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( Eun Jin Kim ),( Hyun Jin Yu ),( G. Balakrish Nair ),( Dong Wook Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.12
Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup Wave 3 El Tor strains are presently prevalent worldwide. The Wave 3 El Tor strains contain a TLC:RS1:CTX array on chromosome 1, and no element is integrated on chromosome 2. A multiplex PCR optimized to identify the TLC:RS1:CTX array of Wave 3 strains has been developed in this study. By using eight primers, the multiplex PCR can identify the characteristic CTX and RS1 array of Wave 3 strains from various arrays of strains belonging to other Waves. The four amplified DNA fragments of Wave 3 strains have been cloned in a vector, which could be used as a positive control for the multiplex PCR. This multiplex PCR and the positive control set could be useful tools for rapid recognition of Wave 3 El Tor strains.
Replication of<i>Vibrio cholerae</i>classical CTX phage
Kim, Eun Jin,Yu, Hyun Jin,Lee, Je Hee,Kim, Jae-Ouk,Han, Seung Hyun,Yun, Cheol-Heui,Chun, Jongsik,Nair, G. Balakrish,Kim, Dong Wook Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2017 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.114 No.9
Herd Protection by a Bivalent Killed Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine in the Slums of Kolkata, India
Ali, Mohammad,Sur, Dipika,You, Young Ae,Kanungo, Suman,Sah, Binod,Manna, Byomkesh,Puri, Mahesh,Wierzba, Thomas F.,Donner, Allan,Nair, G. Balakrish,Bhattacharya, Sujit K.,Dhingra, Mandeep Singh,Deen, J Oxford University Press 2013 Clinical infectious diseases Vol.56 No.8
<P>We evaluated the herd protection conferred by the bivalent killed oral cholera vaccine. The vaccine conferred significant herd protection, suggesting that significant public health impact in cholera control may be achieved even with modest vaccination coverage.</P>
Kim, Eun Jin,Lee, Dokyung,Moon, Se Hoon,Lee, Chan Hee,Kim, Sang Jun,Lee, Jae Hyun,Kim, Jae Ouk,Song, Manki,Das, Bhabatosh,Clemens, John D.,Pape, Jean William,Nair, G. Balakrish,Kim, Dong Wook Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS pathogens Vol.10 No.9
<▼1><P>Pandemic <I>V. cholerae</I> strains in the O1 serogroup have 2 biotypes: classical and El Tor. The classical biotype strains of the sixth pandemic, which encode the classical type cholera toxin (CT), have been replaced by El Tor biotype strains of the seventh pandemic. The prototype El Tor strains that produce biotype-specific cholera toxin are being replaced by atypical El Tor variants that harbor classical cholera toxin. Atypical El Tor strains are categorized into 2 groups, Wave 2 and Wave 3 strains, based on genomic variations and the CTX phage that they harbor. Whole-genome analysis of <I>V. cholerae</I> strains in the seventh cholera pandemic has demonstrated gradual changes in the genome of prototype and atypical El Tor strains, indicating that atypical strains arose from the prototype strains by replacing the CTX phages. We examined the molecular mechanisms that effected the emergence of El Tor strains with classical cholera toxin-carrying phage. We isolated an intermediary <I>V. cholerae</I> strain that carried two different CTX phages that encode El Tor and classical cholera toxin, respectively. We show here that the intermediary strain can be converted into various Wave 2 strains and can act as the source of the novel mosaic CTX phages. These results imply that the Wave 2 and Wave 3 strains may have been generated from such intermediary strains in nature. Prototype El Tor strains can become Wave 3 strains by excision of CTX-1 and re-equipping with the new CTX phages. Our data suggest that inter-chromosomal recombination between 2 types of CTX phages is possible when a host bacterial cell is infected by multiple CTX phages. Our study also provides molecular insights into population changes in <I>V. cholerae</I> in the absence of significant changes to the genome but by replacement of the CTX prophage that they harbor.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>In this report, we suggest a genetic mechanism of how the <I>V. cholerae</I> atypical El Tor variants were generated from classical and prototype El Tor biotype strains. An intermediary strain, containing the CTX-1 and CTX-2 prophages, was identified among the clinical isolates that were collected in 1991, when the atypical strains emerged. This strain can be converted into various Wave 2 atypical El Tor strains by eliminating prototype components, CTX-1 and RS1. Further, new types of the CTX phage genome can be generated from the intermediary strain by inter-chromosomal recombination between CTX phages and recombination between the CTX phage and RS1. These new CTX phages can be transduced into other El Tor strains, transforming them into Wave 3 atypical strains. This is a demonstrated instance of how a single-segment-genome CTX phage re-organizes its genome through recombination between different types of phage, leading to generation of new phage variants and atypical El Tor strains.</P></▼2>
Je Hee Lee,Seon Young Choi,Yoon-Seong Jeon,Hye Ri Lee,김은진,Binh Minh Nguyen,Nguyen Tran Hien,M. Ansaruzzaman,M. Sirajul Islam,Nurul A. Bhuiyan,S.K. Niyogi,B.L. Sarkar,G. Balakrish Nair,Dae Shick Kim,An 한국미생물학회 2009 The journal of microbiology Vol.47 No.6
Analysis of the CTX prophage and RS1 element in hybrid and altered Vibrio cholera O1 strains showed two classifiable groups. Group I strains contain a tandem repeat of classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome. Strains in this group either contain no element(s) or an additional CTX prophage or RS1 element(s) on the large chromosome. Group II strains harbor RS1 and CTX prophage, which has an El Tor type rstR and classical ctxB on the large chromosome.