L’intégration européenne et les collectivités territoriales

Gé;rard Marcou 국제헌법학회 한국학회 2007 국제헌법학회 한국학회 학술대회발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

Protelnes et Proteolyses : Aspects Biochimioues, Nutritionnels et Technologloues

Gé;rard Humbert 한국식품영양과학회 1990 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.19 No.5

Delayed Parallel Interference Cancellation for GPS C/A Code Receivers

&Eacute,amonn P. Glennon,Roderick C. Bryant,Andrew G. Dempster 한국항해항만학회 2006 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2 No.-

A number of different techniques are available to mitigate the problem of cross correlations caused by the limited dynamic range of the 10-bit Gold codes in the GPS C/A code. These techniques include successive-interference cancellation (SIC) and parallel-interference cancellation (PIC), where the strong signals are subtracted at IF prior to attempting to detect the weak signals. In this paper, a variation of these techniques is proposed whereby the subtraction process is delayed until after the correlation process, although still employing a pure reconstructed C/A code signal to permit prediction of the cross correlation process. The paper provides details on the method as well as showing the results obtained when the method was implemented using a software GPS receiver. The benefits of this approach are also described, as is the application of the method to the cancellation of CW interference.

Le recrutement et la formation des magistrats des juridictions judiciaires et des juridictions administratives et la réforme de la justice

제라드 마꾸 明知大學校 國際人權敎育硏究센터 2001 國際人權敎育硏究 Vol.3 No.

프랑스의 법조인 양성체제와 사법개혁 프랑스에 있어서는 일반법관과 행정법관의 양성체제를 함께 다루는 것은 일반적이 아니다. 1980의 법률개정 이래 행정법원의 재판관들은 법관이라는 칭호를 가지게 되었지만, ( 최고행정재판소인 국사원(Conseil d'Etat)의 위원(심판관)들은 법관에 포함되지는 아니함) 헌법 제66조의 사법권은 일반법관만을 포함한다. 따라서 프랑스의 법조인 양성체제를 파악하기 위하여 이하에서는 행정법원의 법관의 경우와 일반법원의 법관양성의 경우를 나누어 고찰하는 것이 적절할 것이다. 전통적으로 행정재판은 국가최고위 인사로 구성된 국사원에 의해 수행되는 최고위공공행정영역에 속해 있었다. 그 후 행정법원의 창설과 그에 이은 고등행정법원의 창설은 그 행정법관은 국립대학원(Ecole Nationale d'Administraion : ENA)에 의해 충원되도록 되었다. 이에 따라 1958년의 법원개혁에 의해 국립사범대학원(Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature: ENM)이 창설되었다. 그러나 이 국립 사범대학원은 일반법관의 양성만을 유일한 목적으로 한다. 따라서 국립사범대학원의 법조인 양성과정은 행정법관의 양성과는 다른 내용을 가지게 되었다. 경쟁시험에 의한 채용은 이미 오래 전부터 행정공무원과 법관에 공통한 채용방법이지만, 우체국 공무원 등 실제적 필요성에 의한 특별채용방법도 여전히 존재하고 있다. 행정법원 법관의 충원방법에 관하여는 최고행정재판소(Conseil d'Etat)와 고등행정법원 및 지방행정법원의 각 경우를 나누어 보는 것이 적절한 것이다. 행정법원이나 일반법원이나 양심과(?)원에 대한 규정은 공통으로 다음의 두 가지 요청을 조화하려는 것이다. 그 첫째로는 법관양심을 목적으로 하는 사법전문대학원(ENM)이나 행정전문대학원(ENA)등 특수적 자질을 확보하는 것이고, 두 번째는 법조인 영역에 법조영역이외의 풍부한 직업적 경험과 전문지식을 유입할 수 있도록 충분한 개방성을 확보하는 것이다. 이러한 목적으로 비추어 볼 때, 법적지식과 법학연구 발전을 체계화하는 직업인 법학 교수는 필수적인 법관임용자격자이다. 법학교수들의 지적 기여는 판례의 발전에 공헌함으로써 사법체제의 현대화에 기여할 수 있다. 그러나 실제로 법학교수들이 행정법원이나 일반법원에 법관으로 참여하는 것은 상대적으로 미약하다. 법원교수들은 최고행정재판소(Conseil d'Etat: 국사원)보다는 최고위적 사법재판기구인 대법원(Cour de Cassation:파기원)에 대법관으로 참여하는 것이 더욱 중요하다. 그러나 법학교수가 법조인으로 참여하는 것이 그들의 역할에 있어서 유일한 형태는 아니며, 나아가 그것이 가장 중요한 것은 물론 아니다. 장기적으로 보아 법관임용 공개경쟁시험에서 합격하려는 사람들에게 법학교육을 확보해주는 법학교수의 법학교육자로서의 자격은 그들의 핵심적 공헌이다. 나아가 법학논문 발표와 판례형식도 법학교수의 큰 공헌이다.

Trichomes of tobacco excrete zinc as zinc-substituted calcium carbonate and other zinc-containing compounds.

