미국 멕시코만 기름유출사고에서 본 유처리제 사용의 효용성 고찰

조현진,하창우,Cho, Hyun-Jin,Ha, Chang-Woo The Korean Society of Marine Environment and safet 2012 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.18 No.1

바다에 기름오염 사고가 발생하면 여러 가지 방제 방법 중 물리적 회수 방법을 우선적으로 사용하고 유처리제는 최후 수단으로 고려하는 경향이 있다. 유처리제는 수중으로 기름이 신속히 분산되도록 하여 해수면으로부터 제거하는 방법이다. 해수면으로부터 신속히 기름을 제거하는데 대한 유처리제의 효용성은 널리 증명되어 왔으나 아직도 대부분의 국가들은 해양환경에 미치는 독성을 우려하여 적극적인 사용을 하지 않고 있는 실정이다. 보고된 자료에 의하면 유처리제와 혼합된 기름이 기름 그 자체보다 독성이 더 크게 나타나지 않았다. 멕시코만 기름유출 사고시 미국 정부와 BP사는 최대한 해안에 기름이 도달하지 않는데 중점을 두고 해수면뿐만 아니라 수중의 기름에 대해서도 유처리제를 사용하였다. 유처리제에 대한 순환경편익을 분석하면 유처리제를 사용함으로써 기름이 생태계에 머무는 시간이 줄어들며 장기간 노출을 예방하고 야생동물에 심각한 오염을 방지하는 효과가 있는 등 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 미국 멕시코만 유류오염 사고와 같은 대규모 해양오염사고의 위험이 상존하는 우리 실정에서도 과학적 결과를 바탕으로 한 유처리제 사용의 효용성과 안전성에 대한 검토가 이루어져야 할 시점이라 사료된다. Once oil has spilled, oil spill responders use a variety of countermeasures to reduce the adverse effects of spilled oil on the environment. Mechanical methods of containment and recovery are preferred as the first response when the use of other methods fail or are ineffective. In these cases, the application of oil dispersants shall be use only as a last resort. While effectiveness of dispersants in removing oil form the sea surface is proven, the use of dispersants is controlled in almost all countries due to the toxicity of their active agents and the dispersed oil on the marine environment. However, according to reports, after dispersant application, no significant toxicity to fish or shrimp was observed in the field-collected samples. Moreover, the results also indicate that dispersant-oil mixtures are generally no more toxic to the aquatic test species than oil alone. During the Deepwater Horizon Incident, dispersants were applied to floating oil and injected into the oil plume at depth. These decisions were carefully considered by state and federal agencies, as well as BP, to prevent as much oil as possible from reaching sensitive shoreline habitats. Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for dispersant use assumed that dispersants appear to prevent long-term contamination resulting absence of oil in the substrate and will benefit marine wildlife by decreasing the risk of significant contamination to feathers or fur. Further study to use dispersants with scientific baseline is needed for our maritime environment which consistently threaten huge oil spill incidents occurrence.

소아약증직결(小兒藥證直訣)의 처방분석(處方分析)

조현진,박기정,박선동,Cho, Hyun-Jin,Park, Ki-Jeong,Park, Sun-Dong 대한한의학방제학회 2011 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.19 No.2

Objectives : This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of formulas in "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" by analysis of crude drugs that constitute formulas. Methods : To analyze the formulas, We classified the formulas to presenting symptom classification. And within that categories, the crude drugs in formulas were diagrammatized. Results : After those analyses, we brought a conclusion as like these. 1. The formulas classified into some categories that include chronic consumption disease, parasitization, digestive system disease, febricity, infectious disease, respiratory disease, skin disease, infirmity and etc. 2. We analyzed the characteristic of formulas by categorization of crude drug combination. In this way, we recognized that Qian Yi(錢乙) frequently used cold crude drugs unlike the trend of S$\grave{o}$ng(宋) dynasty doctors. 3. The prescription that described in "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" can be found in "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine(東醫寶鑑)" and the other books on posterity. Conclusions : Through these researches, we verified that Qian Yi affect cold herbal and mineral drugs. This tendency of Qian Yi have an effect on the Nourish yin school. And several decades of formulas of "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" contain in part of pediatrics on "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine". We reconfirmed that Qian Yi affected profound influence on the development of pediatrics and Nourish yin school.

