Androgen in the Uterus: A Compensator of Estrogen and Progesterone

전용필,이동목,전태훈,이기호,최인호 한국발생생물학회 2009 발생과 생식 Vol.13 No.3

Pivotal roles of steroid hormones in uterine endometrial function are well established from the mouse models carrying the null mutation of their receptors. Literally androgen belongs to male but interestingly it also detected in female. The fluctuations of androgen levels are observed during reproductive cycle and pregnancy, and the functional androgen receptor is expressed in reproductive organs including uterus. Using high throughput methodology, the downstream genes of androgen have been isolated and revealed correlations between other steroid hormones. In androgen-deficient mice, uterine responses to exogenous gonadotropins are impaired and the number of pups per litter is reduced dramatically. As expected androgen has important role in decidual differentiation through AR. It regulates specific gene network during those cellular responses. Recently we examined the effects of steroid hormonal complex containing high level of androgen. Interestingly, on the contrary to the androgen-alone administration, the hormonal complex did not disturb the decidual reaction and the pubs did not show any morphological abnormality. It is suspected that the complexity of communication between other steroid hormone and their receptors are the reasons. In summary, androgen exists in female blood and it suggests the importance of androgen in female reproduction. However, the complex interactions with other hormones are not fully understood compared with estrogen and progesterone. The further studies to evaluate the possible role of androgen are needed and important to provide the in vivo rational for the prevention of associated pregnancy complications and help human’s health.

Effects of Prostaglandins on Embryonic Expansion and Hatching by Developmental Stage in Mouse

전용필,김정훈,윤용달,김문규 한국발생생물학회 1998 발생과 생식 Vol.2 No.2

The effects of prostaglandins in hatching and implantation have been studied but the results were various, and those are not well known by the embryonic stage. The present study examined the effects of prostaglandin (PG ) and prostaglandin (PG ) on the expansion and hatching of mouse embryos by embryonic stage. Also we tried to measure the concentration of prostaglandins of morula, expanded, and hatching embryos. In early morula stage embryos, high concentration of PG (>100 μM) showed cytotoxicity but PG did not. The hatching was inhibited all groups but not gave negative effects on expansion. In 84 hr and 96 hr stage embryos, the hatching rate was decreased at all treatment groups but not inhibited the expansion. When combine prostaglandin with indomethacin, the hatching rate was increased significantly compared to the prostaglandin-treated groups, and as lower and lower the PG concentration, the hatching rate increased to the control level. The embryonic synthesis of PG increased dramatically but that of PG increased gradually. PG showed cytotoxicity at early stage embryos much than late stage embryos, but PG did not. Hatching was inhibited by the high PG concentration. It is suggested that the inhibition of hatching might be at resulted from cytotoxicity of PG on embryo. However, it is thought that the mechanisms of inhibition of hatching are different between PG and PG . In conclusion, it can be suggested that PG and PG concerned with the expansion and hatching, and their effects on hatching were different by the embryonic stage.

생쥐 미성숙난자의 체외성숙에 미치는 Adenosine, Guanosine 및 Azaserine의 영향

전용필,김정훈,목정은,김문규 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 1997 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.21 No.2

Indomethacin이 생쥐 착상전 배아의 발생 및 부화에 미치는 영향

전용필,계명찬,김정훈,김문규,Cheon, Yong-Pil,Gye, Myung-Chan,Kim, Chung-Hoon,Kim, Moon-Kyoo 대한생식의학회 1997 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.24 No.1

The present study was designed to define the role of prostaglandin in the development and hatching of mouse embryo. The effects of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the development and hatching of morula and blastocyst were examined. In early morula stage, embryos were degenerated significantly at 100 ${\mu}M$ and 200 ${\mu}M$ indomethacin. However, the viability of embryos was not influenced by concentration in any other embryonic stages. In all embryonic stages, the hatching was suppressed with concentration dependent manner, but expansion was not suppressed. Particularly, in 84h embryos post hCG injection, the hatching was suppressed significantly compared with post hCG 72h or 96h embryos. When embryos were treated with 100 ${\mu}M$ indomethacin for a specific time (12h) in according to the development stage, the hatching was suppressed all groups. These suppressional effect was decreased as embryonic development stage was progressed. However, the expansion was not affected in all treatment group. This study suggests that hatching-related metabolic substances are synthesized from morula stage and intraembryonic signaling mediated prostaglandin was important for development and hatching of mouse embryo.

