常用詞“甘”、“甜”歷時演變與興替研究

?玉君(Gan Yeechin),朴敏浚(Park, Min-jun) 중국어문학연구회 2017 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.105

It is important to study the diachronic change and replacement of old words by new ones in Chinese etymology as the process does not happen and complete within a short span of time. This paper propose an in-depth study on gan (甘) and tian (甜) by investigating a number of historical documents of various registers from the Pre-Qin to the Ming and Qing dynasties. Based on the diachronic perspective, we conduct a quantitative analysis to show the lexical development and replacement process of gan (甘) and tian (甜) in its original and extended meanings. In the meantime, we also describes usage pattern and competition process of the two words in different periods, by comparing them in terms of usage frequency, semantic expression and syntactic distribution. Because gan (甘) is a polysemy with multiple meanings since the Pre-Qin dynasty, a new word tian (甜) with a single meaning of sweet taste emerged in the Western Han dynasty, which is subsequently commonly used in oral literature in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Afterwards, tian (甜) went into competition with gan (甘) in the Tang and Song dynasties, whose meaning was in turn further extended to psychological and sensory domains in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In modern Chinese, gan (甘) came to only function as a morpheme through semantic bleaching whereas tian (甜) often appeared in sentential structure. The semantic and syntactic functions of the two words remain stable and still in use.

Low Resistance and Transparent Ag/AZO Ohmic Contact to p-GaN

T. Han,T. Wang,X. W. Gan,H. Wu,Y. Shi,C. Liu 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.65 No.1

Silver (Ag)/ aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were deposited on p-GaN by using electronbeamevaporation. After the annealing process, current -voltage (I-V) measurements were carriedout to determine the characteristic of the contacts. The Ag/AZO films annealed at 600 C werefound to present an ohmic contact behavior. The specific contact resistance was calculated tobe 9.76 × 10−4cm2 and the transmittance was over 80% for visibly light. The atomic forcemicroscope was used to measure the aggregation of Ag grains which may have been the main factorin the formation of the Ag/AZO ohmic contact to p-GaN.

SECURITY SITUATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA

Gan, Suqing 제주대학교 동아시아연구소 1991 東아시아硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.-

