常用詞“甘”、“甜”歷時演變與興替研究

?玉君(Gan Yeechin),朴敏浚(Park, Min-jun) 중국어문학연구회 2017 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.105

It is important to study the diachronic change and replacement of old words by new ones in Chinese etymology as the process does not happen and complete within a short span of time. This paper propose an in-depth study on gan (甘) and tian (甜) by investigating a number of historical documents of various registers from the Pre-Qin to the Ming and Qing dynasties. Based on the diachronic perspective, we conduct a quantitative analysis to show the lexical development and replacement process of gan (甘) and tian (甜) in its original and extended meanings. In the meantime, we also describes usage pattern and competition process of the two words in different periods, by comparing them in terms of usage frequency, semantic expression and syntactic distribution. Because gan (甘) is a polysemy with multiple meanings since the Pre-Qin dynasty, a new word tian (甜) with a single meaning of sweet taste emerged in the Western Han dynasty, which is subsequently commonly used in oral literature in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Afterwards, tian (甜) went into competition with gan (甘) in the Tang and Song dynasties, whose meaning was in turn further extended to psychological and sensory domains in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In modern Chinese, gan (甘) came to only function as a morpheme through semantic bleaching whereas tian (甜) often appeared in sentential structure. The semantic and syntactic functions of the two words remain stable and still in use.

Low Resistance and Transparent Ag/AZO Ohmic Contact to p-GaN

T. Han,T. Wang,X. W. Gan,H. Wu,Y. Shi,C. Liu 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.65 No.1

Silver (Ag)/ aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were deposited on p-GaN by using electronbeamevaporation. After the annealing process, current -voltage (I-V) measurements were carriedout to determine the characteristic of the contacts. The Ag/AZO films annealed at 600 C werefound to present an ohmic contact behavior. The specific contact resistance was calculated tobe 9.76 × 10−4cm2 and the transmittance was over 80% for visibly light. The atomic forcemicroscope was used to measure the aggregation of Ag grains which may have been the main factorin the formation of the Ag/AZO ohmic contact to p-GaN.

Application of UV Photocatalytic Degradation of Benzene

Gan, Yi,Liu, Ruiqi,Yu, Zhimin Urban Science Institute 2019 도시과학 Vol.8 No.2

Benzene pollution is becoming increasingly serious, and the treatment technology of benzene has attracted much attention. In this paper, a self-made photocatalytic reactor was used to explore the removal rate of benzene under the ultraviolet light with the wavelength of 253.7nm. The results showed that the degradation rate of benzene decreased from 64.29% to 16.26% when the concentration increased from 43mg/㎥ to 256mg/㎥ under the condition of 28W UV light intensity and 50s residence time. Under the condition of 28W UV light intensity and 103mg/㎥ concentration, the residence time increased from 16.5s to 50s, and the benzene removal rate increased from 13.23% to 42.72%.Under the condition of benzene concentration 103mg/㎥ and residence time of 50s, the removal rate of benzene increased from 29.34% to 52.58% in the process of UV light intensity rising from 28W to 48W.It is concluded that decreasing the concentration and increasing the residence time of gas were beneficial to the removal of benzene and increasing the light intensity can improve the removal rate of benzene.

Estimating TCP Flow Completion Time Distributions

Gan Luan 한국통신학회 2019 Journal of communications and networks Vol.21 No.1

The flow completion time is an important performancemetric for network users, and it is used in designing schedulingand congestion control algorithms. The existing TCP flow completiontime distributions are calculated from complicated models,and they are only suitable for short TCP flows. This paper is motivatedto build a simple model to derive TCP flow completion timedistribution that is suitable for both short and long TCP flows. Tobuild such a model, the distribution of the packet transmissionlatency under TCP congestion control is firstly calculated. Thepacket transmission latency is the time needed to successfully delivera packet, including the time for retransmissions due to packetlosses. Semi-Markov process is used to model the TCP congestionwindow evolution. Using the packet transmission latency distributiontogether with the TCP congestion window size information, anew parallel queueing model which describes how a file is transmittedby a TCP flow is formed. In the parallel queueing model,the flow completion time distribution is derived, and simulation resultsfrom NS2 demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed analysis.

