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A 및 Y 형 제올라이트의 결정화 반응기구에 관한 연구
이광자,한상섭,조찬휘,이한주 ( Kwangja Lee,Sangsup Han,Chanhwi Cho Hanju Lee ) 한국화학공학회 1991 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.29 No.3
This study concernes with the reaction mechanisms of zeolite A and Y crystallization. Currently, there are two different mechanisms proposed : the solution transport mechanism and the solid phase transformation mechanism. In an attempt to clarify this matter of mutually conflicting theories, three different types of experiments were carried out as follows. 1) Circulating reactions, in which clear solution is separated from solid gel and continually circulated through solid gel bed. 2) Separate reactions, in which clear solution and solid gel phases are separated and kept at reaction temperature in separate flasks. 3) Mixed reactions, in which the gel solution mixture is kept at reaction temperature in the conventional way. Samples of clean solution as well as solid gel were analyzed by XRD and IR for zeolite formation, and concentration changes of these samples were analyzed by I.C.P.A. From these experiments, the following conclusions were obtained. In crystallization of zeolite A, the predominating mechanism is the solid phase transformation, although some ions are consummed from the solution phase on incorporation in the solid phase reaction. In crystallization of zeolite Y, the aluminate ions in solution phase are transported to the solid phase until the Si/Al ratio reaches about 2, then the solid phase is transformed to zeolite Y crystals.
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간호사의 자아상태에 관한 연구 : 교류분석이론을 중심으로
이광자,이숙 梨花女子大學校 韓國生活科學硏究院 1992 韓國生活科學硏究院 論叢 Vol.50 No.-
Nursing is human relationship between an individual who is sick, or in need of health services, and a nurse especially educated to recognize and to respond to the need for help. It is necessary that nurses have the time to explore and define the many facet of their personalities. The development of self-awareness by the nurse must be a self-initiated process. The identification of ego states(structural analysis) provides a useful tool for understanding behavior in nursing settings. The nurse uses the egogram to get a clearer picture of the various ego states in herself, her patients, other staff members and the total ward. Transactional analysis provides a conceptual framework in which to understand human behavior and human communication. In any clinical situation, the nurse can apply her understanding of ego states, TA strikes, time stucture, basic life position and scripts. This study analyzed the ego states of nurses to gain understanding of the predominant ego state of nurses. The subjects was consisting of 606 nurses, all working fulltime in an in-patient units of general hospitals in Seoul, Wulsan, Cheju and Mokpo. The instrument used for this study was egogram questionaire developed by Tokyo University, Japan. Analysis of the data was done by use of SPSS/PC^+. The results of study were as follows : 1. Nurturing Parent type was predominant ego state of nurses. 2. Critical Parent was represented significantly high the group of old age, married, the above ranked head nurses. 3. Free Child was represented significantly low the group of old age, married, the above ranked head nurses. 4. Adult ego state revealed the significant correlation with the CP, NP, FC ego state, and significantly negative correlation with the AC ego state. NP ego state revealed the significant correlation with the CP ego state. FC ego state revealed the significant correlation with the NP ego state.
