Correlating Structural Changes and Gas Evolution during the Thermal Decomposition of Charged Li_<i>x</i>Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Cathode Materials

Bak, Seong-Min,Nam, Kyung-Wan,Chang, Wonyoung,Yu, Xiqian,Hu, Enyuan,Hwang, Sooyeon,Stach, Eric A.,Kim, Kwang-Bum,Chung, Kyung Yoon,Yang, Xiao-Qing American Chemical Society 2013 Chemistry of materials Vol.25 No.3

<P>In this work, we present results from the application of a new in situ technique that combines time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy. We exploit this approach to provide direct correlation between structural changes and the evolution of gas that occurs during the thermal decomposition of (over)charged cathode materials used in lithium-ion batteries. Results from charged Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Ni<SUB>0.8</SUB>Co<SUB>0.15</SUB>Al<SUB>0.05</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> cathode materials indicate that the evolution of both O<SUB>2</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> gases are strongly related to phase transitions that occur during thermal decomposition, specifically from the layered structure (space group <I>R</I>3̅<I>m</I>) to the disordered spinel structure (<I>Fd</I>3̅<I>m</I>), and finally to the rock-salt structure (<I>Fm</I>3̅<I>m</I>). The state of charge also significantly affects both the structural changes and the evolution of oxygen as the temperature increases: the more extensive the charge, the lower the temperature of the phase transitions and the larger the oxygen release. Ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are also utilized to investigate the local structural and valence state changes in Ni and Co ions, and to characterize microscopic morphology changes. The combination of these advanced tools provides a unique approach to study fundamental aspects of the dynamic physical and chemical changes that occur during thermal decomposition of charged cathode materials in a systematic way.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2013/cmatex.2013.25.issue-3/cm303096e/production/images/medium/cm-2012-03096e_0014.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm303096e'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

전방 추체간 유합술 및 후방 고정술시 추간 판 및 추간 공 높이의 변화

전창훈,김용찬,정남수 대한척추외과학회 2003 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.10 No.3

축냉재 포접화합물의 열물성에 관한 실험적 연구 (IV) : 온도 변화 Changing of Temperature

고광옥,임재경,김창오,김진홍,정낙규,하옥남 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 2000 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.22 No.2

The objective of this paper is to investingate the thermal properties of TMA-clathrate applicable to cold storage system for building air-conditioning in order to use energy reasonably. Especially, the test tube experiments are performed by comparing and to analyzing the temperature of phase change, specific heat and subcooling characteristic according to the variation of concentrations and temperature of heat source in TMA clathrate. The result are summarized as follows; 1) temperature of phase change is dropped as the temperature of heat source is lower 2) specific heat of TMA-clathrate is about 24~95 % of pure-water 3) subcooling is smalled as the temperature of heat source is lower. Thus, it apears that TMA-clathrate has thermal properties as the cold storage medium for residential air-conditioning

적응적인 웹 사이트 설계를 위한 퍼지인식도 시뮬레이션에 관한 연구

이건창(Kun Chang Lee),정남호(Nam Ho Chung) 한국경영학회 2001 經營學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

As the main stream of electronic commerce changes from B2C to B2B, the importance of a strategic web site design is being recognized more than ever. In this sense, this study proposes a new approach to an adaptive design of the web site by using the stratified fuzzy cognitive map (FCM). Its main virtue lies in capability of changing specific components on the web site with its subsequent effects upon other components being objectively considered. By doing so, we can maintain total effectiveness of the website design. This advantage of the proposed approach can be compared with the traditional approach where the web site design has been changed without paying a due attention to the related components. We gathered 134 questionnaire responses. By analysing the questionnaire results, the causal weights of the FCM were computed objectively. Then the FCM was transformed into a stratified FCM by using Lee & Cho (1998)`s approach. On the basis of the stratified FCM and four scenarios, we performed web site design simulation. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach could be used effectively for analyzing the web site design in an adaptive manner when the market situation is changing.