보론 나이트라이드 나노튜브 합성 및 응용기술

조현진,김준희,김명종,Cho, Hyun Jin,Kim, Jun Hee,Kim, Myung Jong 한국진공학회 2016 진공 이야기 Vol.3 No.3

BNNTs (Boron nitride nanotubes) is an analogue of CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) in terms of lattice structure. In BNNTs, a boron atom forms sp2 hybridized bonding with three nitrogen atoms, and so does a nitrogen with three boron atoms in the honeycomb structure. Its innovative properties, such as high thermal conductivity, neutron shielding capability, superb oxidation resistance at $900^{\circ}C$, excellent chemical resistance, and superior mechanical properties are advantageous for a wide range of applications, especially for electric device packages, neutron shielding, protective coating materials, and functional composites. In this paper, boron nitride nanotube synthesis, properties and application are reviewed.

소아약증직결(小兒藥證直訣)에 기재(記載)된 방제(方劑)의 특성분석(特性分析)

조현진,박선동,Cho, Hyun-Jin,Park, Sun-Dong 대한한의학방제학회 2011 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

Objectives : This study aims to reveal the characteristics of formulas in "Xi$\v{a}$o' Er Y$\`{a}$o Zh$\`{e}$ng Zh$\'{\i}$ Ju$\'{\e}$. Methods : For that objectives, We analyzes formulas in "Xi$\v{a}$o' Er Y$\`{a}$o Zh$\`{e}$ng Zh$\'{\i}$ Ju$\'{\e}$. In the text, 132 formulas were described. To comprehend the formulas, we classified them as several bases. Results : After those analyses, we bring to a conclusion as follows. 1. 30 formulas are described that treated convulsive diseases (j$\={i}$ngf$\={e}$ng, ?風). Next, g$\={a}$n(疳), parasite infection, diarrhea/dysentery, dermatosis and etc were in the order. 2. Classified by the formulation, Yu$\'{\a}$nj$\`{i}$(圓劑) was the best(70 kinds of formulas, 53%). S$\v{a}$nj$\`{i}$(散劑) was a form of 41 formulas(31%). T$\={a}$ngj$\`{i}$(湯劑) and g$\={a}$oj$\`{i}$(膏劑) were a form of 5 formulas each. 10 formulas were assumed the form of w$\`{a}$iy$\`{o}$ngj$\`{i}$(外用劑). 3. We researched in-depth analysis of Yu$\'{\a}$nj$\`{i}$. As a results, dosage, additive(輔料) and the time to take of Yu$\'{\a}$nj$\`{i}$ were decomposed. Also, the formulas that treated convulsive diseases were analyzed by the herbs classification. Conclusions : Though the formulas that treated convulsive diseases were hard to application at local clinic, overall nosology of pediatrics was reflected comparatively. "Xi$\v{a}$o' Er Y$\`{a}$o Zh$\`{e}$ng Zh$\'{\i}$ Ju$\'{\e}$ was expected to play a role for reconsideration of formulas' formulation.

Response Activities for Tar Ball Pollution from the 'Hebei Spirit' Oil Spill in the Southwestern Sea of Korea

조현진,김정엽,양문철,서광열,민남기,임승혁,전성근,김희식,김영화,김지훈,장선희,Cho, Hyun-Jin,Kim, Jeong-Yeop,Yang, Mun-Chul,Seo, Kang-Ryul,Min, Nam-Gi,Im, Sung-Huk,Jeon, Sung-Gun,Kim, Hee-Sik,Kim, Young-Hwa,Kim, Gi-Hun,Chang, Sun-Hee The Korean Society for Marine Environment and Ener 2009 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.16 No.4

2007년 12월 7일 발생한 허베이스피리트호 원유유출 사고로 약 12,547 kL의 기름이 해상으로 유출되어 서해안의 해안선이 광범위하게 기름으로 뒤덮이는 결과가 초래되었다. 사고발생 며칠 후부터 타르볼이 서남해안에서 관측되었으며, 이에 대한 방제를 위해 해양경찰(KCG)은 해상에서는 뜰채 및 그물끌기 방법을 이용하였고, 해안에서는 그물치기, 주워내기, 쓸어 담기 등 3가지 방제방법을 이용하였다. 그물막 치기 방법은 해안이 타르볼로 오염되는 것을 예방하는데 효과적이었으며, 사고당시의 계절이 겨울이었던 점은 타르볼이 쉽게 굳어 자원봉사자나 주민들이 주워 내거나 쓸어 담는데 큰 이점이 될 수 있었다. Approximately 12,547 kL of oil from the tanker 'Hebei Spirit' released into the western sea of Korea, which subsequently reached and covered extensive areas of the western coastlines of Korea. In the following days great numbers of tar balls hit the southwestern coast. Three different cleanup methods were used to mediate the southwestern coastline tar ball pollution by Korea Coast Guard (KCG) net setting, manual pick up, and sweeping them up. Net setting was useful in protecting coastlines from being hit by tar balls. The cold weather in winter conditions helped the tar ball response efforts because it caused them to harden, allowing them to be swept up from beaches and to be gathered up by hand.