Concanavalin A를 매개로한 세포내 Calcium의 변화와 생쥐 포배의 팽창과 부화

전용필,Cheon, Yong Pil 대한생식의학회 2005 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.32 No.4

Objective: The oligosaccharide moieties of glycoproteins and proteoglycans have a vital function in blastocyst differentiation. Concanavalin (ConA), a lectin, is known to bind on the preimplantation embryos, especially on blastocyst. In this study, we investigated whether ConA can modulate the trophoblast development and about the regulating mediator. Also, we investigated whether expansion is enough for hatching procession of the mouse blastocyst. Method: Embryos were collected at 72 h post hCG injection and chemicals were treated after 24 h (96 hr post hCG injection). ConA or calcium ionophore A23187 were exposed to blastocyst and than analysis the developmental process for 48 hr. Intracellular free-$Ca^{2+}$ concentration in trophectoderm was measured with confocal laser microscope after exposing to ConA or calcium ionophore A23187. ConA-pretreated blastocyst exposed to the calcium ionophore A23187 and then analyzed the developmental process. Otherwise ouabain was treated to the blastocyst to block the $Na^+/K^+$-ATPase activity. Results: In contrast to the control blastocyst, the ConA-exposed blastocysts developed beyond the expansion stage with significantly high rate (90.4%) at 12 h post administration. ConA induced an increase the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in trophectoderm. Calcium ionophore A23187 also stimulated expansion of blastocyst. Most of the control blastocysts developed to the hatching stage at 144 h post hCG injection. However, strongly 65% of the ConA-exposed embryos were arrested at expanded stage at same time point. The developmental progression rates to hatching stage of both ConA- and calcium ionophore A23187-expose blastocysts were significantly lower than that of the control. However ConA-pretreated embryos developed to the hatching stage like control embryos. Ouabain showed a tendency to delayed the progress to expansion stage but did not inhibit the development to the hatching stage. Conclusion: ConA-mediated expansion is the result of the increase of intracellular free-calcium in blastocyst stage embryo. It is suspected that expansion of the blasocyst is a essential indirect factor in hatching and the calcium may triggering the cellular mechanisms for the both expansion and hatching progression.

여성생식기관에서 프로제스테론의 분자생물학적 기능

전용필,Cheon, Yong-Pil 대한생식의학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.35 No.1

Expression Profiles of Secretory Leucocyte Protease Inhibitor, MMP9, and Neutrophil Elastase in the Mouse Uterus

전용필 한국발생생물학회 2010 발생과 생식 Vol.14 No.3

The tremendous changes of uterine endometrium is observed during early pregnancy and protease and their inhibitors are involved in regulation of cell proliferation and remodeling of the tissues through remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). Some of the proteases and protease inhibitors have been suspected to a factor in endometrial changes but many parts of their expression profiles and the physiological roles are not uncovered. To evaluate the functional roles of them, in this study the expression profiles of proteases and protease inhibitors were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Mmp9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) mRNA levels peaked on day 4 at the time of implantation. On the other hand, Ela2 (neutrophil elastase, NE) mRNA levels were peaked on day 2 of pregnancy. Its expression were decreased until day 4 of pregnancy but increased rapidly until day 7 of pregnancy and decreased again. NE inhibitor Slpi (secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, SLPI) mRNA levels were related with the implantation stage and with the levels of Ela2. At the time of implantation the expression levels of Slpi mRNA were about 5 times higher than the Ela2 mRNA in the uterus. In the implantation stage embryos, Mmp9 specific mRNA was only detected at the blastocyst. On the other hand, the expression level of SLPI was higher than that of the Ela2 mRNA at blastocyst and 4.5day p.c. embryos. Based on these results it is suggested that MMP9, SLPI, and NE have important physiological role in embryo implantation both in uterus and embryos.

외식업체 경영성과에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석

전용필,강혜정 한국농촌경제연구원 2018 농촌경제 Vol.41 No.2

This study is designed to analyze the factors affecting foodservice businesses’ management performances, using the survey data of the ‘2015 Status of Foodservice Business Management’ conducted with all regions and business types by the Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation and Korea Foodservice Industry Association. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and the quantile regression method are applied to analyze the factors affecting the sales per seat used to indicate foodservice businesses’ management performances. The results demonstrate that location in a special/metropolitan city, governmental authorization, educational background, and SNS promotion contribute to the advancement of management performance. 본 연구는 『2015년 외식업체 경영실태조사』 설문조사 자료를 이용하여, 국내 외식산업의 경영성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 종속변수는 좌석당 영업이익으로, 설명변수는 외식업체 사업장특성, 경영주특성, 운영특성으로 구분하여 회귀분석과 분위회귀분석을 각각 실시하였다. 분석결과, 외식산업 중 가장 큰 규모를 차지하는 한식업종이 비한식 업종보다 상대적으로 경영성과가 상대적으로 낮았다. SNS 홍보와 외식업체 입지가 경영성과에 통계적으로 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 경영주의 인적자본이 높을수록, 전문주방장을 보유할수록 경영성과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 임차권리금을 지불하면 경영성과가 낮게 나타나, 임차권리금이 외식업체의 비용 부담을 증가시켜 궁극적으로 좌석당 영업이익을 감소시키고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다.

