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The Need for Weight Optimization by Design of Rolling Stock Vehicles
Amar Ainoussa 한국철도학회 2009 International Journal of Railway Vol.2 No.3
Energy savings can be achieved with optimum energy consumptions, brake energy regeneration, efficient energy storage (onboard, line side), and primarily with light weight vehicles. Over the last few years, the rolling stock industry has experienced a marked increase in eco-awareness and needs for lower life cycle energy consumption costs. For rolling stock vehicle designers and engineers, weight has always been a critical design parameter. It is often specified directly or indirectly as contractual requirements. These requirements are usually expressed in terms of specified axle load limits, braking deceleration levels and/or demands for optimum energy consumptions. The contractual requirements for lower weights are becoming increasingly more stringent. Light weight vehicles with optimised strength to weight ratios are achievable through proven design processes. The primary driving processes consist of: ? material selection to best contribute to the intended functionality and performance ? design and design optimization to secure the intended functionality and performance ? weight control processes to deliver the intended functionality and performance Aluminium has become the material of choice for modern light weight bodyshells. Steel sub-structures and in particular high strength steels are also used where high strength - high elongation characteristics out way the use of aluminium. With the improved characteristics and responses of composites against fire and smoke, small and large composite materials made components are also found in greater quantities in today’s railway vehicles. Full scale hybrid composite rolling stock vehicles are being developed and tested. While an “overdesigned” bodyshell may be deemed as acceptable from a structural point of view, it can, in reality, be a weight saving missed opportunity. The conventional pass/fail structural criteria and existing passenger payload definitions promote conservative designs but they do not necessarily imply optimum lightweight designs. The weight to strength design optimization should be a fundamental design driving factor rather than a feeble post design activity. It should be more than a belated attempt to mitigate against contractual weight penalties. The weight control process must be rigorous, responsible, with achievable goals and above all must be integral to the design process. It should not be a mere tabulation of weights for the sole-purpose of predicting the axle loads and wheel balances compliance. The present paper explores and discusses the topics quoted above with a view to strengthen the recommendations and needs for the weight optimization by design approach as a pro-active design activity for the rolling stock industry at large.
Amar A. Telke,Avinash A. Kadam,Sujit S. Jagtap,Jyoti P. Jadhav,Sanjay P. Govindwar 한국생물공학회 2010 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.15 No.4
In our study, we produced intracellular blue laccase by growing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus ochraceus NCIM-1146 in potato dextrose broth. The enzyme was then purified 22-fold to a specific activity of 4.81 U/mg using anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. The molecular weight of purified laccase was estimated as 68 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme showed maximum substrate specificity toward 2,2'-Azinobis, 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid than any other substrate. The optimum pH and temperature for laccase activity were 4.0 and 60ºC, respectively. The purified enzyme was stable up to 50ºC, and high laccase activity was maintained at pH 5.0 ~ 7.0. Laccase activity was strongly inhibited by sodium azide, EDTA, dithiothreitol, and L-cysteine. Purified laccase decolorized various textile dyes within 4 h in the absence of redox mediators. HPLC and FTIR analysis confirmed degradation of methyl orange. The metabolite formed after decolorization of methyl orange was characterized as p-N,N'-dimethylamine phenyldiazine using GCMS.
Amar ul Hassan Khawaja,Mirza Jhanzaib,Muhammad Munawar 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.22 No.6
The execution of sustainable manufacturing methods to make machining processes more eco-friendly is a difficult task that has attracted significant attention from the industrial area for a long time. As one of the leading manufacturing processes, machining can have a profound impact on the environment, society, and financial aspects. In a specific scenario, recognizing reasonable machining conditions to supply cutting fluids utilizing eco-friendly methods is at present a significant focal point of academic and industrial sector research. This study is to investigate the optimal operational parameters such as speed, feed rate, and cutting depth during high-speed machining of 15CDV6 HSLA steel under near-dry (green machining) and flood lubrication using response surface methodology and an artificial neural network that leads to better performance measures like tool-chip interface temperature, specific energy, yield strength, and percentage elongation. Initially, tensile samples were prepared on wire EDM, further high-speed machining has been carried out on CNC milling using a mechanical carbide cutter to improve performance. The results showed that an improvement in tool-chip interface temperature (0.9–12%), specific energy (0.8–12%), yield strength (1.8–3.2%), and percentage elongation (1.0–8.9%) using green machining has been witnessed and confirmed that green machining is an alternative of the flood to enhance the strength while reducing the specific energy in addition to eco-friendly. Moreover, the comparative analysis between RSM and ANN results determined that the ANN delivers more precise results and confirms its adequacy when its correlation coefficients are large, and root mean square errors are small compared to those obtained through the RSM.
