An Analytical Modeling of Threshold Voltage and Subthreshold Swing on Dual Material Surrounding Gate Nanoscale MOSFETs for High Speed Wireless Communication

Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,Amutha, P.,John, M. Fathima The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2008 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.8 No.3

A new two dimensional (2-D) analytical model for the Threshold Voltage on dual material surrounding gate (DMSG) MOSFETs is presented in this paper. The parabolic approximation technique is used to solve the 2-D Poisson equation with suitable boundary conditions. The simple and accurate analytical expression for the threshold voltage and sub-threshold swing is derived. It is seen that short channel effects (SCEs) in this structure is suppressed because of the perceivable step in the surface potential which screens the drain potential. We demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits significantly reduced SCEs, thus make it a more reliable device configuration for high speed wireless communication than the conventional single material surrounding gate (SMSG) MOSFETs.

Involvement of high-valent manganese-oxo intermediates in oxidation reactions: realisation in nature, nano and molecular systems

Balamurugan Mani,Saravanan Natarajan,Ha Heonjin,이윤호,Nam Ki Tae 나노기술연구협의회 2018 Nano Convergence Vol.5 No.18

Manganese plays multiple role in many biological redox reactions in which it exists in different oxidation states from Mn(II) to Mn(IV). Among them the high-valent manganese-oxo intermediate plays important role in the activity of certain enzymes and lessons from the natural system provide inspiration for new developments of artificial systems for a sustainable energy supply and various organic conversions. This review describes recent advances and key lessons learned from the nature on high-valent Mn-oxo intermediates. Also we focus on the elemental science developed from the natural system, how the novel strategies are realised in nano particles and molecular sites at heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction conditions respectively. Finally, perspectives on the utilisation of the high-valent manganese-oxo species towards other organic reactions are proposed.

A Visible Light Responsive On–Off Polymeric Photoswitch for the Colorimetric Detection of Nerve Agent Mimics in Solution and in the Vapor Phase

Balamurugan, A.,Lee, Hyung-il American Chemical Society 2016 Macromolecules Vol.49 No.7

<P>A polymeric probe derived from a visible light responsive donor acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) was designed for the rapid and selective colorimetric detection of nerve agent mimics. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and dimethylacrylamide (DMA) were copolymerized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to yield poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-dimethylacrylamide) [p(GMA-co-DMA)], herein P1. The epoxide unit of P1 was transformed to 1-((2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)-3-methoxypropan-2-ol by the reaction with 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, leading to P2. The subsequent reaction between the secondary amine of P2 with 5-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,SH)-trione yielded P3 with DASA derivatives. P3 exhibited the rapid and selective detection of diethyl cyanophosphate (DCNP), a mimic of the nerve agent, in both solution and the vapor phase. Upon the exposure to DCNP, the color of the P3 solution/film turned from purple to colorless due to the formation of morpholino cations, induced by DCNP-promoted intramolecular N-alkylation. The availability of the electron-rich N-alkyl unit in the triene unit of the DASA chromophore allowed P3 to show excellent sensing behavior toward DCNP. DASA-incorporated P3 has also shown excellent photochromic performance upon irradiation with visible light. Zwitterionic cyclopentenone units formed by irradiation with visible light prevented the DCNP-promoted intramolecular N-alkylation, resulting in no colorimetric responses toward DCNP. Thus, these photocontrollable properties of P3 can offer new insights into the design of new photoresponsive on off polymeric switches, for colorimetric on off detection of nerve agent mimics.</P>

Selective ethanol gas sensing behavior of mesoporous n-type semiconducting FeNbO₄ nanopowder obtained by niobium-citrate process

Balamurugan, C.,Maheswari, A.R.,Lee, D.W.,Subramania, A. Elsevier 2014 Current Applied Physics Vol.14 No.3

