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다산 정약용의 주역 해석방법론 체계 - 역리사법(易理四法), 삼역(三易), 「독역요지(讀易要旨)」 18칙(則)의 상호 관계를 중심으로 -
이창일 ( Lee Chang-il ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2017 儒學硏究 Vol.41 No.-
兩派六宗은 철학적 차이로 인해 구분된 학파들을 가리키며, 각 학파들은 철학적 관점으로부터 연역된 卦辭, 爻辭, 象辭 등의 文義를 해석하는 해석방법론의 차이를 가지고 있다. 정약용은 易詞를 해석하는 방법으로 易理四法, 三易, 「讀易要旨」의 18則을 제시했다. 이에 대한 개괄적인 설명과 더불어 3부분으로 구성된 해석방법론의 위상과 상호관계에 대해 탐색한다. 이를 위해 文理와 易理라는 두 개념을 방법적으로 구분한다. 주역은 문자언어와 卦象과 爻象이라는 상징언어가 합쳐져 있는 경전이며, 茶山 丁若鏞(1762~1836)은 易詞란 이러한 象으로부터 생겨난다는 상수역학적 관점을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 18칙의 범주적 이해는 정약용 역학의 고유한 것에 속하는 역리사법과 관련해서 1)推移와 爻變에 관련된 4개 규칙, 2)物象과 관련된 7개 규칙 등으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 여기에 역리사법의 互體는 18칙과 구체적인 관계를 맺고 있지 않았다. 3)역리 일반과 관련된 5개 규칙은 주로 易詞의 기본 구조와 의미 구조에 대한 것이었다. 그리고 4)문리와 관련된 2개 규칙이 있다. 18칙은 역리사법, 삼역 등과 완전히 정합적이지는 않지만, 역철학적 관점에 따라 수미일관한 체계성을 갖춘 해석 규칙이다. Two schools and six sects(兩派六宗)’ refers to schools divided by the philosophical differences, which have the methodological differences of interpreting the meaning of Zhouyi’s phrases such as the judgement, the lines, the image deduced from the philosophical viewpoints. Jeong Yag-yong(丁若鏞) presents four methods of interpretation of Zhouyi(易理四法), three changes(三易), and eighteen interpretation rules(18則) as a methodology of interpreting Zhouyi’s phrases. This essay is to aim at giving a general description on them and examines their position and mutual relationship of interpretive methodology which consists of three parts. For the purpose of doing this, this essay will make a methodical division into wenli(文理) and yili(易理). Because Zhouyi is the Classic that combined a written language and a symbolic language such as guaxiang(卦象) and yaoxiang(爻象), and Jeong Yakyong(丁若鏞) has the emblemo-numerological views that Zhouyi’s phrases are formed from these emblems(xiang). Categorical understandings on the eighteen interpretation rules may be divided, in connection with four methods of interpretation of Zhouyi that belongs to Jeong Yakyong’ unique interpretive method, such as 1)two rules related with the Tuiyi(推移, hexagram transformation) theory and the Yaobian(爻變) theory, 2)seven rules related with the Wuxiang(物象, image of things) theory. But the Huti(互體, interlocked body) theory does not have a concrete relationship with the eighteen interpretation rules. 3)Four rules related with general yili are mainly related with basic structures and semantic structures of Zhouyi’s phrases. And there are two rules related with wenli. The eighteen interpretation rules don’t have a consistency with four methods of interpretation of Zhouyi and three changes. But it can be said that they are interpretation rules to have a systematical structure establishing by the Zhouyi’s philosophical point of view.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae로부터 분리된 히알루론산과 황화된 유도체의 구조와 항염증 활성
홍창일(Chang-Il Hong),정의길(Eui-Gil Jung),한국일(Kook-Il Han),김용현(Yong Hyun Kim),이성희(Sung Hee Lee),이홍섭(Hong Sub Lee),한만덕(Man-Deuk Han) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.5
히알루론산(HA, Hyaluronic acid)은 β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine과 β-1, 4-glucuronic acid가 반복된 선형 폴리머 고분자로서 생물학적 활성 및 생체친화성 특성 때문에 의약 및 약학분야에서 중요한 분자로 여겨지고 있다. 본 연구는 HA을 S. dysgalactiae으로 얻고, 화학적 방법을 통해 황화된 히알루론산(S-HA, Sulfated hyaluronic acid)유도체를 합성하여 그 구조와 항염증 활성을 비교하였다. HA의 생산은 S. dysgalactiae를 5 l 생물반응기를 이용하여 대량 배양하여 수용성 히알루론산(HA-WS, water soluble hyaluronic acid)과 비수용성 히알루론산(HA-WI, water insoluble hyaluronic acid)을 분리 정제하였다. 특히 HA-WI를 황화시켜 황화된 히알루론산(S-HA) 유도체를 합성하였으며, 그 수율은 90%로 나타났다. 합성된 S-HA의 구조를 FT-IR 및 ¹H/<SUP>13</SUP>C-NMR를 통해 S. dysgalactiae 로부터 생산된 표준 HA, HA-WS 및 HA-WI와 비교 분석한 결과, 황으로 치환된 양상을 확인하였다. 또한, S-HA의 항염증 활성을 RAW 264.7 대식세포를 통해 확인한 결과, S-HA는 천연 형태의 HA (HA, HA-WS)보다 nitric oxide (NO)와 COX-2 및 PGE₂ 유전자 발현이 유의하게 낮게 발현되었다. 