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도현철(Do, Hyeon-chul) 한국역사연구회 2012 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.84
Examined in this article is how Gweon Geun justified his serving of two countries, and why he decided to cooperate with Jeong Do-jeon. Gweon Geun wanted to make the world a place ruled by Confucianism instead of Buddhism. He compiled important academic points of the Confucian philosophy when he wrote Ib’hak Do’seol and 『O’gyeong Cheon’gyeon-rok』. He intended to establish Confucianism as a legitimate, one-and-only righteous form of study. He argued that Confucianism was the ‘real, substantial’ philosophy(實學) to lead the world, and criticized Buddhism as a heresy that would impede the world’s efforts to become a better one. Based upon a Neo-Confucian view of the world, he criticized Buddhism as a school of thoughts that did not recognize the objective world and its principles, and a mere form of belief that eventually forced people to ignore their own human obligations. In his eyes, Buddhism was a religion for the animals, as it allowed people to sever all the personal relationships, either between a king and a vassal, or between a father and son, by having them commit to a Buddhist way of life. He also argued that Buddhism considered all actions as of the mere heart(imagination), and did not acknowledge the existence of a principle or an obligation, from which the actions would generate, or upon which the actions would operate. With Neo-Confucian theories regarding the ‘Human nature(“Inseong, 人性”)’ and the ‘Law of Nature(“Cheon’ri, 天理)’ in mind, Gweon Guen considered morality to be very important, and hoped for an enlightenment to come to the people, based upon all that. He also wanted a world in which the people’s good nature would be more refined(or corrected from a corrupted state) with the concept of ‘Respect(Gyeong, 敬),’ so that morality could firmly be established. In order to maintain social stability and order, he preferred a character-building exercise based upon people’s moral nature and respect, to the employment of external forces such as law enforcement or institutional corrections. He wanted to reinforce school education, and modified the national examination system to prioritize Creative writing(製述), so that the Confucian concept of morality would dominate the people’s consciousness and living patterns. In the meantime, Gweon Geun decided to join the new dynasty and bring his plans to realize his political philosophy in motion. First, to support Jeong Do-jeon’s plans for a new dynasty in theoretical terms, he authored the foreword for 『Bulshi Jab’byeon』, and highlighted the book’s meaning. He depicted Jeong Do-jeon as a visionary who intended to establish a new country, and explained Jeong’s academic traits, from the perspective of the Neo-Confucian argument of legitimacy. Gweon Geun participated in the publication of 『Gyeong’je Mun’gam』 which did not thoroughly cited all the Chinese materials consulted in its creation. In 『Gyeong’je Mun’gam』, Jeong Do-jeon cited the Chinese texts yet marked them as his own thoughts, and Gweon Geun did the same, because he agreed with Jeong Do-jeon’s thoughts and accommodate his intentions. In short, Gweon Guen tried to establish an idealistic Confucian soceity, and joined the Joseon government, established a relationship with the powerful Jeong Do-jeon, and tried to accommodate his intentions.