Beyond the most investigated mesoporous silica and carbon based materials, metal oxides have attracted considerable interest due to their more diverse electronic functionality, which includes gas sensing activities, semiconductor characteristics and magnetic properties. In this paper, we describe the fabrication, characterization and application of mesoporous FeNbO<SUB>4</SUB> nanopowder for ethanol gas sensing application. FeNbO<SUB>4</SUB> nanopowder was synthesized via the niobium-citrate complex method, without using any surfactant and size selection medium. Thermal stability and structure of the nanopowder was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Structural analysis confirmed the formation of FeNbO<SUB>4</SUB> with monoclinic structure. The particle size, electrical and optical properties were also systemically investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), impedance and diffused reflectance spectra. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the FeNbO<SUB>4</SUB> were type IV with hysteresis loops of type H<SUB>3</SUB> indicating well-defined pore structure with mesoporous nature. The sensing characteristics of FeNbO<SUB>4</SUB> nanopowder such as sensitivity, operating temperature and response time, were studied in the presence of ethanol (C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH). Experimental result confirmed that a higher response to ethanol at relatively lower operating temperature of 200 <SUP>o</SUP>C.

Metal oxide based bifunctional electrocatalyst for HER and electrochemical sensing of dopamine

( Balamurugan Muthukutty ),유효종 한국공업화학회 2022 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Surgical outcomes of endoscopic versus open resection for the management of sinonasal malignancies

Balamurugan Rajendran 대한구강악안면외과학회 2020 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

The purpose of this review is to assess the surgical outcomes of two different treatment modalities, endoscopic and open resection, for the management of sinonasal malignancies by comparing the effectiveness of these two methods. A wide search was carried out considering various electronic databases for English language articles from 2013 to 2018 using keywords such as sinonasal malignancies, endoscopic surgery, open resection for sinonasal malignancies, and endoscopic versus open surgery. One thousand articles were identified from the literature for screening. After a thorough systematic assessment and based on the selection criteria, 10 articles with 4,642 patients were included in this quantitative analysis. With a total of 4,642 patients, 1,730 patients were operated on using endoscopic resection and 2,912 patients were operated on using open resection. The endoscopic approach was found to have a shorter hospital stay compared to open surgical resection (P<0.05). The rate of positive margins and the recurrence rate for open surgical resection were both smaller compared to those for endoscopic resection (P>0.05), and the endoscopic approach had smaller complication rates and a higher survival rate compared to open resection (P>0.05). Though endoscopic resection and open surgical resection have comparable postoperative benefits, preoperative evaluation of cases presenting with sinonasal malignancies is necessary for determining the right treatment method to obtain the best possible results postoperatively.

Water-Soluble Polymeric Probes for the Selective Sensing of Mercury Ion: pH-Driven Controllable Detection Sensitivity and Time

Balamurugan, A.,Lee, Hyung-il American Chemical Society 2015 Macromolecules Vol.48 No.4

<P>Polymeric probes with dithioacetal units in the side chains were designed and synthesized for the selective and efficient colorimetric sensing of Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions in aqueous solutions. These polymeric sensors were prepared by a reaction between aldehyde groups of the side chain in the polymer and ethanethiol or 3-mercaptopropionic acid using BF<SUB>3</SUB> as a Lewis acid. In aqueous solution, they exhibited a 30–40 nm red-shift in their absorption maxima upon the addition of Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions, accompanied by a change in the color of the solution, from pale yellow to dark red. These results clearly demonstrated that the sensitive signaling behaviors originated from the Hg<SUP>2+</SUP>-promoted deprotection reaction of dithioacetal groups to form aldehyde functionalities. The sensors have excellent selectivity toward Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions over other alkali and transition metal ions. The detection time for Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ion was finely tuned by a change in the pH of the solution. In particular, it took less than 1 min to complete Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ion detection at low pH. Given with fast and pH-tunable Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ion detection abilities, these polymeric probes are expected to offer unique potential platforms for integrating stimuli-responsive water-soluble polymers with tunable sensing behaviors.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2015/mamobx.2015.48.issue-4/ma502350p/production/images/medium/ma-2014-02350p_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma502350p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

A novel hierarchical 3D N-Co-CNT@NG nanocomposite electrode for non-enzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensing applications

