Cytokine responses to moderate-intensity leg cycling exercise in follicular and luteal menstrual cycle phases

Suh, Sang Hoon,Gretchen, A. Casazza,George, A. Brooks 한국운동과학회 2003 운동과학 Vol.12 No.4

서상훈. Gretchen A. Casazza·George A. Brooks. 중강도 자전거 운동시 생리주기에 따른 싸이토카인의 반응, 운동과학, 제12권 제4호, 631-640, 2003. 본 연구는 식후 3시간 휴식을 취한 여성을 대상으로 운동강도와 생리주기가 혈장 TNF-α와 Interleukin-6 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 정상적인 생리 주기 (23-24 일)를 가진 건강하고 훈련되지 않은 8명의 여성이 휴식 (180 분)과 운동 (45%와 65%, VO₂peak에서 60 분간 자전거 에르고미터를 이용한 운동) 중에 난포기 (FP, 3-9 일)와 황체기 (LP, 18-24 일)에서 연구하였다. 자전거 에르고미터 운동은 런닝시 나타나는 플라이오메트릭 근수측의 근육손상 가능성을 제한하기 위해서 이용되었다. 실험 하루 전 음식섭취는 조절하였다. 혈장 TNF-α와 Interleukin-6 농도는 일라이자 (EISA, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)로 측정하였다. 헐장 TNF-α와 Interleukin군 농도는 운동 중에 약간 증가하였으나, 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p>.05). 혈장 TNF-α와 Interleukin군 농도는 난포기에 비해 황체기에서 낮게 나타나는 경향을 보였지만, 유의한 차이는 발견되지 않았다 (p>,05).운동강도 (45%와 65% V0₂peak)에 따른 혈장 TNF-α와 Interleukin-6 농도 변화는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p>.05). 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 중강도 자전거 운동은 젊고 건강한 여성의 염증 반응 사이토카인 (cytokine) 변화를 유발할 가능성이 희박하고, 둘째, 여성 난소 스테로이드 호르몬은 휴식과 운동 중에 철장 사이토카인 반응을 변화시키지 않은 것으로 사료된다. Seo, S.H., G.A. Casazza., G.A. Brooks. Cytokine responses to moderato-intensity leg cycling exorcise in foliicular and luteal menstrual cycle phases. Exercise Science, 12(4): 631-640, 2003. We examined the effects of exorcise Intensity and menstrual cycle phases on plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) during rest and exorcise in rested 3-h postabsorptive women. Eight healthy, untrained women with normal menstrual cycles (24-34 days) were studied under conditions of rest (180 min) and exorcise(60 min, leg ergometer cycling at 45 and 65% peak oxygen consumption) during follicular (FP; cycle days 3-9) and luteal(LP; cycle days 18-24) phases. Leg cycling was used to eliminate the possibility of muscle damage from plyometric muscle contractions as occur in running. Dietary intake was controlled for the 24-h immediately preceding each trial. The plasma concentrations of TNF-a and IL-6 were measured by Enzyme-Linked immunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). There was a slight increasen plasma concentrations of TNF-aand IL-6 during exorcise, as compared to rest, but this difference was not significant (p>.05). The plasma levels of TNF-a and IL-6tended to be lower In LP than in FP, but no significant difference was found (p>.05). There were no significant differences in the plasma concentrations of TNf-a and IL-6 due to exorcise Intensity (i.e., exorcise at 45 and 65% V0₂peak). These results are interpreted to mean that moderate-intensity bicycle exorcise is unlikely to induce a change in inflammatory cytokine levels in young healthy women, and that plasma cytokine response during rest and exorcise does not appear to be altered by overian steroid hormones.

브룩스 + 스카파

브룩스 + 스카파(Brooks + Scarpa),벤자민 벤슈나이더(사진),타라 위익(사진) 현대건축사 2017 월간 CONCEPT Vol.- No.222

Passages of Light

Baurmann Brooks Coersmeier(바우만 부룩스 코어스미어),Gisela Burmann(지셀라 바우만),Sawad Brooks(사와드 브룩),Jonas Coersmeier(요나 코어스미어) 현대건축사 2004 월간 CONCEPT Vol.- No.60

Capital Punishment and State Sovereignty in China

Brook, Timothy 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2011 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.10 No.2

This essay considers the argument that Chinese legal exceptionalism with regard to its use of the death penalty derives from China's Marxist/Maoist rather than its imperial history. Starting from the premise that capital punishment is the purest expression of state sovereignty under any political constitution, the essay inquires first into the general relationship between the state and punishment, then into that relationship as it is represented in the legal rhetoric of imperial law during the Ming dynasty. Reflections on some of the dynamics of debates over appropriate penalties a century ago as well as today lead to the conclusion that, despite the extensive reliance on the death penalty in earlier times, China's legal exceptionalism resides primarily in its experience with Marxist jurisprudence rather than with its own indigenous traditions.

Tracing the lactate shuttle to the mitochondrial reticulum

Brooks George A.,Curl Casey C.,Leija Robert G.,Osmond Adam D.,Duong Justin J.,Arevalo Jose A. 생화학분자생물학회 2022 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.54 No.-

Isotope tracer infusion studies employing lactate, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acid isotope tracers were central to the deduction and demonstration of the Lactate Shuttle at the whole-body level. In concert with the ability to perform tissue metabolite concentration measurements, as well as determinations of unidirectional and net metabolite exchanges by means of arterial–venous difference (a-v) and blood flow measurements across tissue beds including skeletal muscle, the heart and the brain, lactate shuttling within organs and tissues was made evident. From an extensive body of work on men and women, resting or exercising, before or after endurance training, at sea level or high altitude, we now know that Organ–Organ, Cell–Cell, and Intracellular Lactate Shuttles operate continuously. By means of lactate shuttling, fuel-energy substrates can be exchanged between producer (driver) cells, such as those in skeletal muscle, and consumer (recipient) cells, such as those in the brain, heart, muscle, liver and kidneys. Within tissues, lactate can be exchanged between white and red fibers within a muscle bed and between astrocytes and neurons in the brain. Within cells, lactate can be exchanged between the cytosol and mitochondria and between the cytosol and peroxisomes. Lactate shuttling between driver and recipient cells depends on concentration gradients created by the mitochondrial respiratory apparatus in recipient cells for oxidative disposal of lactate.

