후창 김택술(金澤述)의 간재 성리설 계승과 그 의미

김근호 ( Kim Goun Ho ) 한국공자학회 2022 孔子學 Vol.47 No.-

이 논문은 간재학파의 후반기 고제라 할 수 있는 후창 김택술의 성리설을 밝히고자 하였다. 그는 전우가 성리설을 집중적으로 집필하기 시작하는 시기에 제자가 되어서 전우의 철학을 체계적으로 배웠던 제자였다. 또한 전우로부터 적도(適道)의 제자로 인정받았고, 그의 문집을 산정할 만큼 간재학파의 중요한 인물이다. 그의 성리설을 밝히는 일은 전우의 사상이 일제강점기를 전후한 시기에 어떻게 계승되고 있는지를 살피는 연구이다. 이 연구를 통해 전우가 1906년 최익현(崔益鉉)의 의병운동에 동참하지 않았던 일과 1919년 파리장서운동에 참여하지 않았던 일로 인한 세간의 비판들에 대해서 재론의 여지를 마련하고자 한다. 더 나아가 일제강점기 주체적 근대화의 역행하는 사상으로 비판받아 왔고 더 심하게는 반시대적·반역사적 사상이라고 비판받는 근대의 성리학에 대해 재론의 가능성을 제기하고자 한다. 다시 말해, 일제강점기로 기울어져 가는 국운 앞에 거의(擧義)만을 올바른 해법이라고 하지 않고 수의(守義)의 처세를 택한 간재학파의 사상적 의미를 김택술의 성리설을 통해 살펴보고, 이를 통해 간재학파뿐만 아니라 근대 성리학자들의 사상과 삶을 비판적으로 바라보는 시각을 재조정하고자 한다. This thesis was intended to clarify the theory of the succession of Kim Taek-sul(金澤述, 1884~1954), who can be said to be Old age disciple of Jeon U. He was a disciple who systematically learned Jeon U's philosophy by becoming a disciple at the time when Jeon U began to intensively write Confucianism. Also, he was recognized by Jeon U as a disciple who has already matured enough to know the good and can go on the road together[適道], and he is an important figure in the Ganjae school, enough to count his collections of literature. The study that reveals his theory of Confucianism is a study that examines how Jeon U's philosophy was inherited before and after the Japanese colonial period. Through Kim Taek-sul's Confucianism, we examine the philosophical meaning of the Ganjae school[艮齋學派], which did not call for anti-Japanese movement as the only correct solution in response to Japanese colonial rule, but chose to take the position of Living by keeping their own Neo-Confucian truth. Furthermore, I intend to readjust the critical perspective on the thoughts and lives of modern Neo-Confucian scholars as well as the Ganjae School through this study.

광주지역 소아에서 유행한 호흡기바이러스 유행양상 분석

서진종,김민지,김선희,기혜영,정재근,김은선,박종태,김경심,이수야,김명권,정윤석 대한감염학회 2008 감염과 화학요법 Vol.40 No.4

Background : This investigation was to perform the epidemiological surveillance and genetic analysis on respiratory viral agents from children with acute respiratory infections in Gwangju. Materials and Methods : For this study, 3,695 specimens obtained from patients with acute respiratory infections were collected by collaboration with pediatric hospitals in Gwangju between 2005 and 2007. Specimens were screened for 8 respiratory viruses including influenza viruses (IFV), human rhinoviruses (HRV), human coronaviruses (HCoV), adenoviruses (ADV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), human enteroviruses (HEV), respiratory synthitial viruses (RSV) and human bocaviruses (HBoV). Respiratory viruses were detected using multiplex (RT) PCR with viral specific primers. Results : Out of 3,695 specimens, the ratio of virus detection was 24.9% (919). Overall, HRV (35.5%) and IFV (34.9%) were the most common viruses found, followed by HBoV (14.8%), HCoV (10.6%), RSV (3.7%), ADV (3.4%), PIV (3.2%) and HEV (3.0%). In addition, multiple infections were detected in 80 patients (8.7%). When the prevalence was analyzed according to season, HBoV, IFV and HCoV showed two epidemic points in late spring and early winter. ADV, HRV, RSV PIV and HEV, however, were all found to have only one epidemic point, with RSV being most common during winter and the others being most prominent during spring. Conclusions : Through this epidemiological surveillance, the respiratory viruses prevalent in children in Gwanaju area were investigated. We strongly recommend the development of nationwide policy for the management of prevalent respiratory virus that includes long term collection of data and samples, vaccine development and prevention education of the misuse of antibiotics.

