 Phosphorus의 동태에 관한 고찰 : 내부오염원을 중심으로 In case of Sediment and its Circumference

金台坰 경인여자대학 1992 경인논집 Vol.- No.1

MTT비색법에 의한 결핵균 30-kDa항원이 임파구 증식에 미치는 영향

백태현,김민경,박정규,김화중,조은경,최대경 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

The cell mediated immune response appears to result from the specific recognition of an antigen. by T lymphocytes. It has been well recognized that T cell play an important roles in the induction of tuberculin hypersensitivity and immunity to tuberculosis. In order to evaluate effect on T lymphocyte proliferative response to purified 30-kDa antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, stimulation effects of peripheral blood lymphocytes with 30-kDa antigen, crude antigen and PHA were measured by MTT colorimetric assay. Three groups of healthy subjects, representing PPD(+), PPD() and PPD(-) persons, were investigated. The proliferative response to 30-kDa antigen were elicited the plateau at concentration of 20 to 0.1㎍/ml, crude antigen showed rapid reduction as decreasing the concentration of antigen, for the PPD(+) person. Both antigens, at concentration of <1㎍/ml, failed to stimulate lymphocytes of the PPD(-) person. Therefore the concentration of 30-kDa antigen to induce optimal stimulation was 1㎍/ml. The lymphocyte proliferation to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen were significantly increased in PPD(+) group when compared to those in PPD(-) group, but PHA response was no significant difference. These results suggest that 30-kDa antigen could stimulate lymphocyte from PPD(+) population and MTT colorimetric assay could be applied to assess proliferative response of lymphocyte.

결핵성 수막염 환자의 뇌척수액에서 결핵균 30-kDa항원에 대한 항체반응

백태현,박재하,김화중,조은경,최대경 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1992 충남의대잡지 Vol.19 No.1

Rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculous meningitis are urgently needed because delayed treatment increase the already high mortality rate of this disease. In this study, the 30-kDa protein antigen that purified from the unheated culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis H_37Rv was examined for its diagnostic usefulness in detecting mycobacterial antibody in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) by the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and Western blot. The mean ELISA values of IgG antibody activity to 30-kDa antigen in CSF of 12 patients with tuberculous meningitis and 17 non tuberculous patients were 0.479±0.245 and 0.051±0.024, and for the IgM antibody, were 0.375±0.223 and 0.065±0.039, respectibely. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 94% for IgG antibody, and 75% and 94% for IgM antibody, respectively. Western blot analysis was the same as that results of ELISA. In the positive determination, however, Western blot could be easily determined by the demonstration of distinct band of 30-kDa molecule. From the above results, it is suggested that the 30-kDa antigen is useful for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis, and Western blot shows promise as a useful immunological method for the diagnosis.

영상 분석을 통한 혈액 형태 진단의 기초적인 연구

김경철,최병태,이용태 동의대학교 한의학연구소 1998 동의한의연구 Vol.2 No.-

In order to study the blood condition system, imaging analysis was practiced bascially. The following results were obtained ; 1. The study of the blood condition analysis by imaging is the system composing of the microscope, digital CCD camera, pentium computer MPEG OVERLAY, applications sㆍw and photo inkjet color printer. 2. It is formed the process of the imaging input, storge, reading and analysis.

수용액중에서 분산제가 초미립자의 분산과 응집에 미치는 영향

황성태,장경환,정경락 全北大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.42 No.-

The dispersibility of ultrafine particles is affected by the kinds and amount of dispersants. The optimum dispersive condition for ultrafine particles was determined from the measurement of the zeta-potential and particle size distribution at concentrations. The zeta-potential and the particle size distribution of dilute suspension was measured using the light scattering method. Also, the influence of kinds and amount of diapersants on the dispersion of TiO_2 fine particle in water is discussed by the DLVO theory. In particular it is shown that the optimum concentration of a dispersant obtained experimentally is approximately in accordance with the concentration of the dispersant showing the maximum total potential energy(V_Tmax) calculated from the DLVO theory which is coincident with the one showing the maximum zeta-potential.

결핵균 30-kDa와 32-kDa 단백항원의 분리정제와 마우스 비장세포 증식에 미치는 영향

백태현,오명주,김화중,조은경,박정규,최대경 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1993 충남의대잡지 Vol.20 No.1

Identification and characterization of individual components of M.tuberculosis have long been a focus of research on tuberculosis. The 30-kDa and 32-kDa antigens are major constituents of M bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis culture fluids. Because 30-kDa and 32-kDa antigens are partially identical, these antigens are difficult to purify in large amounts by biochemical techniques. This study was performed to purify the 30-kDa and 32-kDa antigens complexes primarily purified by 50% ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxylapatite chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. And then further purification for separation of the two antigens was accomplished on preparative isoelectric focusing. Recovery of 30-kDa and 32-kDa antigens during above the purification procedures were 28% and 14%, respectively, and 147.0 and 59.8-fold purification were showed, respectively. On silver stained SDS-PAGE gels, the purified 32-kDa antigen gave a single band at 32-kDa molecule, while 30-kDa antigen gave one major band at 30-kDa molecule and faint additional band at 32-kDa. The pI of 30kDa-and 32-kDa antigens were 4.3 and 4.6, respectively. The partial identity between these two antigens was observed through the same pattern of reactivity of antigens in the ELISA and precipitation pattern of immunodiffusion. We also examined the immunological activities of both purified antigens by splenocyte proliferation of BCG-infected mice. Proliferative response to the 30-kDa and 32-kDa antigens did not show significant difference. However, macrophage-like cells existed in spleen cells from BCG-infected mice were involved in the suppression of the proliferative response to mycobacterial antigen. These results suggest that the 30-kDa and 32-kDa antigens could be effectively purified by the IEF and reactions of partial identity between the two antigens were found. However, 30-kDa antigen was the more immunogenic antigen than 32-kilodalton.