국문요약최근 동북아의 정치, 경제, 군사상황은 급격히 변화고 있다. 종래 냉전구조하의 경직된 역내안보질서가 서서히 와해되고 있으며 평화공존과 공영의 새조운 가능성이 증가되고 있 다. 그러나 이러한 새로운 사태발전에도 불구하고 일방적낙관론에 안주할 수 없다. 아직도 불확실성의 기운이 짙게 감돌고 있다. 동북아 안보환경을 정리해 보면 다음과 같은 흐름을 파악할 수 있다. 첫째. 1991년 8월 군부쿠데타미수를 계기로 소련은 더이상 동북아 지역내 큰 위협 세력으 로 등장하지 않을 것 같다 특히 최근 중소간의 관계 개선, 미소간의 대화, 그리고 소련의 대한반도정책을 감안할 때 과거 냉전체제하에서 처럼 소련이 "destabiliger"로서 역할을 수행하지는 않을 것이다. 둘째, 미국-중국관계의 약화는 역내질서와 안정을 해칠 수 있다. 소련의 팽창주의를 견제 하기 위해 미국과 중국은 일종의 동맹관계를 유지해 왔다. 그러나 천안문사태를 계기로 미 국은 중국에 대한 각양의 압력을 가하고 있다. 인권문제, 무역역조, 그리고 군수물자 판매 등을 빌미로 중국에 대한 압력을 가하고 있는데, 이는 미국의 가치와 문화를 중국에 이식시 키려는 패권주의적 움직임으로 받아들여질 수 있다. 중국에는 11억의 인구가 있고 이중 8억 5천만이 소작농들이고, 2억이 문맹자들이다. 이러한 상황하에서 미국식 가치와 문화를 받아 들이면 안정을 해친다. 중국이 불안해지면 수백만의 중국난민들이 주변국가들로 몰려들어갈 것이고 이는 동북아질서를 심각하게 해칠 것이다. 세번째, 일본과 중국관계는 1970년대이후 점진적으로 개선되어 왔다. 그러나 일본은 그 경제력에 비추어 중국을 포함한 인근국가들에 대해 편협한 태도를 취해왔다. 특히 경제대국 으로 일본의 정치, 군사적 위상 향상은 동북아지역에서 일본과 미국간에 새로운 형태의 패 권적 경쟁을 촉발할 수 있고, 이는 역내안정과 질서를 해할 수 있다. 마지막으로 탈냉전의 기류에 맞추어 한반도의 평화가능성도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 아직 도 주한미군문제와 전술핵문제가 남북한 평화협상에 장애가 되고 있다. 특히 이중에서도 주 한미군의 전술핵은 아주 결정적 장애라고 할 것이다. 따라서 전술핵 문제의 선결은 북한의 핵무기보유를 방지하고 한반도에 평화와 안정을 가져오게 하는 중요한 정책이슈라 하겠다. AbstractThere is a tendency of multipolarity in polities, economy and military in Northeast Asia, where the interests of the main political, economic and military powers in the world gather up. Japan is . newly emerging economic superpower. The Soviet Union is still a military superpower. The United States is the only superpower not only in political, economic fields , but also in military field. China is the biggest developing country and socialist country in the world. South korea is a newly industrilized nation. And North Korea is trying hard to get out of isolated situation. Therefore , the main conflicts in the world today - east-west, south-north and west-west are sharper than anywhere else. However, there appears a momentum of the end of Cold War, peaceful coexistance , cooperation and development under the detents in the whole wor1d. All of these have laid a good foundation for the 21th century to be the Asian Pacific era.

Cluster Lifetime Analysis for Cooperative Beamforming in Wireless Sensor Networks

Gan Xiong,Lu Hong,Yang Guangyou 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.9 No.10

Cooperative multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) or its variation cooperative multiple input single outputs (MISO) is becoming a potential technique to minimize the energy consumption and prolong lifetime in wireless sensor networks. For cluster based wireless sensor networks, cluster lifetime for cooperative beamforming (CBF) based cooperative MISO scheme is studied in this paper.We first establish the energy model of a cluster with cooperative MISO scheme based on CBF. Based on the energy consumption model, the effects of cluster size and distance between cluster and sink node on the performance of cluster lifetime are discussed, an joint optimization to maximize cluster lifetime by finding the optimal modulation parameter and number of cooperative nodes is proposed. Numerical results show that CBF based cooperative MISO scheme can achieve longer cluster lifetime compare with STBC and the joint optimization can further improve the cluster lifetime.

Preventing Intra-hospital Infection and Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Health-care Workers

Gan, Wee Hoe,Lim, John Wah,Koh, David Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2020 Safety and health at work Vol.11 No.2

Coronavirus disease 2019 poses an occupational health risk to health-care workers. Several thousand health-care workers have already been infected, mainly in China. Preventing intra-hospital transmission of the communicable disease is therefore a priority. Based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model, the strategies and measures to protect health-care workers in an acute tertiary hospital are described along the domains of work task, technologies and tools, work environmental factors, and organizational conditions. The principle of zero occupational infection remains an achievable goal that all health-care systems need to strive for in the face of a potential pandemic.

Improved Bottleneck Approach for Heuristic Systemwide Responsive Ramp Metering on Congested Freeways

Gan Chai,Jianhua Guo,Lingyao Wu,Xiang Miao 대한토목학회 2015 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.19 No.1

Ramp metering has been shown to be an efficient and direct measure of alleviating congestion caused by many factors, and manyalgorithms have been developed and implemented in the real world. Based on the conventional Bottleneck approach, an improvedBottleneck heuristic coordinated metering algorithm is proposed in this paper for managing the ramp meters so as to solve or mitigatethe mainline congestion issue caused by factors such as freeway traffic incidents. In this approach, first, the local ramp metering rateis determined through the conventional lookup table approach, and then using density instead of volume as the control variable, aProportional-Integral (PI) controller is designed to compute the system/coordinated metering rate; finally, the final metering rate isselected using the conventional minimum or maximum rule depending on the comparison between the target and current trafficdensities. Taking the ramp system of Nanjing-Hangzhou Freeway as an example, the proposed improved Bottleneck algorithm isimplemented in a simulated environment, and the results confirmed the effectiveness of the improved Bottleneck algorithm.