Mariner's Performances and the Behavior Fluctuation Affecting Navigational Safety

Kim, Tae-Goun,Kobayashi, Hiroaki,Song, Chae-Uk Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2012 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.36 No.4

This study aims to identify the degree of safety when mariners take their actions in several different situations. We have carried out many experiments to observe mariners' behavior and then measured the safety level based on their actions to avoid dangerous situations of ships collision. One of the most important actions that mariners have to take, either as their daily routine or when they are in a collision situation and then want to avoid that situation is the lookout. In this paper, behaviors on the lookout have been defined as a standard sequence of three steps which are "time of first detection", "time of recognition as risky vessel" and "time of starting avoiding action", and the suitability and applicability of the definition have been shown. And also we propose the risk assessment on ships collision and the recommendation for reducing ships collision at sea. Some analyzing results and the application of the results are reported. By combining these knowledge and some systematic studies, we propose the risk assessment on ships collision and the recommendation for reducing ships collision at sea.

Economic Damage Assessment of Coastal Development using Dynamic Bioeconomic Model

Kim, Tae-Goun Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2012 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.36 No.9

This article analyzes the interdependency between nonrenewable marine sand resources and renewable fishery resources by the developed dynamic bioeconomic model. The developed bioeconomic model is applied to a case study of efficient sustainable management for marine sand mining, which adversely affects a valuable blue crab fishery and its habitat in Korea. The socially-efficient extraction plan for marine sand and the time-variant environmental external costs to society in terms of diminished harvest rate of blue crab are determined. To take into account long-term effects from destroyed fishery habitat, a Beverton-Holt age structure model is integrated into the bioeconomic model. The illustrative results reveal that the efficient sand extraction plan is dynamically constrained by the stock size of the blue crab fishery over time. Thus, the dynamic environmental external cost is more realistic resource policy option than the classical fixed external cost for determining socially optimal extraction plans. Additionally, the economic value of bottom habitat, which supports the on- and off-site commercial blue crab fishery is estimated. The empirical results are interpreted with emphasis on guidelines for management policy for marine sand mining.

The effect of cathode felt geometries on electrochemical characteristics of sodium sulfur (NaS) cells: Planar vs. tubular

Kim, Goun,Park, Yoon-Cheol,Lee, Younki,Cho, Namung,Kim, Chang-Soo,Jung, Keeyoung Elsevier 2016 Journal of Power Sources Vol.325 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Two sodium sulfur (NaS) cells, one with a planar design and the other with a tubular design, were subject to discharge-charge cycles in order to investigate the effect of cathode felt geometries on electrochemical characteristics of NaS cells. Their discharge-charge behaviors over 200 cycles were evaluated at the operation temperature of 350 °C with the current densities of 100 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> for discharge and 80 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> for charge. The results showed that the deviation from theoretical open circuit voltage changes of a planar cell was smaller than those of a tubular cell resulting in potential specific power loss reduction during operation. In order to understand the effect, a three dimensional statistically representative matrix for a cathode felt has been generated using experimentally measured data. It turns out that the area specific fiber number density in the outer side area of a tubular cathode felt is smaller than that of a planar felt resulting in occurrence of larger voltage drops via retarded convection of cathode melts during cell operation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Tubular and planar cathode preforms were fabricated with the identical cathode felt. </LI> <LI> V changes of tubular and planar NaS cells were monitored at 350 °C for 200 cycles. </LI> <LI> Deviation from ideal OCV of a planar cell was smaller than that of a tubular cell. </LI> <LI> Smaller deviation attributes to constant fiber number density along radial direction. </LI> <LI> 3D statistically representative felt matrix was generated using experimental data. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Catalytic Properties of Nanoporous Manganese Oxides in Decomposition of High-Purity Hydrogen Peroxide