京畿道의 植物相 : 태화산, 화야산, 대부도, 칠현산, 철마산, 검단산
崔道烈,張珍成,金正猷,全正壹,金輝,閔雄基,姜佑昌 서울대학교 수목원 2001 서울大學校 樹木園 硏究報告 Vol.- No.21
This study was conducted in order to explore general flora of the Gyounggi-do Province and to clarify the distribution of some specificated taxa of the Korea. Daebu-do Island, Mt. Taewha, Mt. Hwaya, Mt. Gumdan, Mt. Chilhyun and Mt. Chulma among eighth grade-area of the Degree of Green Naturality (DGN) within the boundary of the Gyounggi-do Province were visited to investigate local flora. The number of identified vascular plant species were as follow; Mt. Hwaya: 120 species (99 genera of 67 families), Mt. Teawha: 132 species (103 genera of 56 families), Daebu-do Island: 124 species (103 genera of 50 families), Mt. Chulma: 129 species (99 genera of 67 families), Mt. Gumdan: 121 species (96 genera of 52 families), Mt. Chilyun: 90 species (74 genera of 42 families). The endemic Clematis brachyura Maxim. was found to distribute Daeby-do. It seemed that plantation was occupying large area in forest of the Gyounggi-do Province. Forty two specificated taxa were identified and 3 taxa, 10 taxa, 5 taxa, and 24 taxa were sorted into forth grade, third grade, second grade, and first grade respectively. Mt. Taewha showed the highest record (16 taxa) in the number of specificated taxa, Mt. Hwaya was the next with 13 taxa. Mt, Chulma (12 taxa), Mt. Gumdan (11 taxa), Daebu-do Island (7 taxi), and Mt, Chylma (4 taxi) followed. Mt. Taewa and Mt. Whaya were found to be relatively higher in the score calculated front the specificated taxa distribution, while Daebu-do Island and Mt. Chilyun were lower, that difference was probably due in part to consequences of severe disturbance of human activities. With respect to the consequences of severe disturbance of human activities. With respect to the geographical proximity to the Gangwon Province, Mt. Hwaya showed higher similarity of the species composition to that of the Mt. Jumbong.
Jin, Long-Hu,Shin, Hwa-Yoan,Yoon, Seung-Hwan,Seong, Do-Hwan,Park, Chang-Shin,Lee, Tack,Yoon, Sang-Min Korean Continence Society 2011 International Neurourology Journal Vol.15 No.1
<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>To compare the physical characteristics of detrusor overactivity (DO) induced by intravesical infusion of saline in awake, sham rats and rats with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), by simultaneous registrations of intravesical and intraabdominal pressures.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Male Sprague-Dawley rats, normal or with a spinal vascular clip at the level of Th9, were investigated cystometrically 1 and 4 weeks after SCI. Intravesical pressure (IVP) and intraabdominal pressure (IAP) were recorded simultaneously to evaluate true DO. During the filling phase, the event of IVP rises, defined as increments that exceeded 2 cmH<SUB>2</SUB>O from baseline, were determined as DO according to the absence of simultaneous changes in IAP.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>All SCI rats exhibited DO during the filling phase, which was not shown in sham rats. The frequency and pressure of DO had a tendency to decrease with time. The DO frequency of SCI rats after 4 weeks (0.9±0.2 min<SUP>-1</SUP>) was decreased compared with that after 1 week (2.1±0.4 min<SUP>-1</SUP>; P<0.05). The DO pressure of SCI rats after 4 weeks (8.4±1.9 cmH<SUB>2</SUB>O) was decreased compared with that after 1 week (11.6±2.9 cmH<SUB>2</SUB>O; P>0.05).</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Cystometric studies in awake male SCI rats showed some significant changes in bladder function after SCI. All SCI rats exhibited DO during the filling phase, and showed different physical characteristics of DO over the course of time. The neurological basis of these time-related changes remains poorly understood, but may provide important prognostic information about long-term urological management in SCI patients.</P>
김종혁,김도진 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.6
This study inquires into comparison and changes in Metabolic when people do inline-skating through comparing members of internet inline-skating association with normal people, and grasps the effect of doing inline-skating on Metabolic per minute. Also, this study provides information for activation of internet inline-skates association and health as scientific methods of inline-skating and domestic athletics. The conclusion is as follows. First, there are significant differences in 2minutes doing between members in association of internet inline-skates and normal people, and after verification, there are significant differences between male and female in association, between male in association and normal male, between male in association and normal female.(p<.01). Second, there is no significant difference in Metabolic of 4 minutes doing between members in association of internet inline-skates and normal people. Third, there are significant differences in 6 minutes doing between members in association of internet inline-skates and normal people, and after verification, there are significant differences between male and female in association, between male in association and normal male, between male in association and normal female.(p<.05). rmal people. Firth, there is no significant difference in Metabolic of 8 minutes doing between members in association of intemet inline-skates and normal people. Fifth, there is no significant difference in Metabolic of 10 minutes doing between members in association of intemet inline-skates and normal people. sixth, there are significant differences in sum total doing between members in association of internet inline-skates and normal people, and after verification, there are significant differences between male and female in association, between male in association and normal male, between male in association and normal female.(p<.05).
