주사레이저검안경의 레트로모드를 이용한 낭포황반부종의 영상화

이원준,조희윤,이병로,Won June Lee,Hee Yoon Cho,Byung-Ro Lee 대한안과학회 2012 대한안과학회지 Vol.53 No.4

Purpose: To investigate the visualization of cystoid macular edema (CME) using noninvasive retromode imaging by a new scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) and compare to previous imaging modalities. Methods: The authors of the present study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 21 eyes of 20 patients with CME due to various etiologies. All eyes were examined with fundus camera, fluorescein angiography (TRC-50EX, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), SLO (F-10, Nidek, Gamagori, Japan), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (3D OCT-1000, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). In the present study the SLO was used in the retro-mode with an infrared laser. Results: Previous fundus photography could not detect CME adequately although SLO retro-mode could show numerous oval or polygonal cystoid spaces more readily. Furthermore, each individual small cystoid space could be detected and the area of each cystoid space could be measured. The area of the largest cystoid space showed a correlation with its height, as measured with OCT (R = 0.606, p = 0.004). The area of the whole foveal cystoid space showed a correlation with central macular thickness, as measured with OCT (R = 0.493, p = 0.023). Conclusions: A new commercially available SLO (F-10) in the retro-mode can allow us to detect each cystoid space noninvasively and to measure the extent of CME. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(4):536-543

Sildenafil Citrate 복용 후 성관계 뒤 발생한 양안 급성폐쇄각녹내장 1예

이원준,성민철,Won June Lee,MD,Mincheol Seong,MD 대한안과학회 2011 대한안과학회지 Vol.52 No.9

Purpose: The authors of the present study report a case of bilateral simultaneous acute angle closure glaucoma following sildenafil citrate-aided sexual intercourse. Case summary: A 63-year-old man visited the emergency department with sudden onset of bilateral ocular pain and blurred vision. The patient had taken 50 mg sildenafil citrate followed by sexual intercourse. His visual acuity on presentation was 0.3 in the right eye and 0.5 in the left eye. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 54 mm Hg and 46 mm Hg in the right and left eye, respectively. Anterior chamber depths were shallow and angles were closed on gonioscopy in both eyes. The patient was treated with ocular hypotensive medication and subsequently managed with bilateral YAG laser peripheral iridotomies. During the 13 months of follow-up, there was no recurrent angle closure attack and IOPs were well-controlled. Conclusions: The mechanism of bilateral angle closure glaucoma caused by sildenafil citrate is not proven. Those who are predisposed towards developing angle-closure glaucoma may be at risk when having sexual intercourse aided by sildenafil citrate. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2011;52(9):1123-1127

중국 에이즈 고아들의 자살생각 관련 변인분석

이원준 ( Lee Won-june ),이희진 ( Lee Hee-jin ) 한중사회과학학회 2018 한중사회과학연구 Vol.16 No.3

This study examined the relationships between Chinese AIDS orphans’ suicidal ideation and diverse levels of variables such as socio-demographic variables(gender, age, economic status, family structure, health), psycho-social variables(perceptions of stigma. depression, self-esteem, passive coping, social support, social conflict), and future orientations variables(hope, future control, future plan). The research is based on a survey conducted with 454 AIDS orphans, living in China. Logistic analysis was employed to analyze the data by using SPSS program. Approximately 15%(n=65) of the 454 respondents are found to have suicidal ideation, suggesting the need for active prevention and intervention so that their suicidal ideation is not linked to suicide attempts and practices. In order to investigate the determinants of suicidal ideation of the Chinese AIDS orphans, 14 independent variables are used in this study. Among these, the seven variables revealed show a significant effect on the suicidal ideation on the basis of each variable’s odd ratio. Among the 14 independent variables analyzed in this study, the seven independent variables that have a significant effect on the odds ratio are as follows: gender(2.042), age(1.613), health(1.686), social support(.0624), social conflict(1.868), future control(.350). The higher the age, the higher the likelihood of suicidal ideation. In addition, social conflict and passive coping are found to increase the risk of suicide among female AIDS orphans rather than male AIDS orphans. In conclusion, social support for AIDS orphans as well as the control of the future are considered to be important protective factors to reduce the risk of committing suicide. Some practical and political implications are discussed based on the study’s findings.

중국의 에이즈 고아들이 경험한 낙인이 우울감에 미치는 효과 -미래통제감의 매개효과와 사회적 지지의 조절효과분석을 중심으로-

이원준 ( Lee Won-june ) 한중사회과학학회 2017 한중사회과학연구 Vol.15 No.4

The predominant concerns of the study consist of: (1) paying attention to the seriousness of social stigmatization done to children whose parents were infected with AIDS in China; (2) exploring the mediation and moderation effects that help to alleviate the negative effect of enacted stigma on the AIDS orphans’ metal health. The research is based on a survey conducted with 454 AIDS orphans, living in Henan Province, China. In order for respondents to verify research questions, structural equation models were explored,using Amos-16. The notable findings are as follows: First, the more experiencing enacted stigma, the higher depression for AIDS orphans. The enacted stigma reduces their perceived control over future, therefore, it is proved that the future control is a significant buffer mediator for depression. Considering the moderation effect of social support, a similar trend above is shown among AIDS orphans with higher level of social support. The direct effect of future control to alleviate depression is significant like among AIDS orphans with higher social support level. However, among AIDS orphans with lower level of social support, the effect of enacted stigma does not influence the future control significantly. Thus, the moderating effect of social support is proved. Second, the direct effects of enacted stigma and the mediation effect of future control on the depression of AIDS orphans are different according to the level of social support. Therefore, the need for intervention to reduce depression in AIDS orphans was emphasized and the development of programs and services with differentiated levels of social support was proposed.

