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The Finnish National Agency for Education Since 1990s: Changing Role and Relational Identity
Dongseob Lee 한국교육재정경제학회 2019 한국교육재정경제학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2019 No.2
Debates around the priorities between the democratisation of educational administration for stable, sustainable education policy, and the decentralisation of educational autonomy, remain preoccupied with on-going issues on the establishment of Korea’s National Board of Education. The board members of directors under the Finnish National Agency for Education (Opetushallitus) is considered as the participatory corporatist model and characterised by a rational decision-making process. This process leads to the (dis-)continuity and consensus without being influenced by national politics. However, in reality the consensus process is long with sensitive issues being predominantly reflected upon by different board members of education with varying perspectives (johtokunta) based upon their involvement as representatives of political parties, interest groups and social partners (Kuntaliito, OAJ, EK, student unions and so on), and a politically appointed director general (pääjohtaja). Possible tensions may arise between the Ministry of Education and the board members of the Finnish National Agency for Education (which is subordinated by the Ministry of Education and Culture) if not properly facilitated by the role of the director general as middle leadership in the consensus process. The study aims to unravel the contingent, relational, and complex character of decision-making and implementation process of Finnish national education policy; as well as its relational values of agrarian/social-democratic ‘equality’ and conservative liberal market ‘equity’ with the devolution of local practice since mid-1990s (Scott, D. et al. 2014; Simola, H. et al. 2017). The intertwined dynamics in educational policy making and implementation processes, governance, and national educational strategies are scrutinised by analysing the influence of exogenous, transnational factors alongside the gradual power shift of politicians to technocrat, professionals; and educational customers (or individual learners) as the changing agents. This aligns with the recent structural changes of the National Agency for Education to reflect on regarding Finnish education as a commodity for export. The Finnish Education Evaluation Center (KARVI) and the University Student Examination Board (Ylioppilastutkintolautakunta) are converged as separate units within the Finnish National Agency for Education. The recent administrative changes of the Finnish National Agency for Education aim to reduce hierarchies and increase interaction both within the agency and with external partners (OPH 2019). The different roles, duties and relational practices between the main actors are being analysed through in-depth interviews with the educational committee in parliament, officials in the Ministry of Education and Culture, directors and board members of education in the Finnish National Agency for Education, officials in local municipalities, and individual school agents in different regions. In conclusion, the ontological meaning of Finnish National Agency for Education is unfolded in a process of locating unstable positions and of crossing blurred boundaries between “economic growth/efficiency/capitalism” and “distribution of welfare/equality/ community values”. This is done whilst (co-/re-/de-) formulating individual and collective identity and ethos in response to a different political coalition, social participation, and economic growth on a non-linear time-space context.
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Dongseob Lee 한국교육행정학회 2019 한국교육행정학회 학술연구발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.5
Debates around the priorities between the democratisation of educational administration for stable, sustainable education policy, and the decentralisation of educational autonomy, remain preoccupied with on-going issues on the establishment of Korea’s National Board of Education. The board members of directors under the Finnish National Agency for Education (Opetushallitus) is considered as the participatory corporatist model and characterised by a rational decision-making process. This process leads to the (dis-)continuity and consensus without being influenced by national politics. However, in reality the consensus process is long with sensitive issues being predominantly reflected upon by different board members of education with varying perspectives (johtokunta) based upon their involvement as representatives of political parties, interest groups and social partners (Kuntaliito, OAJ, EK, student unions and so on), and a politically appointed director general (pääjohtaja). Possible tensions may arise between the Ministry of Education and the board members of the Finnish National Agency for Education (which is subordinated by the Ministry of Education and Culture) if not properly facilitated by the role of the director general as middle leadership in the consensus process. The study aims to unravel the contingent, relational, and complex character of decision-making and implementation process of Finnish national education policy; as well as its relational values of agrarian/social-democratic ‘equality’ and conservative liberal market ‘equity’ with the devolution of local practice since mid-1990s (Scott, D. et al. 2014; Simola, H. et al. 2017). The intertwined dynamics in educational policy making and implementation processes, governance, and national educational strategies are scrutinised by analysing the influence of exogenous, transnational factors alongside the gradual power shift of politicians to technocrat, professionals; and educational customers (or individual learners) as the changing agents. This aligns with the recent structural changes of the National Agency for Education to reflect on regarding Finnish education as a commodity for export. The Finnish Education Evaluation Center (KARVI) and the University Student Examination Board (Ylioppilastutkintolautakunta) are converged as separate units within the Finnish National Agency for Education. The recent administrative changes of the Finnish National Agency for Education aim to reduce hierarchies and increase interaction both within the agency and with external partners (OPH 2019). The different roles, duties and relational practices between the main actors are being analysed through in-depth interviews with the educational committee in parliament, officials in the Ministry of Education and Culture, directors and board members of education in the Finnish National Agency for Education, officials in local municipalities, and individual school agents in different regions. In conclusion, the ontological meaning of Finnish National Agency for Education is unfolded in a process of locating unstable positions and of crossing blurred boundaries between “economic growth/efficiency/capitalism” and “distribution of welfare/equality/ community values”. This is done whilst (co-/re-/de-) formulating individual and collective identity and ethos in response to a different political coalition, social participation, and economic growth on a non-linear time-space context.