전병희 ( Byong Hee Jun ),김도환 ( Do Hwan Kim ),최은희 ( Eun Hee Choi ),김성신 ( Sung Shin Kim ),김창원 ( Chang Won Kim ),배현 ( Hyeon Bae ) 한국물환경학회 2002 한국물환경학회지 Vol.18 No.5
A pilot scale SBR (working volume, 20㎥) treating piggery wastewater was operated with real wastewater. The operation mode of intermittent feeding of raw water and sub-cycle with repeating anoxic-aeration conditions were adapted to avoid the high-strength nitrogen inhibition. In sub-cycle, aeration time for nitrification was tried to be controled with ORP and/or DO meter. The characteristics of control was somewhat different between ORP and DO. DO showed potential ability to detect complete ammonia oxidation point by the first order differential values or absolute value. Especially, DO was proved to be useful for high loading rates. ORP indicated the ending point of nitrification by the plateau appearing after bending point. Because ORP can be utilized as a diagnosis tool by its good sensitivity for the microbial condition in reactor, the simultaneous application of DO and ORP was recommended for the stable control of SBR.
도현철(Do, Hyeon-Chul) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2018 동방학지 Vol.183 No.-
This paper focuses on the historical fact that the name Geunjeongjeon(勤政殿), created by Chung Do-Jeon(鄭道傳), means “diligence helps governance”, and he set a theme about monarchies’ diligent governance for the civil service examination in the 5th Year of Taejo, and then aims to examine the political ideas of the Joseon Dynasty through analyzing the answer sheets written by Kim Ik-Jung(金益精) who was the top examination passer that year. Chung Do-Jeon established the goal for political systems and ideas of the Joseon Dynasty and suggested the ideal monarchy which was essential in managing the monarchy-state. His viewpoint of monarchy was found out while Hangyang City Wall was constructing at the time of the founding of the country. The construction of Gyeonbokgung was completed in the 4th year of Taejo(1395) and the name of Geunjeongjeon, which means “diligence helps governance” indicated the Neo-Confucian ideal for monarchy. Chung Do-Jeon asked what the ways of practice for monarchies’ diligent governance are as a theme for the civil service examinations. Kim Ik-Jung, the top examination passer, suggested in his answer sheets that monarchies should practise the diligent governance on the basis of the Neo-Confucianism, and they should possess sagacious judgements of the right policy to be conducted diligently, and that they should open the offices to the wise men in order to be helpful to monarchies’ sagacity, and that they should strive to figure out people’s actual circumstances, and that they should not be contrary to the most pressing agenda and the late King’s precedents. This is what Kim Ik-Jung organized diligent governance by appealing to Neo-Confucian Sung-Hak(聖學, Learning of the Sage) according to Chung Do-Jeon’s ideal for monarchy. 본고는 정도전이 태종 4년에 근정전의 의미를 설명하면서 군주의 근면 정치를 제시하고, 태조 5년에 과거시험 문제로 군주의 근면 정치를 제시했다는 점에 착안하여, 태조 5년 과거 시험의 장원 급제자인 김익정의 답안지를 분석하여 조선의 정치이념을 살펴본 글이다. 조선왕조의 정치체제와 정치이념의 방향을 설정하였고, 왕조국가의 정치운영의 핵심인 이상군주론을 제시하였다. 정도전의 군주관은 조선왕조 건국기에 한양 도성 건설 사업의 과정에서 나타났다. 1395년(태조 4) 9월 경복궁이 완성되고, 근정전이라는 명칭을 통해 군주의 근면 정치라는 성리학적 군주상이 제시되었다. 다음 해인 1396년(태조 5) 5월 과거 시험 문제에서 정도전은 시험 문제로 군주의 근면한 정치의 구체적인 실천방법을 질문하는 것이었다. 이 시험의 장원급제자인 김익정은 성리학적 사유를 바탕으로 군주가 근면한 정치를 행하되, 근면하게 시행해야 할 올바른 정책에 대한 명철한 인식을 가질 것, 현자를 등용하여 군주의 명철함을 돕도록 할 것, 백성들의 실정을 파악하는 데 힘쓸 것, 당대의 급선무와 선왕의 전례에 어긋나지 않도록 할 것 등의 구체적인 방법을 제시하였다. 이는 정도전의 이상군주론에 부응해서, 김익정이 군주의 근면한 정치를 성리학의 성학론으로 풀어 정리한 것이다.
