Nanowires: Fabrication of Sub-10 nm Metallic Lines of Low Line-Width Roughness by Hydrogen Reduction of Patterned Metal–Organic Materials (Adv. Funct. Mater. 14/2010)

Nedelcu, Mihaela,Saifullah, Mohammad S. M.,Hasko, David G.,Jang, Arang,Anderson, David,Huck, Wilhelm T. S.,Jones, Geraint A. C.,Welland, Mark E.,Kang, Dae Joon,Steiner, Ullrich WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.20 No.14

<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>This computer rendered graphic displays direct writing of sub-10 nm metallic wires of low line-width roughness using an electron beam (shown as a sinusoidal wave), as presented by M. S. M. Saifullah, D. J. Kang, U. Steiner, et al. on page 2317. Sub-10 nm metallic wires of good integrity and low line-width roughness were obtained by reducing electron-beam patterned metal naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500°C for 1 h. <img src='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201090059-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201090059-content'> </P>

THE AzTEC/SMA INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGING SURVEY OF SUBMILLIMETER-SELECTED HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES

Younger, Joshua D.,Fazio, Giovanni G.,Huang, Jia-Sheng,Yun, Min S.,Wilson, Grant W.,Ashby, Matthew L. N.,Gurwell, Mark A.,Peck, Alison B.,Petitpas, Glen R.,Wilner, David J.,Hughes, David H.,Aretxaga, IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.704 No.1

<P>We present results from a continuing interferometric survey of high-redshift submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) with the Submillimeter Array, including high-resolution (beam size similar to 2 arcsec) imaging of eight additional AzTEC 1.1 mm selected sources in the COSMOS field, for which we obtain six reliable (peak signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) > 5 or peak S/N > 4 with multiwavelength counterparts within the beam) and two moderate significance (peak S/N > 4) detections. When combined with previous detections, this yields an unbiased sample of millimeter-selected SMGs with complete interferometric follow up. With this sample in hand, we (1) empirically confirm the radio-submillimeter association, (2) examine the submillimeter morphology-including the nature of SMGs with multiple radio counterparts and constraints on the physical scale of the far infrared-of the sample, and (3) find additional evidence for a population of extremely luminous, radio-dim SMGs that peaks at higher redshift than previous, radio-selected samples. In particular, the presence of such a population of high-redshift sources has important consequences for models of galaxy formation-which struggle to account for such objects even under liberal assumptions-and dust production models given the limited time since the big bang.</P>

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors for Pain Control: Premise and Promise

Marks, David M,Shah, Manan J,Patkar, Ashwin A,Masand, Prakash S,Park, Geun-Young,Pae, Chi-Un Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. 2009 Current neuropharmacology Vol.7 No.4

<P>The precise mechanisms of pain perception and transmission in the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated. However, extensive data support a role for the monoamine neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine, in the modulation of pain. Experiments with animal models of pain indicate that noradrenergic interventions, and to a lesser extent serotonergic interventions, reduce pain-related behavior. This is supported by data from clinical trials in humans in which antidepressants have been shown to reduce pain and functional impairment in central and neuropathic pain conditions. These effects are particularly well-studied in trials with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which have provided a useful tool in the clinician’s arsenal, particularly considering the limitations of other classes of pain medications such as opioids, anti-inflammatories, and anticonvulsants (i.e., limited efficacy, safety and tolerability issues). Moreover, painful physical symptoms are frequently comorbid with major psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. This paper reviewed and summarized the rationale and potential role of SNRIs for the control of pain including clinical and preclinical background. Currently evidence does not definitely support a role of the SNRIs, while limited data propose a putative promise of SNRIs in the treatment of pain related disorders including fibromyalgia and depressed patients with multiple somatic complaints. More researches are warranted to generalize currently available preliminary evidences.</P>

Does Pregabalin Have Neuropsychotropic Effects?: A Short Perspective

David M. Marks,Ashwin A. Patkar,Prakash S. Masand,배치운 대한신경정신의학회 2009 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.6 No.2

Pregabalin is a newly developed synthetic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia and several neuropathy. It has been proven to show analgesic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and sleep enhancement effects, which could be applicable in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders. There have been consistent reports that unexplained somatic symptoms (i.e., pain) may be a part of psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders. Previous researches have also suggested the possible therapeutic potential of anticonvulsants as augmentation therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of mood disorders and anxiety disorders. Hence this short perspective tries to prompt and facilitate a shifting of researchers’ attention to potential neuropsychotropic drug role of pregabalin to treat a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders.

