사용성 문제의 분류 체계:문헌분석 및 새로운 개념적 프레임워크

함동한(Dong-Han Ham) 한국IT서비스학회 2008 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.7 No.4

It is widely known that usability is a critical quality attribute of IT systems. Many studies have developed various methods for finding out usability problems. Usability professionals have emphasized that usability should be integrated into the development life cycle in order to maximize the usability of systems with minimal cost. To achieve this, it is essential to classify usability problems systematically and connect them into the activities of designing user interfaces and tasks. However, there is a lack of framework or method for these two problems and thus remains a challengeable research issue. As a beginning study, this paper proposes a conceptual framework for addressing the two issues. We firstly summarize usability-related studies so far, including usability factors and evaluation methods. Secondly, we review seven approaches to identifying and classifying usability problems. Based on this review and opinions of usability engineers in real industry as well as the review results, this paper proposes a framework comprising three viewpoints, from which more sound classification scheme of usability problems can be inductively developed.

복잡한 시스템에서의 인적오류 및 사고모형의 인지시스템공학적 연구의 동향

함동한(Dong?Han Ham) 대한인간공학회 2011 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to introduce new research trends of human error and accident modeling and to suggest future promising research directions in those areas. Background: Various methods and techniques have been developed to understand the nature of human errors, to classify them, to analyze their causes, to prevent their negative effects, and to use their concepts during design process. However, it has been reported that they are impractical and ineffective for modern complex systems, and new research approaches are needed to secure the safety of those systems. Method: Six different perspectives to study human error and system safety are explained, and then seven recent research trends are introduced in relation to the six perspectives. The implications of the new research trends and viable research directions based on them are discussed from a cognitive systems engineering point of view. Results: Traditional methods for analyzing human errors and identifying causes of accidents have critical limitations in complex systems, and recent research trends seem to provide some insights and clues for overcoming them. Conclusion: Recent research trends of human error and accident modeling emphasize different concepts and viewpoints, which include systems thinking, sociotechnical perspective, ecological modelling, system resilience, and safety culture. Application: The research topics explained in this paper will help researchers to establish future research programmes.

진단 수행도에 대한 지식형태의 효용에 관한 연구

함동한(Dong Han Ham),윤완철(Wan Chul Yoon) 대한산업공학회 1996 대한산업공학회지 Vol.22 No.3

Software 품질 평가에 대한 Human-Computer Interaction 관점에서의 접근

함동한(Dong-Han Ham),장우현(Woo Hyun Jang),유지원(Ji Won Ryu) 한국정보과학회 2001 정보과학회지 Vol.19 No.11

SHERPA기법을 이용한 항공기 착륙상황에서 발생 가능한 인적오류 예측

최재림,한혁재,함동한,Choi, Jae-Rim,Han, Hyeok Jae,Ham, Dong-Han 한국항공운항학회 2021 한국항공운항학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study aims to examine probable human errors when landing an airplane by the use of SHERPA(systematic human error reduction and prediction approach) and propose methods for preventing the predictive human errors. It has been reported that human errors are concerned with a lot of accidents or incidents of an airplane. It is significant to predict presumable human errors, particularly in the operation mode of human-automation interaction, and attempt to reduce the likelihood of predicted human error. By referring to task procedures and interviewing domain experts, we analyzed airplane landing task by using HTA(hierarchical task analysis) method. In total, 6 sub-tasks and 19 operations were identified from the task analysis. SHERPA method was used for predicting probable human error types for each task. As a result, we identified 31 human errors and predicted their occurrence probability and criticality. Based on them, we suggested a set of methods for minimizing the probability of the predicted human errors. From this study, it can be said that SHERPA can be effectively used for predicting probable human error types in the context of human-automation interaction needed for navigating an airplane.

중소기업 ICT인프라 유형에 따른 정보보호 컨설팅 방법론 제시

이승민(Seungmin Lee),함동한(Dong-Han Ham) 대한인간공학회 2018 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

제조업의 인적오류 관련 사고분석을 위한 HFACS-K의 개발 및 사례연구

임재근,최종덕,강태원,김병철,함동한,Lim, Jae Geun,Choi, Joung Dock,Kang, Tae Won,Kim, Byung Chul,Ham, Dong-Han 한국안전학회 2020 한국안전학회지 Vol.35 No.4

As Korean government and safety-related organizations make continuous efforts to reduce the number of industrial accidents, accident rate has steadily declined since 2010, thereby recording 0.48% in 2017. However, the number of fatalities due to industrial accidents was 1,987 in 2017, which means that more efforts should be made to reduce the number of industrial accidents. As an essential activity for enhancing the system safety, accident analysis can be effectively used for reducing the number of industrial accidents. Accident analysis aims to understand the process of an accident scenario and to identify the plausible causes of the accident. Accident analysis offers useful information for developing measures for preventing the recurrence of an accident or its similar accidents. However, it seems that the current practice of accident analysis in Korean manufacturing companies takes a simplistic accident model, which is based on a linear and deterministic cause-effect relation. Considering the actual complexities underlying accidents, this would be problematic; it could be more significant in the case of human error-related accidents. Accordingly, it is necessary to use a more elaborated accident model for addressing the complexity and nature of human-error related accidents more systematically. Regarding this, HFACS(Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) can be a viable accident analysis method. It is based on the Swiss cheese model and offers a range of causal factors of a human error-related accident, some of which can be judged as the plausible causes of an accident. HFACS has been widely used in several work domains(e.g. aviation and rail industry) and can be effectively used in Korean industries. However, as HFACS was originally developed in aviation industry, the taxonomy of causal factors may not be easily applied to accidents in Korean industries, particularly manufacturing companies. In addition, the typical characteristics of Korean industries need to be reflected as well. With this issue in mind, we developed HFACS-K as a method for analyzing accidents happening in Korean industries. This paper reports the process of developing HFACS-K, the structure and contents of HFACS-K, and a case study for demonstrating its usefulness.

