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이대인(Dae In Lee),조현서(Hyeon Seo Cho),조천래(Chon Rae Cho),이정훈(Jeong Hoon Lee),강조해(Jo Hae Kang),최민호(Min Ho Choi),김도희(Do Hee Kim),윤진숙(Jin Suk Yoon) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2004 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-
Temporal and spatial characteristics of pollutant loads from the various pollution sources in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN, and TP by unit loading estimation were 11,524㎏/day, 11,536㎏/day, and 827㎏/day, respectively, and were mainly affected by the industrial and population sources. The Yeosu and Kwangyang cities as administrative district had the highest pollutant loads. Flow rate ranges from about 30-4,406,400㎡/day in December to 240-35,337,600㎡/day in August with a flow rate of PS27(the Seomjin River} as the highest one. Total COD, TN, and TP loadings in August were about 89,915㎏/day, 2,077,845㎏/day, and 50,123㎏/day, respectively, which exceeded those of December. Especially, of input sources, the Seomjin river had the most pollutant loads. Wastewater discharging loads from the water treatment facilities was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. Point sources located in south-western part of the bay showed high concentration in heavey metals distribution. Seasonal variations of pollutant loads were related to the changes of flow rate, those were increased rapidly on August, 2004. For the improvement of water quality in this area, pollutant loads were reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.
이대인(Dae In LEE),조현서(Hyeon Seo CHO),조천래(Chon Rae CHO),이정훈(Jeong Hoon LEE),강조해(Jo Hae KANG),최민호(Min Ho CHOI),김도희(Do Hee KIM),윤진숙(Jin Suk YOON) 전남대학교 수산과학연구소 2004 수산과학연구소논문집 Vol.13 No.-
Temporal and spatial characteristics of pollutant loads from the various pollution sources in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN, and TP by unit loading estimation were 11,524 ㎏/day, 11,536 ㎏/day, and 827 ㎏/day, respectively, and were mainly affected by the industrial and population sources. The Yeosu and Kwangyang cities as administrative district had the highest pollutant loads. Flow rate ranges from about 30-4,406,400 ㎥/day in December to 240-35,337,600 ㎥/day in August with a flow rate of PS27 (the Seomjin River) as the highest one. Total COD, TN, and TP loadings in August were about 89,915 ㎏/day, 2,077,845 ㎏/day, and 50,123 ㎏/day, respectively, which exceeded those of December. Especially, of input sources, the Seomjin river had the most pollutant loads. Wastewater discharging loads from the water treatment facilities was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. Point sources located in south-western part of the bay showed high concentration in heavy metals distribution. Seasonal variations of pollutant loads were related to the changes of flow rate, those were increased rapidly on August, 2004. For the improvement of water quality in this area, pollutant loads were reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.
광양만 유역의 수질 및 표층퇴적물에서의 PFOS 및 PFCs의 오염에 관한 연구
조현서(Hyeon Seo Cho),강조해(Jo Hae Kang),이대인(Dae In Lee),조천래(Chon Rae Cho),최민호(Min ho Choi) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2005 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.11
Per Fluorinated Compounds(PFCs) are fully fluorinated organic molecules produced synthetically in an electrochemical fluorination process PFOS, PFOA, PFHS, PFOSA are including among PFCs these compounds have high molecular weight and created are environmentally stable these compounds used in a variety of applications, such as in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, and fire-fighting foams. Produced and used widely over the last half-century, PFCs are being detected in wildlife and humans around the globe. Kwangyang Bay is a semi-closed coastal sea on the south coast of Korea. The total population within the bay watershed is approximately 240,000 people. Several rivers and ditches, including the Seomjin River, one of Korea's five biggest river systems, enter the bay, and seawater is exchanged with the South Sea at the southern part of the bay. The water depth is less than 5m in the western part of the bay, and is more than 20m near Myodo and in the eastern part of the bay. The area is characterised by a semidiurnal tide. Land-based pollution sources(river water, sediment) were investigated in January 2005 and seawater and sediment samples were collected in November 2004 and January 2005. Ranges of concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHS and PFOSA in stream waters were ND-1411.5ng/L, ND-376.0ng/L, ND-488.0ng/L and ND-3.6ng/L, respectively. Stream sediments were ND-5.43ng/g dry-wt, ND-0.47ng/g dry-wt, ND-0.14ng/g dry-wt and ND-0.47ng/g dry-wt, respectively. Ranges of concentrations of PFOA in sea water at November 2004 were ND-5.0ng/L.. PFOS and PFOA in sea water at January 2005 were ND-14.3ng/L and ND-4.9ng/L, respectively.