How Does the Severity of Neuroforaminal Compression in Cervical Radiculopathy Affect Outcomes of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Lambrechts Mark J.,Issa Tariq Z.,Lee Yunsoo,Tran Khoa S.,Heard Jeremy,Purtill Caroline,Fried Tristan B.,Oh Samuel,Kim Erin,Mangan John J.,Canseco Jose A.,Kaye I. David,Rihn Jeffrey A.,Hilibrand Alan S 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.6

Study Design: This study is a retrospective cohort study.Purpose: This study aims to determine whether preoperative neuroforaminal stenosis (FS) severity is associated with motor function patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).Overview of Literature: Cervical FS can significantly contribute to patient symptoms. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to classify FS, there has been limited research into the impact of FS severity on patient outcomes.Methods: Patients undergoing primary, elective 1–3 level ACDF for radiculopathy at a single academic center between 2015 and 2021 were identified retrospectively. Cervical FS was evaluated using axial T2-weighted MRI images via a validated grading scale. The maximum degree of stenosis was used for multilevel disease. Motor symptoms were classified using encounters at their final preoperative and first postoperative visits, with examinations ≤3/5 indicating weakness. PROMs were obtained preoperatively and at 1-year follow-up. Bivariate analysis was used to compare outcomes based on stenosis severity, followed by multivariable analysis.Results: This study included 354 patients, 157 with moderate stenosis and 197 with severe stenosis. Overall, 58 patients (16.4%) presented with upper extremity weakness ≤3/5. A similar number of patients in both groups presented with baseline motor weakness (13.5% vs. 16.55, <i>p</i> =0.431). Postoperatively, 97.1% and 87.0% of patients with severe and moderate FS, respectively, experienced full motor recovery (<i>p</i> =0.134). At 1-year, patients with severe neuroforaminal stenosis presented with significantly worse 12-item Short Form Survey Physical Component Score (PCS-12) (33.3 vs. 37.3, <i>p</i> =0.049) but demonstrated a greater magnitude of improvement (Δ PCS-12: 5.43 vs. 0.87, <i>p</i> =0.048). Worse stenosis was independently associated with greater ΔPCS-12 at 1-year (β =5.59, <i>p</i> =0.022).Conclusions: Patients with severe FS presented with worse preoperative physical health. While ACDF improved outcomes and conferred similar motor recovery in all patients, those with severe FS reported much better improvement in physical function.

Bandgap-customizable germanium using lithographically determined biaxial tensile strain for silicon-compatible optoelectronics.

Sukhdeo, David S,Nam, Donguk,Kang, Ju-Hyung,Brongersma, Mark L,Saraswat, Krishna C Optical Society of America 2015 Optics express Vol.23 No.13

<P>Strain engineering has proven to be vital for germanium-based photonics, in particular light emission. However, applying a large permanent biaxial tensile strain to germanium has been a challenge. We present a simple, CMOS-compatible technique to conveniently induce a large, spatially homogenous strain in circular structures patterned within germanium nanomembranes. Our technique works by concentrating and amplifying a pre-existing small strain into a circular region. Biaxial tensile strains as large as 1.11% are observed by Raman spectroscopy and are further confirmed by photoluminescence measurements, which show enhanced and redshifted light emission from the strained germanium. Our technique allows the amount of biaxial strain to be customized lithographically, allowing the bandgaps of different germanium structures to be independently customized in a single mask process.</P>

3-Dimensional fasciectomy: A highly efficacious common ground approach to Dupuytren's surgery

Miranda, Benjamin H,Elliott, Charlotte,Kearsey, Christopher C,Haughton, David N,Webb, Mark R,Harvey, Ian,Fahmy, Fahmy S Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2018 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.45 No.6

Background Numerous Dupuytren's fasciectomy techniques have been described, each associated with unique surgical challenges, complications and recurrence rates. We describe a common ground surgical approach to Dupuytren's disease; 3-dimensional fasciectomy (3DF). 3DF aims to address the potential contributors to the high recurrence rate of Dupuytren's disease and unite current limited fasciectomy practice that varies considerably between surgeons. Methods We describe the 3DF principles; raising thin skin flaps (addressing dermal involvement), excising diseased palmar fascia with a 3-5 mm clearance margin (treating highly locally recurrent conditions) and excising the vertical septae of Legueu and Juvara (providing deep clearance, hence addressing all potentially involved pathological tissue). The surgical outcomes between traditional limited fasciectomy (LF) and 3DF are compared. Results From the 786 operations included (n=585), postoperative recurrence rates were significantly lower for the 3DF group (2/145, 1.4%) than the LF group (72/641, 11.2%) (P= 0.001), and the time to recurrence was significantly longer ($5.0{\pm}0years$ vs. $4.0{\pm}0.2years$; P<0.0001). With recurrence excluded, there were no differences between the postoperative complication rates for 3DF (5/145, 3.5%) and LF (41/641, 6.4%) (P=0.4). Conclusions Our results suggest that 3DF leads to lower recurrence rates and a longer disease-free period for patients, without increasing complications. 3DF provides a safe, efficacious, common ground surgical approach in the treatment of Dupuytren's flexion deformity.