林土의 有機物의 分解速度와 無機養料의 垂直分布에 關한 考察

金遵敏,張楠基,鄭玩鎬 서울대학교 교육대학원 학술연구회 1966 論文集 - 서울대학교 교육대학원 Vol.3 No.-

Kim Choon Min, Chang Nam Kee and Chung Whan Ho: Decomposition rate of plant residue and the vertical distibution of mineral nutrients in the woodland soil. The relationship between decomposition rate of litter and the amount of mineral nutrients dispersed to the soil horizons were studied on the oak and pine forest stand. The results are as follows: 1. Decomposition rate of litter was highest in the F horizon of the oak stand, however in the pine stand it was highest in H horizon. 2. The correlation coefficients between decomposition rate and humus, organic carbon, moisture content, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the pine stand are; 0.90, 0.98, 0.76, 0.98, and 0.88, in oak stand; 0.97, 0.93, 0.92, 0.97, 0.74 and 0.73. 3. Factors which affect the decomposition rate of litter are humus, organic carbon, moisture content, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. 4. Among the variables, PH, moisture content and phosphorus under the oak and pine forest showed significant differences in each horizon. 5. C/N ratio of pine stands is higher than that of oak stands studied. 6. The vertical distribution of mineral nutrients is highly related with the amount of humus accumulated on top soil.

Endoscopy and Imaging Modalities/Basic Science of Gastrointestinal Disorders/Miscellaneous : Changing Pattern Of Digestive And Liver Disease In Korea, 1990-2006 Year; A Single Center Study

( Jung Hyun Kwon ),( Sang Woo Kim ),( In Sik Chung ),( Myung Gyu Choi ),( Kwan Woo Nam ),( Jung Pil Suh ),( Jae Hyuck Chang ),( Won Haing Hur ),( Yu Kyung Cho ),( Jae Myung Park ),( In Seok Lee ) 대한소화기학회 2007 SIDDS Vol.9 No.-

Background/Aims: Westernization in many Asian countries have changed lifestyles and diets, so once rare diseases have now become prevalent. The aim of this study is to investigate the changing pattern of digestive and liver disease in Korea, from 1990 to 2006. Methods: We extracted data specific gastrointestina (GI) disease based on the International Classification of Diseases code from the in-patients records at the Kangnam St. Mary`s Hospital in 1990, 1996 and 2006. This hospital is a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, Korea, which has a capacity of 800 beds. Results: The admission rate for GI disease increased between 1990 and 2006. Overall in-patients were 1,623 persons in 1990, 2,368 persons in 1996 and 4,166 persons in 2006. The mean age of in-patients increased as time went by. A stomach cancer was the most common diagnosis during all periods, but its prevalence has decreased. Colon cancer ranked the 7th in 1990, but markedly increased and now ranks the second. The third was a hepatocellular carcinoma. The bile duct and gallbladder cancer, pancreas and esophageal cancer ranking followed with little interval change. In cases of cancer patients, a regular admission dramatically increased for chemotherapy. The number of patients admitted with pre-malignant neoplasm of stomach and colon increased remarkably with the development of endoscopy. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel discase, and reflux esophagitis emerged form mid-1990s with greater frequencies, yet much below the levels found in the West. The admission rate for peptic ulcer, especially ulcer bleeding remained relatively stable, despite a decreased rate for ulcer perforation. Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis with cholecystitis-cholangitis, appendicitis, hemorrhoid and gastritis all decreased. Conclusions: The stomach cancer is the leading cause of admission, despite a recent decline. Colon cancer showed a marked rise. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel disease and reflux esophagitis were new diagnosis with an increased tendency.

Interferon-γ Inhibits in vitro Mobilization of Eosinophils by Interleukin-5

Park, Choon-Sik,Choi, Eun Nam,Kim, Jung Sun,Choi, Yun Sung,Rhim, Tai Youn,Chang, Hun Soo,Chung, Il Yup S. Karger AG 2005 International archives of allergy and immunology Vol.136 No.3

<P><I>Background:</I> Th2 cytokines play pivotal roles in allergic inflammation, including eosinophilia, and their actions are antagonized by Th1 cytokines, conferring them therapeutic potential. <I>Methods:</I> In this study, we examined the ability of a number of cytokines to suppress the activation of eosinophils that function as effector cells for allergic airway diseases. <I>Results:</I> Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced an eosinophil shape change, whereas interferon (IFN)-γ significantly inhibited the shape change. Other cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13, had little or only slightly enhancing or reducing effects on the shape change. We further analyzed the IFN-γ effect, showing that pretreatment with IFN-γ strongly suppressed IL-5-induced eosinophil shape change, and cycloheximide (CHX) abrogated the suppression by IFN-γ, suggesting that new protein synthesis is required for the inhibitory effect by this cytokine. In agreement with these results, IFN-γ blocked the eosinophil migration and ERK phophorylation induced by IL-5, and the addition of CHX restored eosinophil chemotaxis. <I>Conclusions:</I> Collectively, IFN-γ may attenuate eosinophilic inflammation by directly negating eosinophil mobilization.</P><P>Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</P>