Concanavalin A와 의 순차적 노출에 의한 포배의 분화 조절

전용필 한국발생생물학회 2008 발생과 생식 Vol.12 No.3

포배의 분화는 배아의 착상에 있어 핵심적인 단계로 배아 자체 또는 생식수관에서 유래하는 조절요인의 조절을 받는다. 이들 조절요인과 포배와의 순차적인 신호의 주고 받음은 분화의 중요한 단계로 인식되고 있다. 한편, 포배기 때 자유 칼슘을 통한 신호전달경로가 포배의 분화에 중요한 축의 하나로 제안되어 왔다. Concanavalin A(Con A)가 포배의 자유 칼슘 농도 증감을 유도한다는 것을 밝혀졌으나, 포배 내 자유 칼슘 농도를 변형시켜 부화와 그 이후의 발생을 촉진하는 것으로 알려진 heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor(HB-EGF)와는 달리 팽창 이후의 부화를 억제하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 착상과정에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려진 prostaglandin E2(PGE2)가 포배의 분화에 관여하는지를 Con A와 연계하여 알아보았다. Con A는 그 처리 시간에 관계없이 1시간 처리군 그리고 계속처리군에서 팽창은 촉진하고 부화는 유의하게 억제하였다. 특히 계속처리군에서 부화율이 1시간 처리군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 또한, PGE2도 포배 내 자율 칼슘 농도를 증가시켰으나 팽창과 부화를 촉진하지 않았다. 또한, 10 ㎛ PGE2 농도에서는 부화가 억제되는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 흥미롭게도 PGE2는 Con A가 처리된 포배의 부화를 촉진하였다. Con A를 전처리한 포배에 PGE2를 처리할 경우 포배 내 자유 칼슘의 농도 증감이 진행됨을 공촛점현미경을 이용하여 분석할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 신호물질에 의해 유도된 자유 칼슘 농도의 증감이 신호물질에 따른 각기 다른 칼슘 매개로 활성화되는 신호경로를 조절하는 것을 추정할 수 있다. 또한, 순차적 신호물질 조절에 의한 자유 칼슘의 농도 증감이 포배의 분화에 있어 중요함을 제안한다. Differentiation of blastocyst is critical step for implantation and is under the control of regulation factors originated from embryo or reproductive tracts. The sequential communication with those factors is suspected as critical events for differentiation. It has been suggested that intracellular signaling pathways activated by calcium is essential in differentiation of blastocyst. Previously, it was known that concanavalin A (Con A) increase the levels of free calcium in blastocyst stage. However, Con A can not accelerate the hatching, although heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a modulator of calcium level, accelerate the hatching of blastocyst. In this study, it was investigated whether Con A or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can modulate the differentiation of blastocyst. Con A accelerated the expansion of blastocyst in both 1 hr pulse treatment group and continuous treatment group. However, Con A significantly suppressed the hatching in both groups. The inhibition was significantly strong in continuous treatment group compared with 1 hr pulse treatment group. On the other hand, PGE2 induced the increase the free calcium level, but did not accelerate the expansion. In addition 10 ㎛ PGE2 inhibited hatching. However, PGE2 could accelerate hatching in Con A pretreated blastocyst. PGE2also caused the increase of free calcium level in Con A pretreated blastocyst. From these results, it is suggested that changes of the free calcium level induce a different calcium-mediated signaling pathways. In addition, sequential stimulation by signal molecules may triggers the cellular mechanisms for the differentiation of blastocyst.

Development of Spring Unit to Reduce Drive Space and Thickness of IT Application and Its Experimental Verification

전용필,강충길,서형윤,김종덕 한국정밀공학회 2012 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

The size and design of a slider phone, which is one of the most important IT applications, are strongly affected by the deformation of the spring unit and the interface for PCB-to-PCB connection located in the same drive space. This implies that the components contribute to the enhancement of the degree of freedom in the design. Past technical developments have focused on thickness and cost reduction, but no fundamental research has been performed on the design. We propose a spring unit in which the interface is integrated with the spring unit in order to share the drive space. Finally, the degree of freedom of the H/W PCB artwork can be enhanced on the basis of the disposition of parts that have major functions. Therefore, a simplified spring that is capable of unifying the interface with the spring unit is proposed, and the type of interface appropriate for this study is identified. Finally, five spring unit samples are evaluated by testing the mechanical performance on the basis of the sliding force; further, reliability tests are performed to examine the life cycle, and environmental tests such as the thermal shock and salt-spray tests are performed after assembling the spring unit of the mock-up phone.