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Liu Wen-Chung,Wu Chih-Wei,Fu Mu-Hui,Tain You-Lin,Liang Chih-Kuang,Chen I-Chun,Hung Chun-Ying,Lee Yu-Chi,Wu Kay L.H. 한국뇌신경과학회 2022 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.31 No.5
Inflammation alters the neural stem cell (NSC) lineage from neuronal to astrogliogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is elusive. Autophagy contributes to the decline in adult hippocampal neurogenesis under E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. SRY-box transcription Factor 2 (SOX2) is critical for NSC self-renewal and proliferation. In this study, we investigated the role of SOX2 in induced autophagy and hippocampal adult neurogenesis under LPS stimulation. LPS (5 ng•100 g-1•hour-1 for 7 days) was intraperitoneally infused into male Sprague–Dawley rats (8 weeks old) to induce mild systemic inflammation. Beclin 1 and autophagy protein 12 (Atg12) were significantly upregulated concurrent with decreased numbers of Ki67- and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. Synchronically, the levels of phospho(p)-mTOR, the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio, p-P85s6k, and the p-P85s6k/P85s6k ratio were suppressed. In contrast, SOX2 expression was increased. The fluorescence micrographs indicated that the colocalization of Beclin 1 and SOX2 was increased in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. Moreover, increased S100β-positive astrocytes were colocalized with SOX2 in the SGZ. Intracerebroventricular infusion of 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) effectively prevented the increases in Beclin 1, Atg12, and SOX2. The SOX2+-Beclin 1+ and SOX2+-S100β+ cells were reduced. The levels of p-mTOR and p-P85s6k were enhanced. Most importantly, the number of DCX-positive cells was preserved. Altogether, these data suggest that LPS induced autophagy to inactivate the mTOR/P85s6k pathway, resulting in a decline in neural differentiation. SOX2 was upregulated to facilitate the NSC lineage, while the autophagy milieu could switch the SOX2-induced NSC lineage from neurogenesis to astrogliogenesis.
Occupational Neurotoxic Diseases in Taiwan
Liu, Chi-Hung,Huang, Chu-Yun,Huang, Chin-Chang Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2012 Safety and health at work Vol.3 No.4
Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.
Chi-Nan Hung,Hui-Pei Huang,Chau-Jong Wang,Kai-Li Liu,Chong-Kuei Lii 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.10
Endothelial dysfunction is an early indicator of cardiovascular diseases. Increased stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) triggers the inflammatory mediator secretion of endothelial cells, leading to atherosclerotic risk. In this study, we investigated whether sulforaphane (SFN) affected the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in TNF-a-induced ECV 304 endothelial cells. Our data showed that SFN attenuated TNF-a-induced expression of ICAM-1 in ECV 304 cells. Pretreatment of ECV 304 cells with SFN inhibited dose-dependently the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and IL-8. SFN inhibited TNF-a-induced nuclear factor-jB (NF-jB) DNA binding activity. Furthermore, SFN decreased TNF-a-mediated phosphorylation of IjB kinase (IKK) and IjBa, Rho A, ROCK, ERK1/2, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels. Collectively, SFN inhibited the NF-jB DNA binding activity and downregulated the TNF-a-mediated induction of ICAM-1 in endothelial cells by inhibiting the Rho A/ROCK/NF-jB signaling pathway, suggesting the beneficial effects of SFN on suppression of inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion.
A 4x Time-Domain Interpolation 6-bit 3.4 GS/s 12.6 mW Flash ADC in 65 nm CMOS
Liu, Jianwei,Chan, Chi-Hang,Sin, Sai-Weng,U, Seng-Pan,Martins, Rui Paulo The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2016 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.16 No.4
A 6-bit 3.4 GS/s flash ADC in a 65 nm CMOS process is reported along with the proposed 4x time-domain interpolation technique which allows the reduction of the number of comparators from the conventional $2^N-1$ to $2^{N-2}$ in a N-bit flash ADC. The proposed scheme effectively achieves a 4x interpolation factor with simple SR-latches without extra clocking and calibration hardware overhead in the interpolated stage where only offset between the $2^{N-2}$ comparators needs to be calibrated. The offset in SR-latches is within ${\pm}0.5$ LSB in the reported ADC under a wide range of process, voltage supply, and temperature (PVT). The design considerations of the proposed technique are detailed in this paper. The prototype achieves 3.4 GS/s with 5.4-bit ENOB at Nyquist and consumes 12.6 mW power at 1 V supply, yielding a Walden FoM of 89 fJ/conversion-step.