Balamurugan, Jayaraman,Thanh, Tran Duy,Karthikeyan, Gopalsamy,Kim, Nam Hoon,Lee, Joong Hee Elsevier 2017 Biosensors & bioelectronics Vol.89 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A novel 3D nanocomposite of nitrogen doped Co-CNTs over graphene sheets (3D N-Co-CNT@NG) have been successfully fabricated via a simple, scalable and one-step thermal decomposition method. This 3D hierarchical nanostructure provides an admirable conductive network for effective charge transfer and avoids the agglomeration of NG matrices, which examine direct as well as non-enzymatic responses to glucose oxidation and H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> reduction at a low potential. The novel electrode showed excellent electrochemical performance towards glucose oxidation, with high sensitivity of 9.05μAcm<SUP>−2</SUP> mM<SUP>−1</SUP>, a wide linear range from 0.025 to 10.83mM, and a detection limit of 100nM with a fast response time of less than 3s. Furthermore, non-enzymatic H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> sensors based on the 3D N-Co-CNT@NG electrode exhibited high sensitivity (28.66μAmM<SUP>−1</SUP> cm<SUP>−2</SUP>), wide linear range (2.0–7449μM), low detection limit of 2.0μM (S/N=3), excellent selectivity, decent reproducibility and long term stability. Such outstanding electrochemical performance can be endorsed to the large electroactive surface area, unique porous architecture, highly conductive networks, and synergistic interaction between N-Co-CNTs and nitrogen doped graphene (NG) in the novel 3D nanocomposite. This facile, cost-effective, sensitive, and selective glucose as well as H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> sensors are also proven to be appropriate for the detection of glucose as well as H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in human serum.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A novel hierarchical 3D nitrogen doped Co-CNTs over graphene nanocomposite has been developed. </LI> <LI> The nanocomposite based electrode showed ultra-high sensitivity of 9.05μAcm<SUP>−2</SUP> mM<SUP>−1</SUP>, excellent selectivity and ultra-low limit detection (100nM) for glucose. </LI> <LI> The novel electrode exhibited high sensitivity (28.66μAmM<SUP>−1</SUP> cm<SUP>−2</SUP>), selectivity and outstanding stability towards H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Biosensor electrode detect glucose as well as H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in human serum. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Fabrication of efficient electrocatalytic system with ruthenium cobalt sulfide over a carbon cloth

Balamurugan Muthukutty,유효종 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.113 No.-

Probing effective, highly active, and inexpensive electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is ofimmense importance for water electrolysis. Transition metal chalcogenides have been developed as anew class of materials for energy storage and conversion owing to their distinctive properties, such ascapacitance, conductivity, and redox behavior. Three-dimensional carbon cloth (CC), is a unique carbonnetwork with extraordinary flexibility, mechanical stability, and high conductivity for application inenergy-conversion systems. In this study, we designed ruthenium cobalt sulfide over a carbon cloth(RuCoS2/CC) via electrodeposition followed by an immersion technique and applied it for the OER. Themolar ratio for Ru (amount of Ru – 10, 20, 30 mg & immersion time – 3, 6, and 9 h), Co (0.05 to0.3 M), and S (0.05 to 0.2 M) precursors were optimized. Owing to the existence of binary active sites,heteroatoms, and synergetic effect between the transition metal chalcogenides and the carbon substrate,Ru (20 mg immersed for 6 h) at CoS2 (Co – 0.2 M & S2 0.05 M) modified CC (shortly denoted as RuCoS2/CC) exhibits a lower overpotential (315 mV), better Tafel slope (74 mV dec1), and excellent durability(retention rate 94.64%) compared with CoS2/CC and previous studies. Therefore, RuCoS2/CC is perceivedto show better OER performance in the electrocatalysis of water.

2D Transconductance to Drain Current Ratio Modeling of Dual Material Surrounding Gate Nanoscale SOl MOSFETs

Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,John, M.Fathima The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2009 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.9 No.2

The prominent advantages of Dual Material Surrounding Gate (DMSG) MOSFETs are higher speed, higher current drive, lower power consumption, enhanced short channel immunity and increased packing density, thus promising new opportunities for scaling and advanced design. In this Paper, we present Transconductance-to-drain current ratio and electric field distribution model for dual material surrounding gate (DMSGTs) MOSFETs. Transconductance-to-drain current ratio is a better criterion to access the performance of a device than the transconductance. This proposed model offers the basic designing guidance for dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs.