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Telugu maatram: A Morpheme that Agrees with an only-Operator
Isaac Gould 한국생성문법학회 2018 생성문법연구 Vol.28 No.3
Gould, Isaac. 2018. Telugu maatram: A Morpheme that Agrees with an only-Operator. Studies in Generative Grammar, 28-3, 365-388. This paper provides an initial description of Telugu (Dravidian) maatram, a morpheme that indicates the semantics of an exhaustivity operator (akin to English only), which I call an only-Operator. The distribution of maatram has an interesting property: a VP-internal maatram appears to require the associate of this operator to be the entire VP. Accounting for this poses a challenge to a straightforward mapping between the form maatram and the meaning of the operator. In response to this challenge, I propose dissociating the semantic force of exhaustification from the morpheme maatram. Thus I propose that there are phonologically null semantic only-Operators, and that maatram is an overt morpho-syntactic marker that instead plays a role in indicating the associate of these operators. Crucially, an operator and maatram are involved in a relation of syntactic agreement, and the locality of this relation allows us to account for the distribution of maatram and the associate of the operator.
Daniel Gould,Sarah Carson 한국코칭능력개발원 2011 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.5 No.2
The link between young athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ behaviors and their own developmental experiences (e.g., opportunities to practice and cultivate personal assets such as leadership, emotion regulation, problem solving, interpersonal skills, etc.) were examined, as well as gender and sport type differences in the reported experiences. Participants were 297 male (41%) and female (59%) junior high and high school student-athletes. All participants completed the Youth Experiences Scale-2 (a measure of positive and negative development experiences), the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (a measure of various coaching actions such as mental preparation, positive personal rapport, etc.) and a compilation of items that assessed specific coaching actions targeting the development of life skills (e.g., the degree a coach talked about transferring what is learned in sport to one’s life) for athletes’ primary sport. Linear regression results indicated that several coaching behaviors (e.g., negative rapport and coaching life skills) were significant predictors of the positive and negative developmental experiences assessed. Additionally, a canonical correlation revealed two significant functions, which indicated relationships between perceived coaching behaviors (e.g., positive and negative coaching rapport, helping athletes to develop competition strategies, and coaching life skills behaviors) and athletes’ perceived developmental sport experiences (e.g., identity development, initiative, teamwork and social skills). Finally, gender and sport type differences in athletes’ reported developmental experiences were examined, with significant differences detected between males and females as well as individual and team sport participants and athletes participating in contact, collision and non-/limited-contact sports. Results support previous research by Gould and Carson (2010) and Larsen, Hansen, and Moneta (2006), with the roles of initiative-building as a sport related life skill experience and coach-athlete relationships as key developmental facilitators being emphasized.
OSCULATING VERSUS INTERSECTING CIRCLES IN SPACE-BASED MICROLENS PARALLAX DEGENERACIES
Andrew Gould 한국천문학회 2019 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.52 No.4
I investigate the origin of arc degeneracies in satellite microlens parallax π E measurements with only late time data, e.g., t > t 0 + t E as seen from the satellite. I show that these are due to partial overlap of a series of osculating, exactly circular, degeneracies in the π E plane, each from a single measurement. In events with somewhat earlier data, these long arcs break up into two arclets, or (with even earlier data) two points, because these earlier measurements give rise to intersecting rather than osculating circles. The two arclets (or points) then constitute one pair of degeneracies in the well-known four-fold degeneracy of space-based microlens parallax. Using this framework of intersecting circles, I show that next-generation microlens satellite experiments could yield good π E determinations with only about five measurements per event, i.e., about 30 observations per day to monitor 1500 events per year. This could plausibly be done with a small (hence cheap, in the spirit of Gould & Yee 2012) satellite telescope, e.g., 20 cm.
RIGOROUS "RICH ARGUMENT" IN MICROLENSING PARALLAX
Gould, Andrew The Korean Astronomical Society 2020 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.53 No.5
I show that when the observables (π<sub>E</sub>, t<sub>E</sub>, θ<sub>E</sub>, π<sub>s</sub>, µ<sub>s</sub>) are well measured up to a discrete degeneracy in the microlensing parallax vector π<sub>E</sub>, the relative likelihood of the different solutions can be written in closed form P<sub>i</sub> = KH<sub>i</sub>B<sub>i</sub>, where H<sub>i</sub> is the number of stars (potential lenses) having the mass and kinematics of the inferred parameters of solution i and B<sub>i</sub> is an additional factor that is formally derived from the Jacobian of the transformation from Galactic to microlensing parameters. Here t<sub>E</sub> is the Einstein timescale, θ<sub>E</sub> is the angular Einstein radius, and (π<sub>s</sub>, µ<sub>s</sub>) are the (parallax, proper motion) of the microlensed source. The Jacobian term B<sub>i</sub> constitutes an explicit evaluation of the "Rich Argument", i.e., that there is an extra geometric factor disfavoring large-parallax solutions in addition to the reduced frequency of lenses given by H<sub>i</sub>. I also discuss how this analytic expression degrades in the presence of finite errors in the measured observables.
A terrestrial planet in a ~1-AU orbit around one member of a ∼15-AU binary
Gould, A.,Udalski, A.,Shin, I.-G.,Porritt, I.,Skowron, J.,Han, C.,Yee, J. C.,Kozłowski, S.,Choi, J.-Y.,Poleski, R.,Wyrzykowski, Ł.,Ulaczyk, K.,Pietrukowicz, P.,Mró,z, P.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,K American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.345 No.6192
<P>Using gravitational microlensing, we detected a cold terrestrial planet orbiting one member of a binary star system. The planet has low mass (twice Earth's) and lies projected at similar to 0.8 astronomical units (AU) from its host star, about the distance between Earth and the Sun. However, the planet's temperature is much lower, <60 Kelvin, because the host star is only 0.10 to 0.15 solar masses and therefore more than 400 times less luminous than the Sun. The host itself orbits a slightly more massive companion with projected separation of 10 to 15 AU. This detection is consistent with such systems being very common. Straightforward modification of current microlensing search strategies could increase sensitivity to planets in binary systems. With more detections, such binary-star planetary systems could constrain models of planet formation and evolution.</P>
LOCALLY SEMICOMPLETE DIGRAPHS WITH A FACTOR COMPOSED OF k CYCLES
Gould, Ronald J.,Guo, Yubao Korean Mathematical Society 2004 대한수학회지 Vol.41 No.5
A digraph is locally semicomplete if for every vertex $\chi$, the set of in-neighbors as well as the set of out-neighbors of $\chi$ induce semicomplete digraphs. Let D be a k-connected locally semicomplete digraph with k $\geq$ 3 and g denote the length of a longest induced cycle of D. It is shown that if D has at least 7(k-1)g vertices, then D has a factor composed of k cycles; furthermore, if D is semicomplete and with at least 5k + 1 vertices, then D has a factor composed of k cycles and one of the cycles is of length at most 5. Our results generalize those of [3] for tournaments to locally semicomplete digraphs.