Evaluation of Pulmonary Nodule in Mantle Cell Lymphoma
( Amar Ranjan ),( Harshita Dubey ),( Pranay Tanwar ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2020 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.128 No.0
Introduction Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with median survival 3 -4 years from diagnosis. Method A case was retrieved from Hospital Record. Short Clinical History A 64 year old male presented with generalized lymphadenopathy. Hemogram showed TLC 12200/ cmm with 70% lymphoid cells in blood smear. Bone marrow (BM) aspirate smear showed 70% abnormal lymphoid cells, which was supported by biopsy (CD20+, CD3-). Viral markers were negative. Lymph node biopsy showed lymphoid cell positive for CD20, CD5 & Cyclin D and negative for CD3 & CD23; indicating MCL. Management with 6 # Bendamustine & Rutiximab resulted into clinical and hematological improvement. After 17 months of treatment free interval (TFI), he presented with Peripheral Neuropathy Grade -III, with no hematological or radiological abnormality. Pregabalin was advised. Again after 2 months (19 months of TFI) he presented with left inguinal lymphadenopathy. Biopsy from lymph node as well as BM showed abnormal lymphoid cells positive for CD20, CD5 & Cyclin D and negative for CD3, CD23, CD10 & BCL-6, MCL relapse was suggested. After 3 # CHOP type II Diabetes was detected. After 6 # CHOP chemotoxicity like fever, cough, vomiting, mucositis, oral ulcer etc. were noticed, which were managed conservatively along with Linalidomide and Prednisolone. Follow up x-ray & HRCT showed nodular lesions in right upper/ mid lobe; therapy for pulmonary Tuberculosis was started. Later he presented with painless and gradually increasing swelling in left thigh, for which radiotherapy showed partial relief. Doppler study for the cause of thigh swelling suggested a partial thrombus in left proximal Great saphanous vein, Lenalidomide induced Dddep vein thrombosis was considered, which was managed with anticoagulants. The case expired after some days. Conclusion Relapsed MCL cases are prone to develop Tuberculosis in developing countries leading to death.
Adaptability and Stability Analysis of Groundnut Genotypes Using AMMI Model and GGE-biplot
Amare Kebede B,Adisu Getahun 한국작물학회 2017 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.20 No.5
Unpredictable rainfall, variations in farm inputs, crop-diseases, and the inherent potential of genotypes are among the major factors for low and variable crop yield. Fourteen elite groundnut genotypes were examined in 14 environments to analyze adaptability and stability of genotypes, and identify mega-environments if they exist. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, cultivar-superiority measure, and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analysis were used for data analysis. The environment (69.8%) and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) effects (21.4%) were dominating the genotypic effect (8.8%). The GEI was significant (P < 0.01), and two distinct environments (mega-environments) were identified, suggesting separate national groundnut breeding strategies for Babile and Pawe. ICGV-94100 and ICGV-97156 were stable and had the highest-yield at Babile and Pawe, respectively. The higher heritability value was recorded in more homogeneous and favorable environments, indicating the genetic potential of groundnut genotypes were better attained in more homogeneous and favorable environments. AMMI model, cultivar-superiority measure, and GGE biplots were helpful methodologies and complemented each other to evaluate the adaptability and stability of groundnut genotypes in diverse environments.