동해 극전선역의 영양염류 순환 과정 III. 1995년 10월 동해 중부 및 북부 해역의 수괴와 영양염의 분포

조현진,문창호,양한섭,강원배,이광우,CHO Hyun-Jin,MOON Chang-Ho,YANG Han-Seob,KANG Won-Bae,LEE Kwang-Woo 한국수산과학회 1997 한국수산과학회지 Vol.30 No.3

1995년 10월 탐양호를 이용하여 동해 중부 및 북부해역의 28개 정점에서 CTD 관측과 동시에 영양염의 분포 특성을 최대 500m 깊이까지 조사하였다. 수온${\cdot}$염분 및 용존산소로서 조사해역의 수괴는 동해표층저염수 (Low Saline Surface Water, LSSW), 대마난류표층수 (Tsushima Surface Water, TSW), 대마난류중층수 (Tsushima Middle Water, TMW), 북한한류수(North Korean Cold Water, NKCW) 및 동해고유수 (East Sea Proper Water, ESPW) 등의 5개 주수괴와 각 수괴들의 혼합수로 이루어졌다. 특히 조사해역의 남쪽 지점의 수심 $0\~30m$에서 출현한 동해표층저염수는 이 곳에 특별한 달수 공급원이 없는 것으로 보아 중국의 양자강 유출수가 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 산소 최대층은 조사해역 북쪽에서는 표층 근처에 나타나고 남쪽으로 갈수록 그 수심이 깊어졌으며 대마난류중층수의 특징인 용존산소 최소층은 남쪽 해역에서만 출현하였다. 영양염은 표층에서 낮고 수온약층에서 증가하여 동해고유수에서 최대이었다. 동해고유수에서 규산염과 인산염의 비 (Si/P ratio)가 13.63으로 이제까지 동해에서 보고된 수치에 비하여 매우 낮았는데 괴는 P가 수심에 따라 계속 증가하는 양상이었기 때문이다. 질산염과 인산염의 비 (N/P ratio)는 약 6.92로 대마난류표층수를 제외하고 질산염이 식물플랑크톤 성장의 제한 요소로 작용하고 있었다. N과 P는 양의 직선관계를 보였으나 Si와 P의 관계는 지수적 증가를 보여 규산염의 재생산 속도가 느림을 보여주고 있다. A survey of biological and chemical characteristics in the middle-northern East Sea of Korea was carried out at 28 stations in October, 1995 on board R/V Tam-Yang. On the basis of the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area were divided into 5 major groups; (1) Low Saline Surface Water (LSSW), (2) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), (4) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW), (5) last Sea Porper Water (ESPW). Other 4 mixed water masses were also observed. It is highly possible that the LSSW which occured at depths of $0\~30m$ in the most southern part of the study area is originated from the Yangtze River (Kiang) of China due to very low salinity $(<32.0\%_{\circ})$ relatively high concentration of dissolved silicate and no sources of freshwater input into that area. Oxygen maximum layer in the vertical profile was located near surface at northern cold waters and became deeper at the warm southern area. Oxygen minimum layer af depths $50\~100m$, which is TMW, were found in only southern area. In the vortical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations were very low in the surface layer and increased drammatically near the thermocline. The highest concentration occurred in the ESPW. The relatively low value of Si/P ratio in the ESPW (13.63) compared to other reports in the East Sea was due to continuous increase of P with depth as well as Si. The N : P ratio was about 6.92, showing that nitrogenous nutrient is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. The exponential relationship between Si and P, compared to the linear relationship between N and P, indicates that nitrate and phosphate have approximately the same regenerative pattern, but silicate has delayed regenerative pattern.

후두결핵의 임상양상과 진단

조현진,소윤경,손영익,Cho, Hyun-Jin,So, Yoon-Kyoung,Son, Young-Ik 대한후두음성언어의학회 2008 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Background and Objectives : Clinical suspicion and appropriate diagnostic procedures are essential for the timely management of extrapulmonary type of mycobacterial disease. In the hope of suggesting a suitable guideline for the early diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis, the authors reviewed their clinical pathways and the characteristics of patients with laryngeal tuberculosis who were managed in the recent 10 years at a single tertiary referral hospital, Samsung Medical Center. Subjects and Method : Retrospective chart review was performed for the 25 adult patients with laryngeal tuberculosis. Among 25 cases, 12 were pathologically confirmed by laryngeal biopsy and the other 13 were clinically diagnosed by cumulative clinical information; definite laryngitis on laryngoscopy, positive AFB (acid fast bacillus) smear/culture or active pulmonary tuberculosis on chest X-ray, and substantial response to anti-tuberculosis medication. Results : Chest X-ray revealed active pulmonary tuberculosis in 72% of patients (N=18/25). Sputum AFB smear/culture was positive in 95% of all tested patients (N=21/22) and in 100% of the tested patients who have stable or no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (N=5/5). All patients except one who had coexisting laryngeal malignancy showed considerable improvement in their subjective symptoms and laryngeal findings within the first 2 months of anti-tuberculosis medications and they achieved complete response on subsequent sputum studies, chest X-ray and laryngeal findings after $7.0{\pm}2.3$ months of the medications. Conclusion : We suggest that chest X-ray and sputum AFB smear/culture to be the first step of work-up for the patients having laryngeal tuberculosis in suspicion since laryngeal tuberculosis is largely associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis and/or sputum AFB study offers high yield even in case of primary laryngeal tuberculosis. However laryngeal biopsy must be considered in case showing unsatisfactory response to the anti-tuberculosis medication for more than 2 months.

