17~18세기 프랑스의 자웅동체 재판에서 나타난 성 판정 문제

이성재 한국서양사연구회 2024 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.70

Prejudice against hermaphrodites has a long historical trajectory. Martin Luther’s depiction of the Pope and his retinue as “hermaphrodites and sodomites” illustrates this sentiment, and incidents such as the Collas trial(1599) in Dôle underscore the extent of societal bias, often resulting in executions by burning at the stake. The negative perception of hermaphrodites persisted through the 17th and 18th centuries in France, as evidenced by judicial proceedings during this era. During that period, French judicial authorities could neither imagine nor accept that individuals could cross the line between female and male at will. The effort to give individuals of ambiguous sex a definitive sex through trial arose in this social climate, where judges were charged with the enormous task of maintaining France’s binary order and legally determining sex. The French legal response to hermaphroditism can be delineated into two distinct periods. Initially, spanning from 1601 to 1661, judges relied on medical assessments to determine the legal sex of hermaphrodites involved in criminal cases, with emphasis placed on visible genital characteristics as the primary determinant of sex. Trials such as those of Le Marcis(1601), Lafanel(1652), and d’Apremont(1661) exemplify this approach. Subsequently, from 1686 to 1765, a shift occurred towards considering reproductive functions—such as erection, ejaculation, menstruation, and pregnancy—as increasingly significant criteria for sexual determination, albeit imperfect ones. This period witnessed trials such as those of Malaure(1686), Petitjean(1724), and Grandjean(1765), showcasing the evolving standards for sex determination, which encompassed a broader array of factors. Notably, this era also witnessed some individuals actively expressing their sexual orientation in defiance of judicial rulings. Contrary to the severity witnessed in the Collas trial at the end of the 16th century, the French judiciary of the 17th and 18th centuries exhibited relative tolerance towards hermaphrodites. Only one trial resulted in a life sentence, while the accused in the remaining five trials were acquitted. Nevertheless, individuals with ambiguous sex identities were deprived of the freedom to self-determine their sex or align with their sex identity. The French penal system did not accommodate sex ambiguity or the concept of a “third gender” divergent from traditional societal norms of sexual dichotomy. However, it would be inaccurate to equate French judicial treatment of hermaphrodites during this period with the violent repression akin to the Inquisition. After the Collas trial, hermaphrodites were no longer subjected to witch hunts or severe persecution.

Arnold Schoenberg의 초기 무조음악 : 「Op. 19, 여섯개의 피아노 소품」을 중심으로 Mainly on Op. 19, Six Little Piano Pieces

李誠載,白美英 서울대학교 1975 서울대학교 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Today, the name of Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) is instantly associated with the twelve­tone system by many musicians. Furthermore, even the technical procedure of the system is widely understood. Schoenberg started his way on the ground of Brahms, Wagner­tradition. But from the beginning, he seeked a new means of organizing music which was free from the banalities of classical tonality. Thus twelve­tone technique was fermulated in 1921 and in 1923 his first telve­tone composition was published. This paper is concerned with Schoenberg’s early pre­twelve­tone works, especially Op. 19, in order to understand a historical significance of his new method which is generally accepted as a matter of fact. The analysis of the work shows that it is atonal without employing twelve­tone technique. Instead of a theme in old sense and tonality, the use of individualized melodic, rhythmic details, and spatial relations integrates a whole work. By avoiding the use of a familiar chord or repeated note within a figure, he could concentrate on every interval, every sound, every rhythmic figure, every aspect of music and this led eventually to the twelve­tone method.

한강종합개발계획에 따른 이동상 수리실험에 대하여

이성재 한국수자원학회 1985 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.18 No.1

골(?)로 간다

이성재 한국마케팅연구원 2006 마케팅 Vol.40 No.10

變斷面構造 解法에 關한 考察

李成宰 釜山工業大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

중국방지산업협회 소개

이성재 주택산업연구원 2007 HOUSING ISSUE Vol.2007 No.1

음향방출 신호원의 위치추정 기법

이성재,김정석,강명창,정연식,정규동 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

This study deals with the source location method of defect which can be occurred in structure. The existing methods was very difficult to be applied to predict it, because of using very complex numerical formula. The triangulation method which was proposed in this study can predict the source location predicted easily with small amount of data. Wave arrival time data can be directly converted into source-sensor distance is known. For this purpose, the propagation velocity was measured by Rayleigh wave, and the propagation behavior was analyzed. For the consideration of jointed part in structure, the source location method was applied to the welded workpieces. The signal propagation velocity was measured in welding part for the purpose of application to the part, and the revised algorithm of source location was proposed.

고무강화 폴리스티렌과 유기화된 층상 실리케이트 나노복합재료의 합성 및 물성

이성재 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 2002 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.17 No.-

Polymer/clay nanocomposites are potential materials with attractive properties such as improved stiffness, dimensional stability, barrier resistance, thermal stability and flame retardency. Many researches have focused on the property improvement of thermoplastics such as polystyrene with organically modified layered silicates, but open literatures have not been yet found on the rubber-toughened polystyrene by the author's knowledge. High impact polystyrene (HIPS) is known as the rubber-toughened polystyrene to improve the impact strength and toughness of glassy polystyrene. Current research issues of HIPS include high performance HIPS such as glossy, transparent, chemical-resistant, high strength and flame-retardant grades. Naturally, the introduction of clay would be one of good candidates to achieve these purposes. In this study, the preparation of HIPS/organically modified layered silicate nanocomposites by in situ polymerization is presented and the characterization techniques of the material are also discussed. Major attention will be focused on the dispersion of silicate layer and the change in rubber particle size affected by the clay loading.

韓國産 참나무科 樹種의 導管構造에 關한 硏究( II ) - 導管壁의 修飾構造 -

李成宰,李元用 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 1992 Journal of Forest Science Vol.8 No.-

Numerical Simulations of Rotating Bondi Accretion Flows

이성재,류동수 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.45 No.3

We explore through numerical simulations the structure formed around a black hole as a consequence of supersonic Bondi accretion with a small, nite angular momentum. The structure accompanies an accretion shock, inside which the ow is subsonic and is dissipated by the viscosity. We assume the dissipated energy is stored as entropy rather than being radiated. Although it is generally known that such advection-dominated accretion ow, as well as Bondi accretion ow, is dynamically stable in one-dimension, our numerical simulations indicate that a structure that contains the two ows is globally unstable, resulting in an oscillation with a period of MBH=M sec. In this contribution, we describe brie y the nature of the oscillation, which may explain the low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations with a frequency 0:1 Hz, observed in stellar mass black hole candidates.