3-Dimensional fasciectomy: A highly efficacious common ground approach to Dupuytren’s surgery

Benjamin H Miranda,Charlotte Elliott,Christopher C Kearsey,David N Haughton,Mark R Webb,Ian Harvey,Fahmy S Fahmy 대한성형외과학회 2018 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.45 No.6

Background Numerous Dupuytren’s fasciectomy techniques have been described, each associated with unique surgical challenges, complications and recurrence rates. We describe a common ground surgical approach to Dupuytren’s disease; 3-dimensional fasciectomy (3DF). 3DF aims to address the potential contributors to the high recurrence rate of Dupuytren’s disease and unite current limited fasciectomy practice that varies considerably between surgeons. Methods We describe the 3DF principles; raising thin skin flaps (addressing dermal involvement), excising diseased palmar fascia with a 3−5 mm clearance margin (treating highly locally recurrent conditions) and excising the vertical septae of Legueu and Juvara (providing deep clearance, hence addressing all potentially involved pathological tissue). The surgical outcomes between traditional limited fasciectomy (LF) and 3DF are compared. Results From the 786 operations included (n=585), postoperative recurrence rates were significantly lower for the 3DF group (2/145, 1.4%) than the LF group (72/641, 11.2%) (P= 0.001), and the time to recurrence was significantly longer (5.0±0 years vs. 4.0±0.2 years; P<0.0001). With recurrence excluded, there were no differences between the postoperative complication rates for 3DF (5/145, 3.5%) and LF (41/641, 6.4%) (P=0.4). Conclusions Our results suggest that 3DF leads to lower recurrence rates and a longer disease- free period for patients, without increasing complications. 3DF provides a safe, efficacious, common ground surgical approach in the treatment of Dupuytren’s flexion deformity.

Halofuginone and other febrifugine derivatives inhibit prolyl-tRNA synthetase

Keller, Tracy L,Zocco, Davide,Sundrud, Mark S,Hendrick, Margaret,Edenius, Maja,Yum, Jinah,Kim, Yeon-Jin,Lee, Hak-Kyo,Cortese, Joseph F,Wirth, Dyann F,Dignam, John David,Rao, Anjana,Yeo, Chang-Yeol,Maz Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature chemical biology Vol.8 No.3

Febrifugine, the bioactive constituent of one of the 50 fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine, has been characterized for its therapeutic activity, though its molecular target has remained unknown. Febrifugine derivatives have been used to treat malaria, cancer, fibrosis and inflammatory disease. We recently demonstrated that halofuginone (HF), a widely studied derivative of febrifugine, inhibits the development of T<SUB>H</SUB>17-driven autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by activating the amino acid response (AAR) pathway. Here we show that HF binds glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS), inhibiting prolyl-tRNA synthetase activity; this inhibition is reversed by the addition of exogenous proline or EPRS. We further show that inhibition of EPRS underlies the broad bioactivities of this family of natural product derivatives. This work both explains the molecular mechanism of a promising family of therapeutics and highlights the AAR pathway as an important drug target for promoting inflammatory resolution.

Fabrication of Sub-10 nm Metallic Lines of Low Line-Width Roughness by Hydrogen Reduction of Patterned Metal–Organic Materials

Nedelcu, Mihaela,Saifullah, Mohammad S. M.,Hasko, David G.,Jang, Arang,Anderson, David,Huck, Wilhelm T. S.,Jones, Geraint A. C.,Welland, Mark E.,Kang, Dae Joon,Steiner, Ullrich WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.20 No.14

<P>The fabrication of very narrow metal lines by the lift-off technique, especially below sub-10 nm, is challenging due to thinner resist requirements in order to achieve the lithographic resolution. At such small length scales, when the grain size becomes comparable with the line-width, the built-in stress in the metal film can cause a break to occur at a grain boundary. Moreover, the line-width roughness (LWR) from the patterned resist can result in deposited metal lines with a very high LWR, leading to an adverse change in device characteristics. Here a new approach that is not based on the lift-off technique but rather on low temperature hydrogen reduction of electron-beam patterned metal naphthenates is demonstrated. This not only enables the fabrication of sub-10 nm metal lines of good integrity, but also of low LWR, below the limit of 3.2 nm discussed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Using this method, sub-10 nm nickel wires are obtained by reducing patterned nickel naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500 °C for 1 h. The LWR (i.e., 3 σ<SUB>LWR</SUB>) of these nickel nanolines was found to be 2.9 nm. The technique is general and is likely to be suitable for fabrication of nanostructures of most commonly used metals (and their alloys), such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, and so on, from their respective metal–organic compounds.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Sub-10 nm nickel wires of good integrity are obtained by reducing electron-beam-patterned nickel naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500 °C for 1 h. The line-width roughness (i.e., 3 σ<SUB>LWR</SUB>) of these nickel nanolines is found to be 2.9 nm, which is below the limit of 3.2 nm discussed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. <img src='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201000219-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201000219-content'> </P>