Kim, Goun,Kim, Ji Man,Lee, Choul-Ho,Han, Jeongsik,Jeong, Byung-Hun,Jeon, Jong-Ki American Scientific Publishers 2016 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.16 No.9

<P>Highly nanoporous manganese oxides, such as meso-MnO2 and meso-Mn2O3, are synthesized using nanoporous silica KIT-6 as a hard template via nano-replication method. Manufactured ordered nanoporous materials exhibit significant properties, such as large and uniform pore sizes, high surface area and pore volume, and well-defined pore topologies. The catalytic performance of the synthesized materials during the repetitive decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is also examined in a specially-designed pulse-injection reactor. In comparison of catalytic decomposition of high-purity hydrogen peroxide, the decomposition activity of nanoporous MnO2 was better than that of bulk MnO2, which can be attributed to larger surface area of nanoporous MnO2 than that of bulk MnO2. It was confirmed that nanoporous MnO2 is a better catalyst in terms of its catalyst life in comparison with nanoporous Mn2O3.</P>

화서(華西) 이항로(李恒老)의 호론(湖論) 심설(心說)에 대한 비판(批判)

김근호 ( Goun Ho Kim ) 韓國孔子學會 2007 孔子學 Vol.14 No.-

19세기 심론(心論)의 주재(主宰) 문제로 본 율곡학의 양상 -임헌회, 송병선, 이항로, 기정진 등을 중심으로

김근호 ( Goun Ho Kim ) (사)율곡연구원(구 사단법인 율곡학회) 2014 율곡학연구 Vol.28 No.-

본 논문은 19세기에 한정하여 심성설에 나타난 ‘주재’의 문제를 중심으로 율곡학파의 심성에 대한 이해가 어떻게 나타나고 있는지에 대한 양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. ‘주재’의 문제는 19세기 율곡학파뿐만 아니라 퇴계학파에 속하는 한주학파와도 부각되었던 주요 논제들 중의 하나였는데, 이는 18세기 명덕에 대한 理氣論的 해석이 本心에 대한 리기론적 규정으로 전개되면서 19세기 심설 논쟁에서 부각되었던 논제였다. ‘주재’는 心性論에서 心의 機能을 가리키는 말로, ‘본성 실현의 현실적 주체’에 관한 문제의식을 담고 있다. 이것은 19세기 국난 극복을 위한 사회실천의 정당화 과정으로 짐작된다. ‘주재’의 주체, 그리고 대상 등이 19세기 율곡학파 내에서 어떻게 정당화되고 있었는지를 밝히기 위해 먼저 퇴계학파에 속한 李震相의 ‘心’을 중심으로 한 율곡학파 비판의 논점을 살펴보았다. 그의 비판에서 19세기 율곡학파의 心論이 가진 퇴계학파와의 차이를 살펴보고, 또한 율곡학파 心論의 특징을 비판적 시각에서 검토하였다. 그리고 이러한 비판을 중심으로 19세기 율곡문인들 중 任憲晦, 淵齋學派의 종장인 宋秉璿, 蘆沙學派의 奇正鎭, 華西學派의 李恒老 등의 ‘주재’에 관한 논의를 개략적으로 밝혔다. 이 연구는 특히 율곡학파의 심설에 나타난 양상을 18세기와의 연관, 즉 율곡사상의 사상사적 전개과정에서 살피기보다 19세기 퇴계학파와의 차이를 밝힘으로써 율곡학의 심론에 담긴 본지가 어떻게 전개되고 있었는지를 밝히고자 하였다. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of Yulgok school[栗谷學派] theory on "ChuJae(主宰, preside)" in the 19th century. At that time, the philosophical problem of "ChuJae" had been given a considerable attention of Neo-Confucianism. Especially, there was a marked contrast between Yulgok school and Toegye school[退溪學派]. The Neo-Confucianists of Toegye school insisted that emotions and behaviour were amendable to the workngs of the human mind and the Mind contained principle and material[心合理氣]. Among them, Yi Jin-Sang(李震相) theorized about the mind theory that Mind is principle(心卽理), which was distinction between their mind theory and a concept of School of Mind(心學). In counterpoint to that of them, Neo-Confucianists of Yulgok school in the 19th century accepted Yulgok`s mind theory that Mind is material force(心是氣). The indifference to Mind theory was also met with in the Lichi(理氣) theoretical explanation problem of "ChuJae(主宰, preside)". Nevertheless there remains an unexplained aspect in recent research. By exploring some key singnifying aspects in their Mind theory, I hope to show them how to justify the Lichi theoretical explanation of "ChuJae(主宰, preside)". Basically, their arguments was coupled with their endeavor to overcome of national crisis. They laid much of the theoretical basis of practical morality, and tried to make head against Western powers by the Expulsion Movement of wickedness[斥邪] and the Korean Independence Movement.

