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Will Donald Trump Overturn US Nuclear Non-proliferation Posture?
( Mark Fitzpatrick ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2016 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.21 No.2
For over 60 years, the United States has led global efforts to stem the expansion of nuclear weapons, an effort that has succeeded in keeping the number of nuclear-armed states to single digits rather than the 25 that were once direly forecast. For most of this period, the non-proliferation regime has been comprised of treaties, conventions and bilateral agreements, formal arrangements that offered legitimacy at the cost of leastcommon denominator compromises. More recently, the US has favored non-proliferation action through the 15-member UN Security Council and via ad-hoc coalitions of like-minded states. The US has also applied unilateral pressure. These efforts have been directed not just against US adversaries, but also vis-a-vis its friends, including the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, both of which were persuaded to stop their pursuit of plutonium-based nuclear weapons. The US failed to stop Israel, however, as well as India, Pakistan and, of most concern, North Korea. The Iran case may be instructive in fashioning a policy to denuclearize North Korea. US policy is largely focused on sanctions, which have finally reached the intensity of sanctions that were applied against Iran and third parties that engaged with designated Iranian entities. In the case of Iran, which is more susceptible to pressure than North Korea, it took at least a year and a half before severe sanctions contributed to serious negotiations on a deal. But the Iranian deal did not come about solely as the result of severe sanctions. It also took a willingness on both sides to accept compromises. In the coming months, sanctions and other forms of pressure on North Korea will be sharpened. The worst response would be for the ROK and Japan also to seek nuclear weapons. As in the Iran case, incentives should be considered among the tools in the non-proliferation toolbox.
Meaning in Life: Translating Nursing Concepts to Research
Joyce J.Fitzpatrick 한국간호과학회 2008 Asian Nursing Research Vol.2 No.1
It is proposed that individuals who find meaning in their lives experience a higher level of health and wellness. In this paper, research focused on life meaning is described. This program of research includes studies of life meaning from the individual person and/or patient perspective and studies of the meaningfulness of nurses’ professional work life. Translations of the theoretical concepts into research and professional nursing interventions are described. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(1):1–4] It is proposed that individuals who find meaning in their lives experience a higher level of health and wellness. In this paper, research focused on life meaning is described. This program of research includes studies of life meaning from the individual person and/or patient perspective and studies of the meaningfulness of nurses’ professional work life. Translations of the theoretical concepts into research and professional nursing interventions are described. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(1):1–4]
Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department
Brendan Michael Fitzpatrick,Michael Eugene Mullins 대한응급의학회 2016 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.3 No.2
Objective To evaluate intravenous lidocaine’s safety and efficacy as an analgesic agent in the treatment of a variety of painful conditions presenting to the emergency department. Methods This case series identified seventeen patients who received lidocaine over a six month period and recorded demographic data, amount of lidocaine administered, the amount of opioid medication administered before and after lidocaine, pre- and post-lidocaine pain scores, and any qualitative descriptors of the patient’s pain recorded in the record. Side effects and adverse events were also recorded. Results Of the seven patients who had a pre- and post-lidocaine pain score recorded, the mean reduction was 3 points on a 10 point scale. Patients who received lidocaine used less opioid medication. One patient received an improperly high dose of lidocaine and suffered a brief seizure and cardiac arrest, but was quickly resuscitated. Conclusion This series suggests that lidocaine may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of acutely painful conditions in the emergency department.