염증 매개 cytokine인 TNF-α (<80 pg/ml) 및 IL-6 (<100 pg/ml)의 생성도 S-HA가 천연 HA보다 낮은 수준으로 정량되었다. 이 같은 결과에서 황화된 S-HA은 천연 히알루론산보다 용해성이 우수하고 염증관련 사이토카인의 생성 억제를 통해 항염증 효과를 나타내므로 염증치료제, 성형 및 생체 적용 약물전달 소재로 그 활용이 기대된다. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important macromolecule in medical and pharmaceutical fields. HA is a natural and linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid. This work aimed to confirm the structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activities of HA and its chemically sulfated-HA. HA was produced from a fed-batch fermentation process using Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a 5 l bioreactor. HA was isolated water-soluble form (HA-WS) and water-insoluble form (HA-WI) from culture medium, and was obtained chemically sulfated-derivative (S-HA) that resulted in a 90% yield from HA-WI. The structural features of the sulfated- HA (S-HA) were investigated by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The FT-IR and NMR patterns revealed the similarity in both the FTIR spectrum as well as NMR spectrum of both reference standard and purified HA from S. dysgalactiae. The anti-inflammatory activities of HA and S-HA were examined on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. S-HA was significantly inhibited production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ and the gene levels of iNOS and COX-2, which are responsible for the production of NO and PGE₂, respectively. Furthermore, S-HA also suppressed the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (<80 pg/ml) and IL-6 (<100 pg/ml) compared to that of HA-WI. The present study clearly demonstrates that HA-S exhibits anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 첨가에 따른 AC PDP 보호막용 MgO 박막의 광학적.전기적 특성
김창일,임은경,박용준,이영진,백종후,최은하,정석,김정석,Kim, Chang-Il,Lim, Eun-Kyeong,Park, Young-Jun,Lee, Young-Jin,Paik, Jong-Hoo,Choi, Eun-Ha,Juang, Seok,Kim, Jeong-Seok 한국전기전자재료학회 2007 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.20 No.7
The effects of $Gd_2O_3$ addition and sintering condition on optical and electrical properties of MgO films as a protective layer for AC plasma display panels were investigated. Doped MgO films prepared by the e-beam evaporation have a higher ${\Upsilon}$ (secondary electron emission coefficient) than pure MgO protective layer. Relative density and grain size increased with amount of $Gd_2O_3$ up to 100 ppm and then decreased further addition. These results showed that discharge properties and optical properties of MgO protective layers seemed to be closely related with microstructure factors such as relative density and grain size. Good optical and electrical properties of ${\Upsilon}$ of 0.138, surface roughness of 5.77 nm and optical transmittance of 95.76 % were obtained for the MgO+100 ppm $Gd_2O_3$ protective layer sintered at $1700^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs.
김창일,정영훈,이영진,백종후,남산,Kim, Chang-Il,Jeong, Young-Hun,Lee, Young-Jin,Paik, Jong-Hoo,Nahm, Sahn 한국전기전자재료학회 2008 전기전자재료 Vol.21 No.12
This paper presents the self power generation from vibration using the piezoelectric bimorph actuator. The piezoelectric bimorph actuator was well developed with PZT-PNN-Fe piezoelectric ceramics. As the applied voltage was increased, a linear change of displacement was obtained with a relatively high ratio of 12.53 um/V for the bimorph actuator. Moreover, when the motor's rotational speed was 2000 rpm, the bimorph actuator, which has a resonance frequency of 68 Hz, exhibited the most efficient generation voltage of 10.4 V. This bimorph actuator could make the LED, emitting 60 mW, working successfully. Therefore, it is anticipated that the bimorph actuator will be useful as a power source for the next-generation electronic devices.