Geopolitics and Regionalism : China`s New Silk Road: Where Does It Lead?

( Gan Jun Xian ),( Mao Yan ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2016 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.40 No.1

We analyze the driving forces behind China’s New Silk Road (NSR) initiative and find that they not only included short-term factors, such as the US “rebalance” of forces in Asia and China’s economic slowdown since 2012, but also long-term factors such as China’s ambition to recover its past glory and integrate itself still further into the global economy. We then look at the external challenges facing China’s initiative, such as geopolitical competition, fear of overdependence, and political instabilities along the old silk routes. We highlight China’s policy dilemmas and discuss the sustainability of China’s NSR initiative and its implications for the world. Our conclusion is that China’s initiative could be in for a rocky road, but if it strikes a good balance between its diplomatic objectives and means and its values and actions, the NSR could speed up regional integration. KEYWORDS: China, the New Silk Road, geopolitical conflicts, regional integration.

국외논문정보 - 교대근무와 당뇨병: 관찰연구의 메타분석

Gan, Yong,Yang, Chen,Tong, Xinyue,Sun, Huilian,Cong, Yingjje,Yin, Xiaoxu,Li, Liqing,Cao, Shiyi,Dong, Xiaoxin,Gong, Yanhong,Shi, Oumin,Deng, Jian,Bi, Huashan,Lu, Zuxun 대한산업보건협회 2015 산업보건 Vol.331 No.-

Association of SNP Haplotypes at the Myostatin Gene with Muscular Hypertrophy in Sheep

Gan, S.Q.,Du, Z.,Liu, S.R.,Yang, Y.L.,Shen, M.,Wang, X.H.,Yin, J.L.,Hu, X.X.,Fei, J.,Fan, J.J.,Wang, J.H.,He, Q.H.,Zhang, Y.S.,Li, N. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.7

The myostatin gene of seven important meat (Beltex (Australia), Beltex$\times$Huyang (F1), Meat and Multi-Prolific Chinese Merino Fine Wool, Meat Chinese Merino Fine Wool and Dorper (South Africa)) and non-meat (Huyang and Kazak) sheep breeds was analyzed to study the genetic basis of muscular hypertrophy (double muscling) phenotype in sheep. SNPs, four in regulatory regions and several in the introns in the myostatin gene, were identified, and the former four SNPs were used for further studies. Twelve haplotypes were predicted by PHASE program, of which four main haplotypes (1, 3, 7, 9) were present in 90% of the 364 sheep in the study. Haplotypes 1-4 were mainly present in meat breeds while haplotypes 7 and 9 dominated the non-meat breeds. The association between haplotypes and average daily gain (ADG) was analyzed among 116 sheep with production data, Haplo2 (CGAA) and Haplo8 (TGAA) were identified to have significant (p<0.05) effect on ADG by the model (JMP5.1 software) taking into account the effects of breed, family background, haplotype, birth weight and sex. ADG of these haplotype groups also correlated well (r = 0.82) with hypertrophic phenotype scores. In conclusion, the mutations -956 (T$\rightarrow$C), -41 (C$\rightarrow$A) and 6223 (G$\rightarrow$A) involved in Haplo2 and 8 may be associated with the double-muscling trait by influencing myostatin function and be suitable markers in selecting meat sheep.

Treatment of Pneumonias in General Practice

Gan, Goh Lee Medical Publications Korea 1991 Medical Progress Vol.13 No.5