레졸형 페놀수지/층상실리케이트 나노복합체에서의 분자량에 대한 영향
정인재,최민호,변호연 한국화학공학회 2001 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.39 No.5
레졸형 페놀수지/층상실리케이트 나노복합체(RPLSNs)들을 용융삽입법에 의해 제조하고, 층상실리케이트의 양에 따른 경화속도론에 관하여 연구하였다. 나노복합체는 층상실리케이트의 양이 3 wt%이하에서는 부분적으로 박리된 구조였으나, 5 wt% 에서는 뭉쳐진 실리케이트의 양이 증가하였다. 실리케이트의 양이 증가함에 따른 경화반응속도를 살펴본 결과 활성화 에너지는 순수한 페놀수지와 비슷하였고, 빈도인자(frequency factor)는 순수한 페놀수지에 비해 7배 작았다. 따라서 나노 복합체를 경화시키면 실리케이트의 입체장애로 인해 페놀수지의 완전한 3차원적 망상구조 형성에 방해가 됨을 알 수 있었다. Resol type phenolic resin/layered silicate nanocomposites(RPLSNs) were prepared by melt intercalation method and the cure kinetics was studied as a function of the amount of layered silicate. The partially exfoliated structure was found below 3 wt% of layered silicate, while more stacked silicates were found at 5 wt% of layered silicates. The result of FTIR experiment for cure reaction of phenolic resin showed that the RPLSN had almost the same activation energy as pristine phenolic resin but it had 7 times lower frequency factor than pristine phenolic resin as the amount of layered silicate increased. Therefore, the steric hindrance of layered silicate in the nanocomposite affected the cure kinetics and disturbed the formation of three dimensional network structure of phenolic resin during cure reaction.
PP-g-MA/층상 실리케이트 나노복합체의 제조 및 물성에 관한 연구
김미정,정인재,최민호,김상욱,구종민 한국화학공학회 2000 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.38 No.5
고상 그라프트 공정을 통해서 maleic anhydride(MA)로 개질된 polypropylene(PP-g-MA)과 octadecyl ammonium ion으로 치환된 montmorillonite(C18M)를 용융법을 이용하여 PP-g-MA/층상 실리케이트 나노복합체를 제조하였다. PP-g-MA의 MA 그라프트율은 원소분석과 ¹H NMR로 측정한 결과 약 2.0% 였다. XRD와 TEM을 이용하여 나노복합체가 성공적으로 제조되었음을 확인하였다. PP-g-MA/층상 실리케이트 나노복합체의 인장강도와 인장탄성률이 PP나 PP-g-MA보다 높았고, 특히 인장탄성률의 경우 실리케이트의 함량이 3wt%까지는 실리케이트의 함량에 따라 크게 증가하다가 5wt% 이상에서는 거의 일정하게 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 동적 저장 탄성률과 complex viscosity의 경우도 실리케이트의 함량이 1 wt%에서 PP-g-MA/층상 실리케이트 나노복합체가 PP-g-MA보다 훨씬 증가했으며, 그 이상의 함량에서는 천천히 증가함을 보였다. DSC를 이용하여 PP-g-MA층상 실리케이트 나노복합체의 결정화 거동을 측정한 결과 PP-g-MA층상 실리케이트 나노복합체의 결정화 속도가 PP-g-MA의 결정화 속도보다 빠름을 확인할 수 있었다. PP-g-MA/layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation method using PP modified with malefic anhydride (PP-g-MA) by solid-phase grafting process and montmorillonite modified with octadecyl ammonium ion (C18M). The graft level of PP-g-MA was about 2.0% when measured by ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. XRD patterns and TEM micrographs showed that PP-g-MA was successfully intercalated into C18M. A PP-g-MA/layered silicate nanocomposite had higher tensile strength and modulus than PP and PP-g-MA. Especially, it showed a dramatically increased tensile modulus up to the silicate content of 3wt% and the constant modulus over silicate content of Swt%. Dynamic storage modulus and complex viscosity of the nanocomposites were higher than those of PP-g-MA. They increased considerably up to silicate content of 1 wt%, but increased slowly over this content like the tensile modulus. It was found that the nanocomposites showed the faster crystallization than PP-g-MA.
PP - g - MA/층상 실리케이트 나노복합체에서의 분자량에 대한 영향
김미정,정인재,최민호,김상욱,구종민 한국화학공학회 2001 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.39 No.5
분자량이 다른 PP-g-MA를 매트릭스로 사용하여 용융삽입법을 통하여 PP-g-MA/층상 실리케이트 나노복합체를 제조하여, 분자량효과를 살펴보았으며 최종 모폴로지가 기계적 물성 및 유변학적 거동에 어떤 영향을 주는지를 살펴보았다. 메트릭스 고분자의 분자량의 차이는 고분자의 삽입속도(intercalation rate) 뿐 아니라 최종 형태구조(morphology)에도 영향을 미침을 확인할 수 있었다. 분자량이 작은 LMPP가 분자량이 큰 HMPP보다 더 빠른 삽입속도를 보였으며 큰 분자량의 HMPP의 경우 C18M에 단지 삽입(intercalation) 됨에 반해 분자량이 작은 LMPP는 C18M을 박리(exfoliation)시킨다. 또한 최종 실리케이트층의 분산도 차이는 기계적특성 및 유변학적 거동에 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 분산도가 높은 박리형의 나노복합체는 실리케이트 함량에 따라 상대 점도 증가 폭이 가장 컸으며 분산도가 가장 낮은 HMPP/MMT 복합체는 점도 증가가 거의 없었다. The effect of molecular weight of matrix polymer for the maleated polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation method was investigated. Two kinds of maleated polypropylenes with similar grafting level of malefic anhydride, but with different molecular weight, were used. The molecular weight of a matrix polymer profoundly affects not only the intercalation kinetics but also the final morphology of maleated polypropylene nanocomposites. One maleated polypropylene(LMPP) with low molecular weight fast exfoliates and the other(HMPP) with high molecular weight slowly intercalates into the organically modified clay. In addition, the final morphology has a significant influence in the mechanical and rheological properties. The exfoliated nanocomposite shows the largest increase of the mechanical and rheological properties. The deintercalated nanocomposite shows the smallest increase of the properties.