MicroRNA-375 is a therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer through the PTPN4/STAT3 axis

Gan Junqing,Liu Shan,Zhang Yu,He Liangzi,Bai Lu,Liao Ran,Zhao Juan,Guo Madi,Jiang Wei,Li Jiade,Li Qi,Mu Guannan,Wu Yangjiazi,Wang Xinling,Zhang Xingli,Zhou Dan,Lv Huimin,Wang Zhengfeng,Zhang Yanqiao,Q 생화학분자생물학회 2022 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.54 No.-

The functional role of microRNA-375 (miR-375) in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial. Previously, we found that plasma exosomal miR-375 is significantly elevated in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) patients compared with castration-sensitive PCa patients. Here, we aimed to determine how miR-375 modulates CRPC progression and thereafter to evaluate the therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hucMSC)-derived exosomes loaded with miR-375 antisense oligonucleotides (e-375i). We used miRNA in situ hybridization technique to evaluate miR-375 expression in PCa tissues, gain- and loss-of-function experiments to determine miR-375 function, and bioinformatic methods, dual-luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, IHC and western blotting to determine and validate the target as well as the effects of miR-375 at the molecular level. Then, e-375i complexes were assessed for their antagonizing effects against miR-375. We found that the expression of miR-375 was elevated in PCa tissues and cancer exosomes, correlating with the Gleason score. Forced expression of miR-375 enhanced the expression of EMT markers and AR but suppressed apoptosis markers, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and enzalutamide resistance and decreased apoptosis of PCa cells. These effects could be reversed by miR-375 silencing. Mechanistically, miR-375 directly interfered with the expression of phosphatase nonreceptor type 4 (PTPN4), which in turn stabilized phosphorylated STAT3. Application of e-375i could inhibit miR-375, upregulate PTPN4 and downregulate p-STAT3, eventually repressing the growth of PCa. Collectively, we identified a novel miR-375 target, PTPN4, that functions upstream of STAT3, and targeting miR-375 may be an alternative therapeutic for PCa, especially for CRPC with high AR levels.

SECURITY SITUATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA

Gan, Suqing 제주대학교 동아시아연구소 1991 東아시아硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.-

국문요약최근 동북아의 정치, 경제, 군사상황은 급격히 변화고 있다. 종래 냉전구조하의 경직된 역내안보질서가 서서히 와해되고 있으며 평화공존과 공영의 새조운 가능성이 증가되고 있 다. 그러나 이러한 새로운 사태발전에도 불구하고 일방적낙관론에 안주할 수 없다. 아직도 불확실성의 기운이 짙게 감돌고 있다. 동북아 안보환경을 정리해 보면 다음과 같은 흐름을 파악할 수 있다. 첫째. 1991년 8월 군부쿠데타미수를 계기로 소련은 더이상 동북아 지역내 큰 위협 세력으 로 등장하지 않을 것 같다 특히 최근 중소간의 관계 개선, 미소간의 대화, 그리고 소련의 대한반도정책을 감안할 때 과거 냉전체제하에서 처럼 소련이 "destabiliger"로서 역할을 수행하지는 않을 것이다. 둘째, 미국-중국관계의 약화는 역내질서와 안정을 해칠 수 있다. 소련의 팽창주의를 견제 하기 위해 미국과 중국은 일종의 동맹관계를 유지해 왔다. 그러나 천안문사태를 계기로 미 국은 중국에 대한 각양의 압력을 가하고 있다. 인권문제, 무역역조, 그리고 군수물자 판매 등을 빌미로 중국에 대한 압력을 가하고 있는데, 이는 미국의 가치와 문화를 중국에 이식시 키려는 패권주의적 움직임으로 받아들여질 수 있다. 중국에는 11억의 인구가 있고 이중 8억 5천만이 소작농들이고, 2억이 문맹자들이다. 이러한 상황하에서 미국식 가치와 문화를 받아 들이면 안정을 해친다. 중국이 불안해지면 수백만의 중국난민들이 주변국가들로 몰려들어갈 것이고 이는 동북아질서를 심각하게 해칠 것이다. 세번째, 일본과 중국관계는 1970년대이후 점진적으로 개선되어 왔다. 그러나 일본은 그 경제력에 비추어 중국을 포함한 인근국가들에 대해 편협한 태도를 취해왔다. 특히 경제대국 으로 일본의 정치, 군사적 위상 향상은 동북아지역에서 일본과 미국간에 새로운 형태의 패 권적 경쟁을 촉발할 수 있고, 이는 역내안정과 질서를 해할 수 있다. 마지막으로 탈냉전의 기류에 맞추어 한반도의 평화가능성도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 아직 도 주한미군문제와 전술핵문제가 남북한 평화협상에 장애가 되고 있다. 특히 이중에서도 주 한미군의 전술핵은 아주 결정적 장애라고 할 것이다. 따라서 전술핵 문제의 선결은 북한의 핵무기보유를 방지하고 한반도에 평화와 안정을 가져오게 하는 중요한 정책이슈라 하겠다. AbstractThere is a tendency of multipolarity in polities, economy and military in Northeast Asia, where the interests of the main political, economic and military powers in the world gather up. Japan is . newly emerging economic superpower. The Soviet Union is still a military superpower. The United States is the only superpower not only in political, economic fields , but also in military field. China is the biggest developing country and socialist country in the world. South korea is a newly industrilized nation. And North Korea is trying hard to get out of isolated situation. Therefore , the main conflicts in the world today - east-west, south-north and west-west are sharper than anywhere else. However, there appears a momentum of the end of Cold War, peaceful coexistance , cooperation and development under the detents in the whole wor1d. All of these have laid a good foundation for the 21th century to be the Asian Pacific era.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Case-control Study in Wuhan, China