A 4x Time-Domain Interpolation 6-bit 3.4 GS/s 12.6 ㎽ Flash ADC in 65 ㎚ CMOS
Jianwei Liu,Chi-Hang Chan,Sai-Weng Sin,Seng-Pan U,Rui Paulo Martins 대한전자공학회 2016 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.16 No.4
A 6-bit 3.4 GS/s flash ADC in a 65 ㎚ CMOS process is reported along with the proposed 4x time-domain interpolation technique which allows the reduction of the number of comparators from the conventional 2<SUP>N</SUP>-1 to 2<SUP>N-2</SUP> in a N-bit flash ADC. The proposed scheme effectively achieves a 4x interpolation factor with simple SR-latches without extra clocking and calibration hardware overhead in the interpolated stage where only offset between the 2<SUP>N-2</SUP> comparators needs to be calibrated. The offset in SR-latches is within ±0.5 LSB in the reported ADC under a wide range of process, voltage supply, and temperature (PVT). The design considerations of the proposed technique are detailed in this paper. The prototype achieves 3.4 GS/s with 5.4-bit ENOB at Nyquist and consumes 12.6 ㎽ power at 1 V supply, yielding a Walden FoM of 89 fJ/conversion-step.
Thermometry for Dirac Fermions in Graphene
Fan-Hung Liu,Chang-Shun Hsu,Shun-Tsung Lo,Chiashain Chuang,Lung-I Huang,Tak-Pong Woo,Chi-Te Liang,Y. Fukuyama,Y. Yang,R. E. Elmquist,Pengjie Wang,Xi Lin 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.66 No.1
We use both the zero-magnetic-field resistivity and the phase coherence time determined by weaklocalization as independent thermometers for Dirac fermions (DF) in multilayer graphene. In thehigh current (I) region, there exists a simple power law TDF / I0.5, where TDF is the effective Diracfermion temperature for epitaxial graphene on SiC. In contrast, TDF / I1 in exfoliated multilayergraphene. We discuss possible reasons for the different power laws observed in these multilayergraphene systems. Our experimental results on DF-phonon scattering may find applications ingraphene-based nanoelectronics.
Detecting small lung tumors in mouse models by refractive-index microradiology
Chien, Chia-Chi,Zhang, Guilin,Hwu, Y.,Liu, Ping,Yue, Weisheng,Sun, Jianqi,Li, Yan,Xue, Hongjie,Xu, Lisa X.,Wang, Chang Hai,Chen, Nanyow,Lu, Chien Hung,Lee, Ting-Kuo,Yang, Yuh-Cheng,Lu, Yen-Ta,Ching, Y Springer-Verlag 2011 ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Vol.401 No.3
A 4Gb/s CMOS Multiplexer Circuit
Parng,Tai Ming,Liu,Wen Tai,Chu,Hung Chi 대한전자공학회 1997 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.5 No.1
Based on a special multiplexing technique and delay locked loop, a high-speed CMOS multiplexer circuit is proposed for increasing the output data bit rate of CMOS multiplexers. Its data bit rate can be several times higher than the maximum clock frequency (FQx} imposed by the intrinsic speed performance of CMOS circuits. A 4-to-1 multiplexer, implemented in a 0.8 ㎛ CMOS process technology, has been designed based on the proposed circuit scheme. Spice simulation results show that the circuit, running at F_(max) = 1 GHz, can achieve a maximum output data bit rate of 4 Gb/s.
Size-tailored microwave absorption and reaction activity of Co3O4 nanocatalysts
Hoang M. Nguyen,Chi M. Phan,Gia Hung Pham,Yusuke Asakuma,Robert Vagnoni,Shaomin Liu 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.94 No.-
Microwave (MW)-assisted heterogeneous catalytic chemical reactions have opened advanced routinesover the conventional methodology. MW absorption ability of catalyst governed by its particle size is theforemost important factor to be considered before designing catalysts for such MW-based chemistry. Despite considerable interest in applying metallic-based catalysts for MW-assisted reactions, theinfluences of particle size on catalyst’s MW absorption ability and its resultant activity remain elusive. Here, we report an effective approach to tailor the MW absorption ability of Co3O4 catalyst via controllingits particle size during the crystal growth. A developed theoretical model verified that a capping agentcould regulate Co3O4 particle size effectively. For the unsupported Co3O4 catalysts, smaller particle sizepossessed higher MW absorption capacity and thereby delivered higher activity for MW-assisted bireformingof methane. High conversion of 63% CH4 and a syngas ratio (H2/CO) of 2.2 was achieved withthe smallest Co3O4 particles, at 20 nm. In contrast, the supported Co3O4 samples required larger particlesto ensure adequate exposure to the incident MW, which is partially covered by MW-inert support. Theresults disclose that by tailoring particles size appropriately, metallic-based catalysts can be optimisedfor MW-based chemical reactions.