Sarret, Gé,raldine,Harada, Emiko,Choi, Yong-Eui,Isaure, Marie-Pierre,Geoffroy, Nicolas,Fakra, Sirine,Marcus, Matthew A,Birschwilks, Mandy,Clemens, Stephan,Manceau, Alain American Society of Plant Physiologists 2006 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - Vol.141 No.3

<P>Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn). Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants, and these damages were partly reduced by a calcium (Ca) supplement. Confocal imaging of intracellular Zn using Zinquin showed that Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes. Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes. These grains were aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material and contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium. Micro x-ray diffraction revealed that the large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3). CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains. Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca. The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro-extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique. The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure. The production of Zn-containing biogenic calcite and other Zn compounds through the trichomes is a novel mechanism involved in Zn detoxification. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved x-ray synchrotron radiation techniques to study biomineralization and metal homeostasis processes in plants.</P>

Tunneling decay of self-gravitating vortices

Dupuis, &Eacute,ric,Gobeil, Yan,Lee, Bum-Hoon,Lee, Wonwoo,MacKenzie, Richard,Paranjape, Manu B.,Yajnik, Urjit A.,Yeom, Dong-han,Gwak, B.,Kang, G.,Kim, C.,Kim, H.-C.,Lee, C.-H.,Lee, J.,Lee, S.,Lee, W. EDP Sciences 2018 The European Physical Journal Conferences Vol.168 No.-

<P>We investigate tunneling decay of false vortices in the presence of gravity, in which vortices are trapped in the false vacuum of a theory of scalar electrodynamics in three dimensions. The core of the vortex contains magnetic flux in the true vacuum, while outside the vortex is the appropriate topologically nontrivial false vacuum. We numerically obtain vortex solutions which are classically stable; however, they could decay via tunneling. To show this phenomenon, we construct the proper junction conditions in curved spacetime. We find that the tunneling exponent for the vortices is half that for Coleman-de Luccia bubbles and discuss possible future applications.</P>

Non-linear MHD modelling of edge localized modes dynamics in KSTAR

B&eacute,coulet, M.,Kim, M.,Yun, G.,Pamela, S.,Morales, J.,Garbet, X.,Huijsmans, G.T.A.,Passeron, C.,F&eacute,vrier, O.,Hoelzl, M.,Lessig, A.,Orain, F. IOP 2017 Nuclear fusion. Fusion nucléaire. &n.Illiga Vol.57 No.11

<P>The explanation of the existence of the rotating MHD modes in the pedestal region before Type I edge localized mode (ELM) crash and in the inter-ELM periods (ELM precursors) observed in KSTAR is provided for the first time in the present paper. The dynamics of ELMs, observed using electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) in KSTAR tokamak, is compared to the modelling results of the non-linear reduced resistive MHD code JOREK. The realistic KSTAR pulse parameters and geometry including X-point and scrape off layer (SOL) were used. The full ELM crash modelling was performed using JOREK code for single and multi-harmonic representation and in multi-cycles ELMy regimes including relevant flows. The most unstable toroidal modes numbers (<I>n</I>  =  5–8), velocity (~5 km s<SUP>−1</SUP> for <I>n</I>  =  8 mode) and the direction of the mode rotation were reproduced in modelling. The two fluid diamagnetic effects and toroidal rotations included in the model were found to be the most important factors in explaining the experimentally observed rotation of the ballooning modes before the ELM crash and in the inter-ELM phase. In multi-harmonic multi-cycle simulations the spectrum of temperature fluctuations is similar to the experimental one in the inter-ELM phase, where several rotating modes with medium <I>n</I> numbers were detected in 5–30 kHz frequency range. The rotating modes can contain single or several harmonics which last from 0.2 ms to few ms in time, and can appear and disappear in the inter ELM period or persist until a new ELM crash.</P>

SPATIAL CLUSTERING FROM<i>GALEX</i>-SDSS SAMPLES: STAR FORMATION HISTORY AND LARGE-SCALE CLUSTERING

Heinis, S&eacute,bastien,Budavá,ri, Tamá,s,Szalay, Alex S.,Arnouts, St&eacute,phane,Aragó,n-Calvo, Miguel A.,Wyder, Ted K.,Barlow, Tom A.,Foster, Karl,Peter, Friedman G.,Martin, D. C IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.698 No.2

Architectural engineering of bioelectrochemical systems from the perspective of polymeric membrane separators: A comprehensive update on recent progress and future prospects

Bakonyi, P&eacute,ter,Koó,k, Lá,szló,Kumar, Gopalakrishnan,Tó,th, Gá,bor,Ró,zsenberszki, Tamá,s,Nguyen, Dinh Duc,Chang, Soon Woong,Zhen, Guangyin,B&eacute,laf Elsevier 2018 Journal of membrane science Vol.564 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Significant advances in the design of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have promoted these applications to be seen as contemporary biotechnological platforms. However, notable issues in system architecture are still to be addressed and overcome, in particular concerning the membrane separators, which rely widely on polymers. These architectural components play a key-role in facilitating the transport of ions (i.e. protons) between the (compartments containing the) electrodes and therefore, their properties substantially influence the overall BES performance. This article aims presenting an up-to-date survey on the important accomplishments and promising outlooks with polymer-based membranes (both porous/non-porous, charged/uncharged) applied in BES (first and foremost microbial fuel cells, MFCs) that could drive this technology towards enhanced efficiency. Because of the interdisciplinary concept of BES, it attracts attention from scientists and engineers involved in environmental biotechnology, microbial electrochemistry and applied material sciences and as a result, this review paper would target the audience of these fields with particular interest on the progress with membrane separators fabricated with various polymeric materials.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Critical membrane separator properties in BES are assessed. </LI> <LI> Techniques for membrane/separator characterization are outlined. </LI> <LI> Various polymer-based membranes/separators used in BES are discussed. </LI> <LI> Status and challenges for membrane development in BES are evaluated. </LI> </UL> </P>

Baryon acoustic oscillations in the Ly<i>α</i>forest of BOSS DR11 quasars

Delubac, Timoth&eacute,e,Bautista, Julian E.,Busca, Nicolá,s G.,Rich, James,Kirkby, David,Bailey, Stephen,Font-Ribera, Andreu,Slosar, Ane,e,Lee, Khee-Gan,Pieri, Matthew M.,Hamilton, Jean-Ch Springer-Verlag 2015 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.574 No.-