도현철(Do, Hyeon-chul) 역사학회 2020 역사학보 Vol.0 No.248
Chae Hong-cheol made his efforts to carrying forward the land and census project, whose efforts were praised in his epitaph but were devaluated in the Koryosa. Yi Saek, who wanted to maintain the dynasty, affirmed Chae’s project, whereas Jeong Do-jeon, who attempted to open a new dynasty, tried to create a new legal system through denying the project. In other words, the differences of viewpoint over reality reform in the later Koryo dynasty were expressed in the divergent evaluation of Chae Hong-cheol. There is a kind of ambiguity related to the reference of quotation expressions in Jeong Do-jeon’s Kyongjemungams . It is important to note that there are not a dew references to Shih-kung chih-hsueh(사공학) in the Kyongjemungams . It is recognized that Shih-kung chih-hsueh criticized Neoconfucianism which was the mainstream political theory during the founding of the Joseon Dynasty. However, Shih-kung chih-hsueh, which put emphasis on the system and legislation was more required than Neo-confucianism which emphasizes the discipline of the mind the during change of dynasty. Thus Jeong Do-jeon had to bring Neo-confucianism to the fore, but inwardly invoke Shih-kung chih-hsueh that emphasized the system and legislation. This is why a kind of ambiguity related to the reference of quotation expressions is found in Jeong Do-jeon’s Kyongjemungams .
나도승 공주교육대학교 초등연구원 1976 公州敎大論叢 Vol.12 No.2
1. Chungcheong-nam-do is located in west central part of South Korea. Being not very far from the capital-city area, some funtions of Chungcheong-nam-do absorbed by the capital city. This is well evidenced by the recent statistical figures of its population which show a minemal increase. 2. Its geology is rich in granite and gneiss and these igneous and metamorphic rocks have been eroded and the relief of land is generally slow. The area of its cultivated land is 33% of the whole land. 3. High temperaure and humidity in summer, alluvial flood plain, and high density of population have made possible the development of rice farming. In recent years, with the shortening of the transportation time to and from the cosmopolitan areas due to the development modern means of transportation, the area for cashcrop and dairy farming is on the increase. 4. Large scale comprehensive development projects such as the construction of the- Asan Dam and Daecheong Dam are being executed. With the execution of these proj- ects, conditions for the development of modern industries are beeing created and in the near future industrial seems to be changed greatly 5. Its capital city is Daejeon; Daejeon is a spot on the semi-cercular form railway running in the eastern and south-eastern part of Chungcheong nam-do. According to the viewpoint of central-place theory, the development of the Kongju area in the central part of Chungcheong-nam-do seems to be urgent and unavoidable for the development; of Chungcheong-nam-do.