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조명희,이광자 성인간호학회 1992 성인간호학회지 Vol.4 No.2
The number of patients in the intensive care unit is on an increasing trend, which results from the modern society with its complicated structure and for the diversified aspects of modern diseases. Most patients in the intensive care unit were in the serious conditions without consciousness, so their death rate was high. But nowadays many patients entering intensive care unit consist of open heart surgery, cardiopulmonary disease and Medical-surgical department who are conscious. These conscious patients in the intensive care unit feel uncomfortable. This is the serious problem which is non the rise. It is main point of this thesis to offer the basic data to the nursing which can decrease the uncomfortableness of the conscious patients in the intnensivecare unit in the present situation lacking the studies about the patients in the intensive care unit. In this phenomenological study the various discomfortness felt by them are collected and classified. The study subject were a convenience sample of 25 patients who admitted at ICU in a general hospital in Seoul. They are conscious, so they can communicate without difficulties. The data was collected during 67 days from July 24 to September 30, 1992. The subjects were interviewed with unstructured open questions and the interviews were tape recorded with their permission. The date was analysed by Van Kaams phenomenological method. The reliability and the validity were assured by one doctoral candidate three researchers with master's degree, and one head nurse, and staff nurse with master's degree. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Intensive care unit patient's 120 descriptive statements of discomfortness were organized into 15 theme. 2. The 15 themes were divided into 4 categories : physical, psychological, sociological and environmental aspects. 3. The problems concerning the physical aspects are uncomfortableness of the medical devices attached to the patient's body, restriction of movements and pain resulting from the diseases. The problems concerning the psychological aspects are the unacceptable hospitalization it self in the intensive care unit, worries about prognosis deterioration of the self respect resulting from the unpersonal treatment, tedium from the long hospitalization, and regretfulness resulting from dependency. The problems concerning social aspects are loneliness, influence from the neighboring patients, and dissatisfaction with medical personals. The problems concerning environmental aspects are noise, diffuseness, dirtiness, and non-adaptation to the structure of the ward. From the above views, discomfortness which patients are experienced in ICU Room is various with physical, psychological, sociological, environmental aspects. It must be emphasized the necessity for holistic care which satisfied the physical psychological, sociological, economical, educational need so as to solve the discomfortness.
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이광자 대한간호학회정신간호학회 2002 정신간호학회지 Vol.11 No.3
This study was conducted to examine how enneagram, which suggests ways to understand oneself and self-growth, can be concretely applied in the area of psychiatric nursing through literature review. The possibility of applying enneagram in psychiatric nursing was studied by investigating how enneagram differs from other personality typology, and the usefulness of its diagnostic method was useful, as well as what kinds of studies were conducted. Results of the research are summarized as follows: 1. Enneagram differs from other personality typology because it does not stop at classifying personality types and explaining them. It offers a concrete direction for treatment and growth, and an insight into the direction of pathological regression. It can be applied in a psychiatric treatment situation by providing healthy and confused functions for internal growth of an individual. 2. There are qualitative, quantitative, and empirical approaches in the diagnostic methods of enneagram personality types. Generally all of these 3 approaches are used together in deciding personality types. As for the quantitative approach, there are RHETI (Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator) and Korean enneagram personality type tests with proven reliability and validity. As for the qualitative approach and empirical approach, confirming personality types were processed through a workshop that was held for 2 hours per session with 8 12 sessions. 3. Enneagram studies in Korea were started from the late 1990s, and research is being done in the area of education, psychology, theology, management, nursing, and others. In most studies, changes before and after enneagram workshop are investigated. In most cases, it has been reported that positive changes are shown in self-identity, development of ones potential, and career, understanding self and others, confidence, self-love, personal relations, satisfaction at the work place, leadership, skills, maturity, spiritual growth, biblical understanding of human being etc. There were also studies on the relationship between learning behavior types and goal achievement, and a correlation study of holistic education. Recently, studies to examine reliability and validity of instruments of enneagram have increased. By putting together the above results, in psychiatric nursing the enneagram theory can be applied with the following recommendations: 1. The enneagram will be used to develop the essence of personality types and potentiality of psychiatric nurses. 2. The analysis of enneagram related to psychopathology is needed. 3. The research to develop an enneagram educational program for nursing students is required to help them understand self as well as others including patients. 4. The enneagram will be applicable to the spiritual nursing. 5. The validity and reliability of the test adapted to Korean culture is not yet verified. Therefore, further research on the development of culturally sensitive test for Koreans is essential. In addition, various and continuous research is needed to supplement the problem of preciseness of the instrument for enneagram measurement. 6. Further research on the effectiveness of enneagram workshop programs is necessary.
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