Gan, Li-Li,Zhang, Hao,Guo, Ji-Hua,Fan, Ming-Wen Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.14

High risk forms of the human papilloma virus (HPV) are generally accepted as necessary causative agents for cervical cancer. Recently, a possible relation between HPV and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has also been noticed. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection in OSCCs in Wuhan city. DNA samples were collected from fresh tissues in 200 patients with OSCC and 68 normal controls. The polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were used to identify the HPV types in the samples. The prevalence of HPV of all types in the OSCC group was higher than in the control group (55/200 vs 2/68, OR=11.5, 95% CI=2.6-50.2). HPV16 and HPV18 were the main types detected, with HPV6 was the only low-risk type identified. High-risk HPV types HPV16 and HPV18 are prevalent in OSCC patients and may participate in the development of OSCC with traditional risk factors, tobacco and alcohol, possibly exerting synergistic effects. The results of multinomial logistic regression showed that those who smoked, consumed alcohol and with HPV infection have the highest risk of developing oral cancer (OR=13.3, 95% CI=3.1-56.8). Adjusted for age, smoking and alcohol use, HPV infection was independently associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

HESnW: History Encounters-Based Spray-and-Wait Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Networks

Gan, Shunyi,Zhou, Jipeng,Wei, Kaimin Korea Information Processing Society 2017 Journal of information processing systems Vol.13 No.3

Mobile nodes can't always connect each other in DTNs (delay tolerant networks). Many DTN routing protocols that favor the "multi-hop forwarding" are proposed to solve these network problems. But they also lead to intolerant delivery cost so that designing a overhead-efficient routing protocol which is able to perform well in delivery ratio with lower delivery cost at the same time is valuable. Therefore, we utilize the small-world property and propose a new delivery metric called multi-probability to design our relay node selection principles that nodes with lower delivery predictability can also be selected to be the relay nodes if one of their history nodes has higher delivery predictability. So, we can find more potential relay nodes to reduce the forwarding overhead of successfully delivered messages through our proposed algorithm called HESnW. We also apply our new messages copies allocation scheme to optimize the routing performance. Comparing to existing routing algorithms, simulation results show that HESnW can reduce the delivery cost while it can also obtain a rather high delivery ratio.

RFID Tag Dynamic Ownership Transfer Protocol based on Lagrange of Multi-owner with Different Weights

GAN Yong,YANG Zong-qin,HE Lei,DU Chao 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.9

Research on C2C- to-B2C Transformation Based on the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method

Gan Xiaohong 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.10

C2C-to-B2C transformation, as the inevitable development trend of the Chinese e-commerce, involves many uncertain indexes. The Paper adopts the quantitative and qualitative method to build the index system of the C2C-to-B2C transformation, confirms indexes playing the role in the transformation, and sorts out evaluation factor set and judgement set. And the Paper ensure the weight of evaluation factors by the analytic hierarchy process, confirms the membership degree of indexes to the judgement set baseed on the questionnaire survey, build the single-factor fuzzy judgement to do the comprehensive fuzzy judgement and analysis for each index, and then supply a constructive and instructive way for the transformation-seeking and in-transformation e-commerce.