도현철 ( Do Hyeon Chul ) 한국사상사학회 2024 韓國思想史學 Vol.- No.76
이 글은 고려에서 조선으로의 왕조 교체가 갖는 한국사에서의 역사적 의미를 주로 정치사상에서의 연속과 단절의 측면에서 살펴보고 그 성격을 살펴보려는 것이다. 정도전은 조선이라는 국호를 정하는 데에 천자국인 중국의 허락을 받아야 한다고 하였다. 기자는 주 무왕에 의해 조선후가 되고, 기자가 무왕에게 홍범을 제시하였는데, 이를 활용하여 조선은 명의 덕에 의하여 동쪽의 주나라를 건설하라는 뜻을 견지하였다. 또 명 홍무제를 주 무왕에 견주고, 이성계의 덕을 기자와 비유하면서 유교 문명국가 주나라를 지향하였다. 고려는 원으로부터 사서오경 중심의 성리학을 수용하였다. 그리고 고려의 학교와 과거시험의 과목으로 사서오경을 채택하였다. 정도전은 『불씨잡변』에서 주자의 배불론을 원용하여 불교를 비판하였다. 정도전의 불교 비판은 천리로서의 오륜을 설명하여 인간이 당연히 지켜야 할 규범을 제시하고 이를 어기는 불교를 비윤리적이고 금수의 종교로 규정한 것이다. 고려말 정치개혁은 『주례』를 기준으로 고려의 정치제도를 비판하고 새로운 육전체제를 만들려고 하였다. 그리고 구체적인 내용은 『경제육전』으로 현실화되었다. 정도전은 재상이 정치를 주도하는 재상정치론을 제기하였다. 국왕은 재상만 임명할 뿐 재상은 천리의 소재를 파악하고, 천리 이법을 파악하는 유학자 관료 곧 현자를 등용해서 이들의 의견을 듣는 공론 정치를 유도하였다. 조선건국으로 정치세력이 교체되었다. 조선 건국을 통하여 지배 세력의 연속성과 신흥세력의 등장을 보여준다. 성리학을 통한 개혁정치는 고려왕조를 부정하는 논리를 내재한다. 『주례』에 의한 정치체제 개편과 관리 등용법의 변화 그리고 성리학의 이단인 불교 배척의 논리는 고려의 정치적 이념적 기반을 부정할 수 있었다. This article aims to examine the historical significance of the dynastic change from Goryeo to Joseon in Korean history, focusing primarily on continuity and discontinuity in political thought. Jeong Do-jeon deemed it necessary to obtain permission from the Emperor of China to name the country Joseon. He maintained that this action was intended to establish Joseon as a Zhou in the east, aligning it with Ming authority. Parallel drew inspiration from the historical appointment of Jizi(箕子) as Marquis of Joseon by King Wu of Zhou, who bestowed upon him the Hongfan(洪範), the Great Plan. By comparing Lee Seong-gye's investiture by Ming Emperor Hongwu with Jizi’s by King Wu of Zhou, Jeong Do-jeon aimed for Joseon to embody the ideals of a civilized Confucian state akin to that of Zhou. In the Late Goryeo dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was introduced from the Yuan dynasty. It centered on The Four Books and Five Classics(四書五經), which were adopted as school curricula and examination subjects. In his book entitled Bulsijabbyoun(佛氏雜辨), Jeong Do-jeon criticized Buddhism based on Zhu Xi’s theory. By advocating the Five Cardinal Relationships(五倫) as heavenly principles, which were the norms that humans should follow as a matter of course, he argued that Buddhism was an unethical and prohibited religion. This ideological shift was accompanied by political reforms based on the Rites of Zhou(周禮): they not only criticized the old political system of the Goryeo dynasty but also aimed to create a new one called the Six Ministries System(六典體制). This ideology was concretized in the economic code Kyongjeyukjeon(經濟六典). Jeong Do-jeon further proposed the theory of chancellor politics, wherein the chancellor assumed the leadership in governance. The king’s role was limited to appointing the chancellor, who then oversaw the appointment of scholarly officials or sages entrusted with understanding the cosmic order and providing counsel. This view aimed to facilitate politics of public opinion. The founding of the Joseon Dynasty marked a significant transformation in political power, illustrating both the continuity of the ruling class and the emergence of a new political force. Reform politics based on Neo-Confucianism inherently rejected the foundations of the Goryeo Dynasty. This rejection was manifested in the restructuring of the political system rooted in the Rites of Zhou, and the denouncement of hererical Buddhism, thereby undermining Goreyo’s political and ideological legacy.