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Cambodia’s Embrace of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Managing Asymmetries, Maximizing Authority
Vannarith Chheang 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2021 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.45 No.2
Cambodia has warmly embraced China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which provides Cambodian ruling elites with massive opportunities to extend their domestic authority while posing very little challenge. Although there is power asymmetry in Cambodia’s relationship with China, this does not mean that Cambodia is without agency. Cambodian elites have endeavored to manage the power asymmetry externally, while maximizing their authority internally through legitimization, co-option, and coercion. Cambodia has pursued a hedging approach to strengthen its bargaining power as well as to reduce the risks from overreliance on China. The BRI provides extensive material resources for the Cambodian elites to consolidate their power, as well as to stimulate economic growth and bolster the regime’s performance legitimacy, which is further complemented and augmented by nationalist legitimization vis-à-vis the West, Vietnam, and Thailand, challenges for which Beijing offers a politico-security umbrella.
부띠에,류가애,정상권,이국환,류관희,Chheang, Vuthea,Ryu, Ga-Ae,Jeong, Sangkwon,Lee, Gookhwan,Yoo, Kwan-Hee The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2017 전자공학회논문지 Vol.27 No.9
웹 3D 기술은 과학, 의료, 공학 그리고 멀티미디어 가시화의 경험을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 사용될 수 있다. 웹 환경에서 3D 가상현실은 운영체제 등에 관계없이 사용될 수 있으며, 가상현실은 3차원 컴퓨터에 의해 생성된 현실적인 영상, 음향과 다른 감각을 표현하고 사람들과의 사용작용을 원활하게 하기 위해 사용될 수 있다. 특히 가상현실에 참여하는 사람들은 몰임하여 객체를 조작할 수도 있고, 원하는 목표를 위해 단계별 행동을 실행할 수 있다. 일반적으로 웹 환경에서 3D 상호작용 콘텐츠를 정의한 ISO 국제표준인 X3D를 이용하여 가상현실 공간을 생성한다. 본 논문에서는 X3D 가상현실 공간에서 스테레오 렌더링을 논의하고, HMD VR을 위한 새로운 X3D 노드를 제안한다. 제안한 노드들은 X3D 웹 브라우저인 X3DOM에 의해 가시화되었다. Web 3D technology can be used to simulate the experiments of scientific, medical, engineering and multimedia visualization. On the web environment, 3D virtual reality can be accessed well without strictly on operating system, location and time. Virtual Reality (VR) is used to depict a three-dimensional, computer generated realistic images, sound and other sensations to replicated a real environment or an imaginary setting which can be explored and interacted with by a person. That person is immersed within virtual environment and is able to manipulate objects or perform a series of action. Virtual environment can be created with X3D which is the ISO standard for defining 3D interactive, web-based 3D content and integrating with multimedia. In this paper, we discuss about X3D VR stereo rendering scene and propose new X3D nodes for the HMD VR (head mounted display virtual reality). The proposed nodes are visualized by the web browser X3DOM of X3D.
Measurement of product emotions using emoji surveys: Case studies with tasted foods and beverages
Jaeger, S.R.,Lee, S.M.,Kim, K.O.,Chheang, S.L.,Jin, D.,Ares, G. Longman Scientific Technical ; Elsevier Science Pu 2017 Food quality and preference Vol.62 No.-
<P>An increasing number of methods exist for the measurement of product-emotion associations, and the present research implements emoji surveys for this purpose. Emoji warrants attention due to their increasing popularity and spontaneous use by consumers in food-related communications. Seven case studies were conducted in Korea and New Zealand (118-141 consumers per study), across which a wide range of commercially available foods and beverages were evaluated. Product-emotional associations were obtained with CATA questions featuring 33 facial and 6 non-facial emoji. The most frequently used emoji had positive valence, and it was by valence that the dominant sample discrimination occurred. Samples with high overall liking were associated with positive emoji, whereas negative emoji were used to characterise samples with low overall liking. Some evidence was found of samples with the same average overall liking scores being associated with different emoji. There was also evidence of sample characterisation and discrimination relative to emotional arousal (high/low), but this was largely secondary to sample discrimination based on emotional valence. Consumers perceived emoji surveys to be easy and not tedious. A comparison of CATA questions containing 25 emoji or 25 emotion words (EsSense25) pointed to similarity in the average number of emoji/emotion words used to characterise samples. However, a tendency for word-based responses to be more discriminative and able to determine distinctive emotional profiles for individual samples was found. This was attributed to differences in the emotions included in the two survey formats. Emoji should not be regarded as a direct substitute for existing word-based emotion surveys, but as an alternative method for emotion measurement. Directions for further methodological research to refine emoji surveys are outlined.</P>
Jaeger, Sara R.,Lee, Soh Min,Kim, Kwang-Ok,Chheang, Sok L.,Roigard, Christina M.,Ares, Gastó,n Elsevier 2018 Food quality and preference Vol.68 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Questionnaires are popular in product-focused emotion research with consumers. Ease of implementation is paramount in this regard, as is versatility. In the presented studies, focus is directed to scaling variations as an element of methodological versatility, and a comparison is performed of CATA and RATA question formats (check-all-that-apply and rate-all-that-apply, respectively). Five studies, with a range of tasted products and food/beverage names were conducted, involving 908 consumers in New Zealand, China and Korea. Emoji questionnaires, recently established as a methodological variant in product-elicited emotion research, were used. The average percentage of emoji used for describing samples was similar for CATA and RATA questions when used in Central Location Tests with tasted samples, but higher for RATA than CATA questions in online surveys. Discriminative ability of CATA and RATA questions was linked to the characteristics of the focal samples. The recommendation for method choice is to use CATA emoji-questions when samples have distinct emotional associations, whereas RATA seems better able to discriminate between samples with more similar emotional profiles. Neither CATA nor RATA emoji-questions were regarded by consumers as difficult or tedious.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CATA and RATA questions were compared using emoji questionnaires. </LI> <LI> In 3 of 5 studies the average percentage of emoji use was higher in RATA than CATA questions. </LI> <LI> In 3 of 5 studies there was evidence of similar or greater sample discrimination by CATA than RATA questions. </LI> <LI> CATA and RATA questions were perceived as easy and not tedious. </LI> <LI> Choice of CATA vs RATA should be made in conjunction with sample set characteristics. </LI> </UL> </P>
Jaeger, S.R.,Kim, K.O.,Lee, S.M.,Hunter, D.C.,Kam, K.,Chheang, S.L.,Jin, D.,Lee, P.Y.,Xia, Y.,Ares, G. Longman Scientific Technical ; Elsevier Science Pu 2017 Food quality and preference Vol.56 No.1
<P>In line with research in non-Western countries becoming main-stream, the need to validate existing research methods with consumers from these populations increase. The present research contributes hereto by quasi-replicating with Korean and Chinese consumers previous research concerning the risk of hedonic product responses being biased by co-elicitation of CATA/RATA questions for sensory product characterisation. Using consumers in several Western countries it was previously reported that bias could occur, but was unlikely to. Eleven studies involving 1000 East Asian consumers confirmed this conclusion. The studies were conducted with diversified populations and across multiple product categories. Across 7 studies, there were no instances where CATA co-elicitation was found to bias hedonic scores. However, in one of four studies where RATA responses were co-elicited bias did occur, and hedonic scores were, on average, lower when RATA responses were co-elicited. It is recommended that the research be replicated with consumers residing in their home countries and extended to other East and South-East Asian counties. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>