복잡한 시스템에서의 기존 사고분석을 통한 팀 의사결정 영향요소 도출 및 조직화

정원준(Won-Jun Jung),함동한(Dong-Han Ham) 대한인간공학회 2018 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.37 No.3

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify and organize factors that can be influential in the performance of team decision making (TDM) through analyzing previous accidents in complex systems. Background: In the operation of complex socio-technical systems, it is increasingly important to enhance the performance of teamwork, particularly TDM. For this it is necessary to identify a set of factors influencing TDM. However, there is still a lack of studies that investigate TDM impact factors and propose a way of organizing them meaningfully. Method: We examined 989 accidents in the three work domains (nuclear power plants, railway systems, and aviation industry). Of those, 258 accidents were considered as cases in which human errors were involved. Again, a more detailed analysis of them revealed 35 accidents to which TDM performance was critical. Based on the analysis of those 35 accidents, we identified 88 TDM impact factors and classified them into 13 groups. Results: Seventy-two factors influencing TDM were identified and categorized into 13 groups that are meaningful to more comprehensive study of TDM process. Conclusion: We derived 88 factors that could influence the performance of TDM through accident analysis in the three work domains and classified them into 13 groups as well. Application: The identified TDM impact factors can be a useful input data for assessing team reliability in complex systems and offer a theoretical basis for understanding TDM more comprehensively.

Repertory Grid Technique을 활용한 스마트폰 내비게이션의 사용자 중심 사용성 평가 항목 개발

김준석(Kim, Junseok),함동한(Ham, Donghan) 인제대학교 디자인연구소 2016 Journal of Integrated Design Research (JIDR) Vol.15 No.1

연구배경 : 최근 스마트폰의 대중화와 함께 차량용 내비게이션보다 스마트폰 내비게이션 앱의 비중이 점점 커지고 있다. 하지만 스마트폰 내비게이션 앱의 사용성에 대한 연구는 매우 미흡한 수준에 그치고 있고 그나마 대부분 디자이너의 입장만을 반영하고 있어 사용자 중심의 사용성 평가를 필요로 하고 있다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 Repertory Grid Technique(RGT)을 활용하여 내비게이션 앱의 사용자 중심 사용성 평가항목을 도출하였다. 연구결과 : RGT를 사용하여 도출한 101개의 사용자 인지구조를 중복제거와 유사의미의 통합을 통해 35개의 인지구조로 도출하였다. 도출한 인지구조를 설계원칙에 따라 조직화하여 기존 연구에서 개발된 내비게이션 사용성 평가항목과 비교한 결과 RGT를 활용한 방법은 기능적 측면, 감성적 측면 및 사용맥락에 관련하여 차별화를 나타내고 있었다. 또한 도출된 인지구조를 직무단계 및 디자인영역 관점에서 조직화해서 다각적인 사용성 평가가 가능하도록 하였다. 결론 : 내비게이션 앱의 사용자 중심의 분석적인 사용성평가를 지원할 수 있도록 RGT기법을 활용해 사용성 평가 항목을 도출하였고 이를 세 가지 관점에서 조직화하였다. 이렇게 세 가지 관점에서 다르게 조직화된 평가항목은 평가목적, 평가초점 등에 따라서 유연하게 종합적으로 활용될 수 있다. Background : As a smart phone has become an essential device for everyday lives, people tend to use a smartphone navigation app more frequently than a car navigation system. Thus, the usability of a navigation app is increasingly important. However, there is a lack of studies on how to evaluate the usability of a navigation app systematically. As is in other IT devices, heuristic-based analytic evaluation can be a favourable approach to designers of a navigation app. Although few studies have been conducted to develop a set of heuristics for evaluating the usability of a navigation app, those heuristics have not been identified from a point of view of users. It can therefore be said that they are insufficient to conduct a user-centered evaluation for a navigation app. Methods : This study aims to develop a set of user-centered evaluation criteria reflecting users’ subjective opinions and feelings about the usability of a navigation app, by using Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) that is a method for eliciting personal constructs. Result : We identified 101 users’ cognitive constructs and then classified them into 35 cognitive constructs. Each of the 35 cognitive constructs identified can be used as an evaluation criterion for evaluating the usability of a navigation app. In comparison with other previous studies, it was found that those 35 cognitive constructs reflect more aspects of functionalities, aesthetics and contexts of use of a navigation app. In order to help usability practitioners use those 35 cognitive constructs, this study categorized and organized them from three perspectives: design principles, interface design areas, and task steps for using a navigation app. Conclusion : The three differently organized sets of the same 35 cognitive constructs can be flexibly and collectively used, depending on evaluation purposes, evaluators’ focuses, etc.

중대사고 완화조치 지원을 위한 Ecological Interface Design 기반의 정보디스플레이 개발

오현우(Hyeon-Woo Oh),함동한(Dong-Han Ham) 대한인간공학회 2018 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.11