Ralph Waldo Emerson의 이원적(二元的)이해 : 생애와 작품을 중심하여

張正男 서울여자대학교 1978 서울여자대학논문집 Vol.- No.7

19세기 중엽 뉴 잉그런드(New England)의 작가군들, 특히 그 중에서도 콘코드(Concord)마을을 중심한 초월주의 사상과 작가군(Concord intellectuals)들의 가장 큰 관심거리는 살아가는 현실속에서 어떻게 영혼의 실체를 갈구할 수 있는가? 하는 문제였다. 생명을 존속시켜 나가는 일은 "사물의 법칙"(law for thing)을 따르는 일이요, 마음의 소리 마음의 갈구를 따르는 일은 모든 사물의 원칙 - 생ㆍ성장ㆍ사(죽음)- 의 굴레와 그 영광을 과감히 끊고, 그 규범을 초절하여 "인간의 법칙" (law for man)을 따라 용기있게 잠자는 영혼을 깨우는 일이라고 초월주의 작가군들은 굳게 믿고 있었다. 영혼의 소리와 삶의 현실이라는 생의 이원적 진리(물ㆍ심 양면)는 당시의 청교사회의 중심인 성서에서 뿐만아니라, 동ㆍ서양을 막론하고 고래로, 용기와 순종, 교훈과 쾌락, 개인과 사회, 야성과 문화, 내용과 형식, 자유와 운명같은 대립적 사상을 키워왔고, 그 대립성과 융화의 문제가 많은 사상가들을 궁지로 몰은 장본인이었으며, 미국적 희망과 자유사상의 큰 길(大路)을 터놓은 거인 에더슨의 생애도 결국은 하나일 수 밖에 없는 이 이원적 진리의 희생자(victim)의 생애였다고 할 수 있겠다.

녹농균 외독소에 반응하는 단일클론항체의 생산과 특성

정용훈,조양자,박장환,한왕수,김광남 한양대학교 의과대학 1991 한양의대 학술지 Vol.11 No.2

Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be the most lethal and the most extensively studied product among its virulence factors. Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA 103 were derived from the fusion of myeloma cell with spleen cells from mice immunized with purified exotoxin A. Total of 582 hybridomas were screened and selected by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among these 39 clones positive for binding to exotoxin A were obtained and fusion-specific efficiency was turned out to be 6.7%. All antibody isotypes were represented (immunoglobulins G, and M) as determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hybridomas were selected and cloned by limiting dilution and agarose methods, obtaining 1 IgG? and 11IgG? clones. The specificity of the monoclonal andtidodies for exotoxin A was demonstrated by the immunoblotting technique. They bound 66kilodalton (KDa) exotoxin band and 45KDa fragment B portion. The protective ability of anti-exotoxin A monoclonal antibody was demonstrated in vitro by toxin neutralization. Ascitic fluid of monoclonal antibody producing hybridoma was able to neutralize at maximum 100 dilution to CHO cell cytotoxicity by 2ng of Pseudomonas ceruginosa exotoxin A and 60% increase in survival rate has been obtained through passive immunization by using anti-exotoxin A monoclonal antibody (IgG?) in mice injected 300ng of exotoxin A. And its in vivo and in vitro protective activities were appeared to reside in tis selective affinity and specificity to fragment B of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A.

흰쥐 이자 Insulin과 Neuropeptide Y 분비세포의 발생에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

장인엽,박태우,정윤영,김종중,문정석,김영택,안계훈,김남훈,선희매 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 1999 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.24 No.1

Cells immunoreactive to insulin(INS-IR) and neuropeptide Y(NPY-IR) were found in prenatal(E15, 17, 19) and postnatal(P0, 5, 10, 15, 30, adult) rat pancreas using immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic INS-IR and NPY-IR were detected by day E17. They were found initially in the interlobular pancreatic duct, intralobular pancreatic duct and pancreatic islet gradually. Especially, INS-IR was detected in the dorsal pancreatic bud by day E19. The INS-IR and NPY-IR patterns were nearly similiar to each other, and many cells revealed colocalization of INS and NPY until day P10. But there was a change between them by the day P15 ; central INS-IR cells and peripheral NPY-IR in the pancreatic islet. The number of pancreatic islets per square millimeter of pancreatic tissue were decreased, and the number of immunoreactive endocrine cells per islet was increased according to development. These results suggest NPY may play a role in the development of the pancreatic endocrine cells.