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Dongseob Kim,Kiyong Kwon,Ha Kyung Lee,Joo Young Lee,Ju Yeun Jang,Ho Jung Choo 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06
With the sweeping popularity of Korean Wave across Asia, the number of Chinese tourists to Korea has rapidly been increasing over the last decade. Korea Tourism Organization estimates that the number of Chinese visitors exceeded 6 million in 2014, and Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade estimates that their spending in Korea surpassed KRW 7.67 trillion in 2013 alone. In particular, Chinese tourists spend most of their money in Korea on shopping. Since Chinese have become the major customers of the Korean market, it is critical to understand their consumption patterns and behavior. Previous studies looked into tourist destinations and shops that Chinese people frequently visited, and also researched on product selection criteria regarding their preference on fashion products. However, this study focuses on how Chinese tourists feel while they are shopping in Korea and how such emotions affect their evaluation on the purchased products. Planned purchase refers to the situation where the buying intention of a consumer has already been formed prior to entering the store based on the perception of purchase necessity. An unplanned purchase is not anticipated or planned before the customer enters the store, and products are bought without planning similar to impulsive buying. Oliver (1980) suggested that emotions are an important factor when consumers evaluate a product. Therefore, this study focuses mainly on the emotion created during the shopping. We conceptualized product attitudes based on the expected consumer satisfaction paradigms of Oliver and Desarbo (1988). This study also explores the product usage satisfaction of tourists as a post-purchase attitude. According to statistics, majority of Chinese tourists who buy fashion products are women. The survey is conducted on 550 women in the age group between 20 and 60 years who have visited Seoul before, using an online panel of respondents sampled by an international survey firm. 530 questionnaires are analyzed, with the remaining responses determined to be incomplete. For the demographic characteristics of the sample group, the average age is 33.5 years old, with 201 in their 20s (37.9%), 190 in their 30s (35.8%), 107 in their 40s (20.2%), and 32 in or over their 50s (6.0%). As for the average household income, RMB 10,000 to 20,000 is the most frequent (210 or 39.6%). For residential areas, Hua Dong (East China) is the most frequent (207 or 39.1%). Data are analyzed using structural equation modeling by AMOS 20.0. Respondents were asked to recall most impressive fashion product that they bought in Korea during their visit, and to answer whether it was planned or unplanned purchase.This study also attempts to measure the emotions they had during the purchase in order to understand differences in attitude toward the purchased products. Although emotions cannot persist over time, previous studies have measured emotions during consumption to evaluate the situation. The study categorizes respondents according to their purchasing power into heavy and light buyers to determine the moderating effects of purchase amount. In the literature, purchasing power is described in terms of the number of purchase and purchase amount. Based on previous studies on purchasing power, consumers can be categorized as heavy or light buyers. This study focuses on purchase amount in the context of tourism shopping. The results find that planned purchases tend to deliver positive emotions, which in turn enhances product satisfaction. Unplanned purchases, positive shopping emotions have positive impact on their attitude toward purchased products. Interestingly, unplanned purchases have negative direct impact on the product attitude without the mediating role of positive shopping emotions, showing the importance of positive emotions that consumers feel while shopping When it comes to the impact of purchasing power, the effect of unplanned purchases of light buyers on shopping emotions or product attitude was not significant. Only planned purchases trigger positive emotions, many of which induced positive impact on product satisfaction. For heavy buyers, on the other hand, even unplanned purchases have positive impact on their product satisfaction when positive shopping emotions are developed. This study is differentiated from previous studies in that it deals with how purchase types (planned vs. unplanned) affect shopping emotions and post-purchase product attitude of Chinese tourists who account for the significant share of the Korean tour industry. It is also notable that this study groups tourists by their purchasing power and identifies the impact of their purchasing power, considering the fact that tourists are increasingly influencing the domestic consumption market. The Korean government and companies may tap into the results of this study to provide better environments to trigger positive shopping emotions to tourists. However, it should be considered that the subject of this study is limited to Chinese female tourists, which should be complemented by future studies.
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Accelerated Life Test of Eco-Friendly PP-TPE Insulating Material Using Frequency Acceleration
Lee Sanggoon,Yoon Sungho,Kim Donguk,Kim Minah,Park Kyu-Hwan,Lee Seungjun,Kim Dongseob,Kim Jeongtae 대한전기학회 2023 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.18 No.5
An accelerated life test was performed under 600 Hz power frequency at 90 °C with an electrode specially designed for a flat specimen to derive the long-term reliability and lifetime index required for power cable development using PP-TPE (Polypropylene-Thermo Plastic Elastomer) insulation materials. It was difficult to ensure failure data for life because failure did not occur well in the accelerated life-test to which the constant-stress test was applied at a low electric field, so it was converted to the step-Stress test and performed. As a result, the lifetime index of PP-TPE was determined to be around 12 to 13 which was comparably lower than that of XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) having the index of 15. However, the number of failures shows that PP-TPE is smaller than XLPE and is rather more voltage endurance than XLPE, and it is judged that it is difficult to evaluate the characteristics simply with the lifetime index. The cause of initial failure was interpreted as the presence of large TPE lumps in the specimen or low dispersion of TPE. In the future, it is judged that a clearer lifetime index should be derived through long-term ageing experiments on model cables with a thickness of several mm.
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