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Iron Reshapes the Gut Microbiome and Host Metabolism
Botta Amy,Barra Nicole G.,Lam Nhat Hung,Chow Samantha,Pantopoulos Kostas,Schertzer Jonathan D.,Sweeney Gary 한국지질동맥경화학회 2021 지질·동맥경화학회지 Vol.10 No.2
Compelling studies have established that the gut microbiome is a modifier of metabolic health. Changes in the composition of the gut microbiome are influenced by genetics and the environment, including diet. Iron is a potential node of crosstalk between the host-microbe relationship and metabolic disease. Although iron is well characterized as a frequent traveling companion of metabolic disease, the role of iron is underappreciated because the mechanisms of iron's influence on host metabolism are poorly characterized. Both iron deficiency and excessive amounts leading to iron overload can have detrimental effects on cardiometabolic health. Optimal iron homeostasis is critical for regulation of host immunity and metabolism in addition to regulation of commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria. In this article we review evidence to support the notion that altering composition of the gut microbiome may be an important route via which iron impacts cardiometabolic health. We discuss reshaping of the microbiome by iron, the physiological significance and the potential for therapeutic interventions.
Arsenic Removal from Water Using Various Adsorbents
Shahnawaz Sinha,Gary Amy,Yeo Min Yoon,Nam Guk Her 대한환경공학회 2011 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.16 No.3
The equilibrium and kinetic adsorption of arsenic on six different adsorbents were investigated with one synthetic and four natural types (two surface and two ground) of water. The adsorbents tested included magnetic ion exchange resins (MIEX), hydrous ion oxide particles (HIOPs), granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), activated alumina (AA), sulfur modified iron (SMI), and iron oxide-coated microsand (IOC-M), which have different physicochemical properties (shape, charge, surface area, size, and metal content). The results showed that adsorption equilibriums were achieved within a contact period of 20 min. The optimal doses of adsorbents determined for a given equilibrium concentration of Ceq = 10 μg/L were 500 mg/L for AA and GFH, 520-1,300 mg/L for MIEX, 1,200 mg/L for HIOPs, 2,500 mg/L for SMI, and 7,500 mg/L for IOC-M at a contact time of 60 min. At these optimal doses, the rate constants of the adsorbents were 3.9, 2.6, 2.5, 1.9, 1.8, and 1.6 1/hr for HIOPs, AA, GFH, MIEX, SMI, and IOC-M, respectively. The presence of silicate significantly reduced the arsenic removal efficiency of HIOPs, AA, and GFH, presumably due to the decrease in chemical binding affinity of arsenic in the presence of silicate. Additional experiments with natural types of water showed that, with the exception of IOC-M, the adsorbents had lower adsorption capacities in ground water than with surface and deionized water, in which the adsorption capacities decreased by approximately 60-95%.
Yoon, Yeomin,Amy, Gary,Cho, Jaeweon,Pellegrino, John Taylor Francis 2005 Separation science and technology Vol.39 No.9
<P>Measurements of the rejection of perchlorate anion (ClO 4 − ) have been performed by using two thin‐film composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes and four ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. The latter four membranes are all from the same manufacturer and, ostensibly, from the same material family. These were chosen to systematically change the membranes steric properties, while keeping the same material chemistry, thus, the enthalpic interactions should stay constant. The perchlorate anion (at a concentration of 100 g/L of ClO 4 − by “spiking” with KClO 4 ) was presented to the membrane as a pure component, in binary mixtures with other salts, and at varying pH and ionic strength (conductivity). Also, a natural source water was “spiked” with perchlorate anion and used to document the effects of a complex mixture, including natural organic matter, on the observed rejection. All filtration measurements were performed at approximately the same permeate flow rate to minimize artifacts from mass transfer at the membrane interface. In general, the results indicate that, in a pure component system, target ions (in this case ClO 4 − ) can be significantly excluded from like‐charged membranes with pores large with respect to the size of the ion, but this rejection capability decreases in the presence of a sufficient amount of other ions that can screen the electrostatic force field.</P>
입자상 물질 및 Bromate의 저감을 위한 철염응집제의 이용
Krasner Stuart-W,Yates Richard-S,Amy Gary,Garside Jason 한국상하수도협회 1997 水道 Vol.24 No.4
실험실 규모의 연구를 확대한 Pilot-Plant연구는 Bromate 감소에 대한 다양한 수질 문제에 대응할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구를 통해 산성하에서 $Fe^{2+}$을 주입시 Bromate가 감소됨을 확인하였다. 그러나 이러한 반응은 느린 반응이었으며, 온도에 의존하는 반응이었다. 단독응집제로서 $Fe^{2+}$은 탁도를 증가시켰다. 따라서 탁도를 제어하기 위해 $Fe^{2+}$를 주입하였다. $Fe^{2+}$/$Fe^{3+}$응집제의 조합으로 TOC를 제거할 수 있었다. 초기 결과를 통해 이러한 공정은 매우 면밀히 추진되어야 하며, 모든 온도에서 적용될 수 없었다. 현재까지 얻어진 결과에 의하면 오존처리함으로서 발생되는 Bromate를 최소화하는 방안은 낮은 pH조건과 $Fe^{2+}$의 주입이다. 최종 처리수에서 입자상물질과 철을 최소화하기 위해서는 pH 등과 같은 조건들을 변화시켜 여과공정 이전에 잔류 $Fe^{2+}$를 산화시킬 수 있도록 초기에 최적화가 이루어 져야 한다.