Milton’s Closet (Drama): For Profit Playing and the Body in Motion

Brooke A. Carlson 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2011 중세근세영문학 Vol.21 No.2

This essay argues for the space between religion and politics to be the space of the emerging human subject coming to terms with nascent capitalism. Milton’s closet drama, Samson Agonistes, is an example of closet drama that privileges the reading mind of its audience. Milton published Samson Agonistes with Paradise Regained, in 1671, and included an explanation of sorts in his “Of that sort of Dramatic Poem which is call’d Tragedy.” The summation of early modern criticism allows Milton to privilege “profit,” in both a material and intellectual sense, and to present Samson as a case study in early modern economy. Neither politics, nor religion, take center stage in this piece that both makes a spectacle of the male body in action, and, at the same time, asks at what price one might be bought.

The Sunshine Policy and the Role of the Congress

Brookes, Peter T. R. Yonsei University Press 1999 Kim Dae-jung Government and Sunshine Policy Vol.- No.1

정보과학(情報科學)의 기초(基礎) : 제1부 - 그 철학적(哲學的) 측면(側面) -

Brookes, Bertram C. 한국과학기술정보연구원 과학기술정보센터 1983 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.16 No.4

여타 다른 학문분야에서 주장되지 않는 정보과학(情報科學)에 대한 정립(定立)은 Kari Popper의 제 3 세계 - 객관적(客觀的) 지식(知識)의 세계(世界) - 고도(高度)의 자율성(自律性)을 인정함으로써 발견 될 수 있다는 것을 우선적으로 논의하게 된다. 따라서 정보과학의 임무란 객관적(客觀的) 지식(知識)의 세계(世界)를 탐구(探究)하는 것으로 정의(定議)를 내릴 수 있으며, 또한 도큐멘테이션과 도서관학의 영역을 확대시키는 것도 되지만, 양자(兩者)는 분명히 구별되어야 한다. Popper 식(式)의 존재론은 정보(情報) 개념(槪念) 및 주관적(主觀的) 객관적(客觀的) 지식(知識)들과의 관계가 확대되어 수용되어져야 한다. 그리하여 Popper의 세가지 세계의 공간영역들은 고찰(考察)의 대상이 된다. 인식과 물리적인 공간은 동일(同一)하지 않으며, 이러한 동일성(同一性)의 결여가 정보현상에 대한 적절한 정량화(定量化)를 저지시키는 문제를 발생케하는 요인이 된다고 주장하고 있다.

The Reclamation of an Industrial Site and Design Impacts on Environmental, Social, and Economic Resilience

Brooke Shevela,김준현,Noah Durst 인간식물환경학회 2022 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Background and objective: The industrial crisis in Michigan, USA calls for the redevelopment of abandoned industrial sitesinto functioning public spaces. Neglected spaces have negative impacts on the surrounding communities, promotingaesthetic, safety, economic, and environmental issues. The purpose of this study was to explore and discuss the possibleredevelopment of an underused site, with particular focus on its industrial site elements; quantitative measures were thenapplied to determine redevelopment's effects on the nearby community. Methods: The Michigan Central Station in Detroit, Michigan, USA was selected as a case study. Landscape performanceresearch methods were applied to quantitatively analyze the environmental, social, and economic benefits of reclaimingthis abandoned industrial site and its various elements. Results: The findings show that implementing the case study redesign would result in positive environmental impacts. These impacts include expanded areas of ecologically valuable land, a reduction in sulfur dioxide, and increases in carbonsequestration, retained stormwater, and the use of recycled contents. The case study redevelopment project would impactthe surrounding economic context through savings on water treatment costs obtained from the use of retainedstormwater, increased property values, and job creation. Furthermore, the redesign would also impact social aspects byincreasing the available gathering spaces and public open areas and enhancing safety by adding sidewalks and bike lanes. Conclusion: The findings of this study will help designers and planners recognize the value of reusing existing industrialsites instead of undertaking harmful demolition processes, eventually leading to more sustainable community designs.

The Emergence of Behavioral Testing of Fishes to Measure Toxicological Effects

Brooks, Janie S. Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2009 Toxicological Research Vol.26 No.1

Historically, research in toxicology has utilized non-human mammalian species, particularly rats and mice, to study in vivo the effects of toxic exposure on physiology and behavior. However, ethical considerations and the overwhelming increase in the number of chemicals to be screened has led to a shift away from in vivo work. The decline in in vivo experimentation has been accompanied by an increase in alternative methods for detecting and predicting detrimental effects: in vitro experimentation and in silico modeling. Yet, these new methodologies can not replace the need for in vivo work on animal physiology and behavior. The development of new, non-mammalian model systems shows great promise in restoring our ability to use behavioral endpoints in toxicological testing. Of these systems, the zebrafish, Danio rerio, is the model organism for which we are accumulating enough knowledge in vivo, in vitro, and in silico to enable us to develop a comprehensive, high-throughput toxicology screening system.