황창일,현성호,이철태 ( Chang Il Hwang,Seong Ho Hyun,Chul Tae Lee ) 한국공업화학회 1992 공업화학 Vol.3 No.3
함회토류광물로부터 3가지 회토류성분의 추출공정이 국산 monazite에 대한 적절한 추출공정을 찾기위해 조사되었다. 본 연구에서 조사된 3가지 공정은 황산법, 알칼리법및 황산암모늄 분해법이었다. 실험결과로부터 황산법 및 알칼리법이 국산 monazite에 더욱 효과적인 추출공정이었음이 조사되었다. 국산 monazite에 대한 황산법의 적절한 반응조건은 반응온도 210℃, 반응시간 40분, monazite에 대한 H_2SO_4의 고액비 1.5, 황산의 농도 95%였으며, 이 조건하에서 98%의 회토류성분이 추출되었다. 또한 알칼리법에 대한 적절한 반응조건은 반응온도 140℃, monazite에 대한 NaOH의 무게비 3.0, NaOH의 농도 50%, 침출시간 3시간이었으며, 이 조건하에서 97%의 회토류성분이 추출되었다. Three type extraction processes of rare earth metal component from rare earth metal bearing ore were tested to find an appropriate extraction method for domestic monazite ore. Three processes tested in this study were sulfuric acid digestion, caustic soda leaching and decomposition with (NH_4)_2SO_4. From the overall results, both caustic soda leaching and sulfuric acid digestion were better extraction processes for domestic monazite ore. The proper conditions of sulfuric acid digestion for domestic monazite ore were reaction temperature 210℃, reaction time 40 min, weight ratio of H_2SO_4 to monazite ore 1.5 and concentration of H_2SO_4 95%. Under these conditions, 98% of rare earth metal component was extracted and also the reasonable conditions for caustic soda leaching were reaction temperature 140℃, weight ratio of NaOH to monazite 3.0, concentration of caustic soda solution 50% and leaching time 3hrs. Under these conditions, 97% of rare earth metal component was extracted.
김창일,정영훈,이영진,백종후,남산,Kim, Chang-Il,Jeong, Young-Hun,Lee, Young-Jin,Paik, Jong-Hoo,Nahm, Sahn 한국전기전자재료학회 2008 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.21 No.12
This paper presents the self power generation from vibration using the piezoelectric bimorph actuator. The piezoelectric bimorph actuator was well developed with PZT-PNN-Fe piezoelectric ceramics. As the applied voltage was increased, a linear change of displacement was obtained with a relatively high ratio of 12.53 um/V for the bimorph actuator. Moreover, when the motor's rotational speed was 2000 rpm, the bimorph actuator, which has a resonance frequency of 68 Hz, exhibited the most efficient generation voltage of 10.4 V. This bimorph actuator could make the LED, emitting 60 mW, working successfully. Therefore, it is anticipated that the bimorph actuator will be useful as a power source for the next-generation electronic devices.
압전 캔틸레버 구조와 차량하중 전달방법에 따른 도로용 에너지 하베스터의 설계 및 평가
김창일,김경범,정영훈,이영진,조정호,백종후,강인석,이무용,최범진,박신서,조영봉,남산,Kim, Chang-Il,Kim, Kyung-Bum,Jeong, Young-Hun,Lee, Young-Jin,Cho, Jeong-Ho,Paik, Jong-Hoo,Kang, In-Seok,Lee, Moo-Yong,Choi, Beom-Jin,Park, Shin-Seo,Cho, 한국전기전자재료학회 2012 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.25 No.10
A road energy harvester was designed and fabricated to convert mechanical energy from the vehicle load to electrical energy. The road energy harvester is composed of 16 piezoelectric cantilevers. We fabricated prototypes using a vehicle load transfer mechanism. Applying a vehicle load transfer mechanism rather than directly installing energy harvesters under roads decreases the area of road construction and allows more energy harvesters to be installed on the side of the road. The power generation amount with respect to the vehicular velocity change was assessed by installing the vehicle load transfer mechanism form and underground form. The energy harvester installed in the underground form generated power of 4.52 mJ at the vehicular velocity of 50 km/h. Also, power generation of the energy harvester installed in the vehicle load transfer mechanism form was 48.65 mJ at the vehicular velocity of 50 km/h.