서남해역에서 허베이스피리트호 원유유출 사고에 의해 생성된 타르볼 방제작업

조현진(Hyun Jin Cho),김정엽(Jeong Yeop Kim),양문철(Mun Chul Yang),서광열(Kang Ryul Seo),민남기(Nam Gi Min),임승혁(Sung Huk Im),전성근(Sung Gun Jeon),김희식(Hee Sik Kim),김영화(Young Hwa Kim),김지훈(Gi Hun Kim),장선희(SunHee Chang) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2009 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.12 No.4

배출권의 할당과 시장지배적지위

조현진 ( Hyun Jin Cho ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2012 法學硏究 Vol.22 No.1

We have experienced strong growth in the global carbon market. It is based on emission permits which have been allocated free of charge. It is possible to abuse market power with ``hot air``. This paper aims to discuss the possibility of dominant market position and its factors. The emissions trading is one of the flexible mechanisms which have been adopted in the Kyoto Protocol. Global warming and climate change leads politicians to adopt the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol to reduce anthropogenic emissions. The emissions trading is to reduce the cost. They have allocated emission permits to participants which are obliged to reduce greenhouse gases` emission. There are some ways to allocate permits: grandfathering, benchmarking, and auctioning. European Union has used grandfathering in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, which have allocated ``hot air`` for Economic In Transition. Competition law requires fair and free trading in a market in which a company shall not abuse its market power. A carbon market should be regulated in the same way. To decide whether there is a dominant market position or not, the relevant market should be determined first. Then a dominant market position should be determined with market share, market access, and the size of the competitors. In a carbon market, the relevant product market encompasses emissions permits including allowances and credits. For market shares, they should consider allowances which are held by participants according to the initial allocation, business as usual emissions, and marginal abatement costs. The international climate regime will be changed and enlarged to include all the parties. Korea should be prepared for the post 2020. The emissions trading may be implemented in a way to cope the climate change in Korea. And fair and free trading should be embodied in the carbon market. It is needed to study for the competitive carbon market considering the charististics of the carbon market.

배출권거래제 도입의 선결과제 -초기할당방식과 MRV를 중심으로-

조현진 ( Hyun Jin Cho ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2013 法學硏究 Vol.23 No.2

A cap-and-trading is a market based system to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions, which is designed for industrialized nations to meet their reduction goals cost-effectively. European Union(EU) has been leading global carbon markets launched in 2005. Countries outside EU such as China, Brazil, etc. are preparing their own carbon markets. Korea has enacted Korean Emissions Trading and Allocation System Act(ETS) in 2012, which will be enforced into in 2015. For successful implementation of the cap-and-trading system, it is required for the Korean ETS to establish an reasonable initial allocation plan and precise rules for MRV. Regarding to the initial allocation plan, there are some options such as grandfathering, benchmarking, and auctioning. Grandfathering is preferred to withdraw participants` resistance to the ETS, but does not correspond to the polluters` responsibilities to the environment. Benchmarking is an option to modify grandfathering`s flaw, but is not appropriate to economy-wide implementation due to its high cost. Auctioning is not preferred as an initial allocation due to participants`s resistance, but will be the most suitable way for polluters to take their responsibilities. Emissions reduction of greenhouse-gases should be reported to the UNFCCC which can be Measurable, Reportable, and Verifiable (MRV). The initial allocation and the MRV is two sides of the same coin. A reasonable allocation plan is based on the precise MRV, vice versa. There is no standards which is applied to the industrialized and developing countries at the same time yet. The world is trying to establish a global ETS. Korea should prepare for the global ETS with the precise MRV. ETS is established to reduce greenhouse-gases cost-effectively, and is a market-based regulation with Polluter Pays Principle as well. It is core to establish a reasonable allocation plan and a precise MRV system for the credibility of the ETS which is not for capitalism, but for the environment.