성리학의 이단 비판론에 나타난 죽음의 문제 ─ 정도전(鄭道傳)과 전우(田愚)의 이단(異端) 비판론을 중심으로 ─

金根浩 ( Kim Goun-ho ) 한국유교학회 2015 유교사상문화연구 Vol.59 No.-

본 논문은 조선 성리학자의 죽음관을 접근하기 위해 죽음에 대한 형이상학적 해명들이 전제되어 있었던 종교와 성리학자의 논쟁을 검토하였다. 유학자들의 죽음에 대한 학계의 연구는 대개 ‘原始反終’의 태도를 가진 성리학자들의 경향으로 인해 그 연구 범위가 한정되거나 ‘생사관’이라는 주제로 진행되었다. 특히 죽음에 대한 이해를 제사나 귀신과 같은 현실에서의 삶 혹은 생의 문제로 환원하여 연구가 진행되었다. 그러나 생사관 연구를 통해 유교의 죽음관을 재구성하는 방법론은 유학자들의 죽음에 대한 이해와 연구자의 연구 결과로서 재구성된 죽음관 사이에 간극이 있을 수 있다. 죽음학(Thanatology)으로 정립된 서양 혹은 현대적 문제의식으로 유학자들의 죽음관을 유추한다는 것은 방법론적으로 난제일 수밖에 없기 때문이다. 이러한 난제를 극복하기 위한 연구방법론으로서 종교 이론과 충돌했던 조선 성리학자들의 논리적 대응 지점에서 죽음의 문제의식을 살펴볼 필요가 있었다. 조선 성리학자들과 충돌했던 종교로는 불교와 천주교가 있는데, 이들 종교가 죽음의 문제들을 직접적으로 다루고 있다는 점을 고려한 것이다. 따라서 죽음의 문제에 대한 이들 종교 이론에 대해 성리학자들이 어떻게 대응했는지를 살펴봄으로써 성리학자의 죽음관에 접근하고자 하였다. Many of article on Neo-Confucianists’ thanatology placed the reconstruction of their philosophy at its analytic center. These methods proved to be particularly applicable to relatively subject of study with awareness of thanatos. I doubt if they had the awareness of thanatos. My approach in this article is based on an interpretative analysis on their works that may be included the awareness of thanatos. The aim of this article is to provide the thanatology of Neo-Confucianists in Joseon dynasty. In exploring the Neo-Confucianists’ thanatology, it is limited to consideration of their critical paper against Buddhism and Protestantism in Joseon dynasty. I first considered Jeong Do-Jeon’s Bulsijabbyoun[佛氏雜辨], that is the critical paper on Buddhism in the early period of the Joseon Dynasty, and then Jeon Woo’s critical paper against Protestantism of Late Joseon Period, critical paper on Civilization, Chinese and Christian[自西徂東辨] which Ernst Faber(1839~1899) wrote. Neo-Confucianists thought on thanatos have been incorporated in their critical papers. Especially, Jeon Woo’s critical paper on Civilization, Chinese and Christian has not been examined to date. This article, therefore, may be intended to broaden our horizons of understanding their thanatology.

기획논문 : 경상우도 노사학단(蘆沙學團) 조성가(趙性家),최숙민(崔琡民)을 중심으로 ; 계남(溪南) 최숙민(崔琡民)의 "명리지학(明理之學)"으로서의 심론(心論)

김근호 ( Goun Go Kim ) 경상대학교 남명학연구소 2010 남명학연구 Vol.30 No.-

본고는 최숙민의 `명리지학`으로서의 心論을 究明하면서 l9세기 후반 20세기 초반까지 지속되었던 성리학 담론의 일면과 당시 성리학자들의 학문적 공감대를 시론적으로 고찰한 것이다. 최숙민은 조성가와 정재규와 함께 진주를 중심으로 한 경상우도 지역에 노사학파의 학문을 확대했던 대표적 인물이다. 노론의 色目을 가지고 있었던 조성가나 정재규와는 달리, 그는 남인의 색목을 가지고 있으면서 기정진의 문하에 들어갔다. 이것이 정치적 관계에 구애되지 않고 자유롭게 학문적 교유를 전개하였다는 측면을 짐작하게 해 준다. 기정진의 직전제자이면서도 화서학파, 한주학파, 안동의 퇴계문인 등과도 학문적 교유를 확대하였다. 그의 이러한 학문적 교유에는 당대 지식인들의 학문적 공감대가 형성되었기 때문에 가능한 것이라고 보인다. 특히 `明理之學`을 성현들의 학문이라고 전제하면서 `心卽理`라는 心論을 형성하고 있는 최숙민의 학문은 노사학파의 입장에서 보면 독특한 일면이다. 그러나 心을 중심으로 한 학문적 경향성은 그의 학문뿐만 아니라 한주학파, 화서학파 등에서도 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 최숙민의 心論은 기정진이 부정했던 `心卽理`를 오히려 긍정하였다는 측면에 학문적 특징이 있지만, 이것은 理의 氣에 대한 현실적 우위성을 확보하여 理主氣僕의 가치론적 상하관계를 공고히 하고자 한 것이다. 따라서 理의 절대적 우위성을 확보하고자 경향을 보이는 기정진의 학문을 현실적 측면으로 까지 확대·강화한 것이라고 평가할 수 있다. 현실에서의 理의 우위성을 확보하고자 했던 학문적 노력들은 최숙민뿐만 아니라 그가 교유하였던 학파들이 공유하였던 성리학적 문제의식이었다. 그리고 거기에는 變亂의 늪에 빠진 조선을 구하고자 했던 성리학자들의 현실적 고뇌가 당겨 있다. Neo-Confucianists of Chosun in the 19th century theorized about the mind theory that Mind is principle(心卽理), which was distinction between their mind theory and a concept of School of Mind(心學). A concept of School of Mind signified that mind is the origin of the universe, while their mind theory maintained that mind isn`t the origin of universe because of distinction between mind and nature(心性之辨). However, why did they justify the mind theory although their theory was criticized by reason of similarity between the two propositions. Their purpose could be confirmed Choe Suk-min(1837-1905)`s mind theory. He tried to theorize `Mind is principle`, which Ki Jung-jin(奇正鎭), his teacher, denied the proposition `Mind is principle` and maintained the distinction between mind and nature. There was some reason why he insisted the mind theory against Ki Jung-jin`s mind theory that Mind is material force(心事氣). First, there was a realistic agenda on the realization of Li(理) in his mind theory. In theory it made the material force(氣) always to carry out the order of Li(理). So, they believed that it was up to Li to take the realistic initiative in overcoming a national crisis. Second, it provided a sound theoretical basis to keep on their cultural styles on the moral base and system of Neo-Confucianism. The cultural styles were considered more important than Chosun dynasty. Through the `Mind is priciple` theory he tried to get over his social and international difficulties. Finally, Li is principle without the realistic power, but Mind(心) has the realistic power on realization of Li according to his theory. And then he focused on Mind and tried to prove the mind theory that Mind is principle.