사회복지기관 개인기부자들의 이타행위 노출경험이 기부지속노력에 미치는 영향

이원준(Lee Won June) 한국지역사회복지학회 2015 한국지역사회복지학 Vol.0 No.54

본 연구는 사회복지기관을 후원하는 개인후원자들(525명)을 대상으로 ‘이타행위 노출경험’ 및 ‘사회적 책임성’이 ‘기부지속노력’에 미치는 직접효과, ‘사회적 책임성’의 매개효과, 그리고 ‘경제형편’ 및 ‘종교 유무’의 조절효과 등을 실증적으로 규명하는데 목적을 두었다. 자료 분석결과, 첫째, 개인 기부자들의 경제형편이 좋지 않은 경우에는 ‘이타행위 노출경험→사회적 책임성’(.365<SUP>***</SUP>) 경로만 유의하였다. 경제형편이 양호한 개인기부자들에게서는 ‘이타행위 노출경험→사회적 책임성’(3.58<SUP>***</SUP>)과 ‘사회적 책임성→기부지속노력’(1.66<SUP>**</SUP>)이 유의하였고, ‘사회적 책임성’은 완전매개역할을 하였다. 이와 유사하게, 종교를 가지지 않은 개인후원자들도 ‘이타행위 노출경험→사회적 책임성’(3.21<SUP>***</SUP>)과 ‘사회적 책임성→기부지속노력’(.201<SUP>**</SUP>)이 유의하였고, ‘사회적 책임성’의 완전매개효과를 확인하였다. 기독교인 개인기부자들은 ‘이타행위 노출경험→사회적 책임성’(.424<SUP>***</SUP>), ‘이타행위 노출경험→기부지속노력’(.190<SUP>*</SUP>), 이 두 경로만 유의하였다. ‘개인기부자들의 ‘경제형편’ 및 ‘종교유무’에 따라서 이타행위 노출경험’이 ‘기부지속노력’에 미치는 직접효과와, ‘사회적 책임성’의 매개효과는 상당히 그 양상이 달라져서 조절효과가 입증되었다. 연구결과 밝혀진 주요 사실들을 토대로 실천적 함의를 논의하였다. The study aims at comparing and analyzing the degree of experience of being exposed to altruistic action, social responsibility, and the efforts of continuing sponsorship for the social welfare organizations between Christian private donors and atheistic private donors. The predominant concerns of the study consist of: (1) the direct effects of experience of being exposed to altruistic action and social responsibility on their efforts of continuing sponsorship for the social welfare organizations; (2) the mediating effect of social responsibility; (3) the moderating effect of donors" religious affiliation and financial situation between atheistic donors and Christian donors, which research is based on a survey conducted with 525 people, donating social welfare organizations. privately. The notable findings are as follows: First, relatively poor group shows the direct effect of being exposed altruistic action on social responsibility only. On the other hand, among relatively rich group, the experience of being exposed altruistic action has a direct effect on social responsibility which has a direct effect on the effort of continuing donation. That means social responsibility has the full mediating effect. Second, while the exposure to altruistic behavior has an indirect effect on continuous donation through social responsibility, which is also the full mediating effect among atheistic donors. Christian private donors show direct effects of being exposed altruistic action on both social responsibility and the effort of sponsorship. In conclusion, the fact is proved that the direct effect of being exposed altruistic action on the effort of continuing sponsorship, the mediating effect of social responsibility are influenced according to Christian affiliation and subjective financial status. Some practical and political implications are discussed based on the study"s findings.

HIV 감염자들에 대한 낙인이 중국에이즈 고아들의 미래희망에 미치는 영향

이원준(Lee. Won June),이희진(Lee, Hee Jin) 한국아동복지학회 2018 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.61

본 연구의 목적은 중국의 에이즈 고아들(AIDS orphans)을 대상으로, 이들에 대한 낙인이 미래희망에 미치는 직접효과, 우울감 및 미래통제능력의 매개효과, 그리고 자아존중감의 조절효과를 실증적으로 규명하는 것이다. 먼저 자아존중감이 낮은 집단에 대한 분석결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 낙인인식이 미래희망에 직접적인 영향을 미치지는 않았지만, 우울감 또는 미래통제를 각각 완전매개(full mediation)로, 낙인인식이 미래희망에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 즉, 에이즈 고아들의 미래통제능력 혹은 우울감은 에이즈 고아들의 미래희망에 낙인인식이 각각 유의미한 영향을 미칠 수 있게 할 수 있는 결정적으로 중요한 매개요인임이 확인되었다. 둘째, 낙인인식이 높을수록 우울감(.583<SUP>***</SUP>)이 증가하고, 우울감이 증가할수록 미래희망(-.360<SUP>***</SUP>)이 감소하였다. 그리고 낙인인식이 높을수록 미래통제능력(-.347<SUP>***</SUP>)이 감소되고, 미래통제능력이 증가할수록 미래희망(.517<SUP>***</SUP>) 또한 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 자아존중감이 높은 집단의 경우, 첫째, 자존감이 낮은 집단과 같이, 미래희망에 낙인인식이 직접적인 효과를 미치지 않았고, 낙인인식은 미래통제능력(-.379<SUP>***</SUP>)에 부적 직접효과를, 미래통제 능력은 미래희망에 정적 직접효과(.340<SUP>*</SUP>)를 미쳤다. 둘째, 낙인인식이 높아질수록 우울감(.511<SUP>***</SUP>)도 높아졌지만, 우울감이 미래희망에 유의한 영향을 미치지는 않아, 자존감이 낮은 집단에서 밝혀진 사실과는 상이한 결과가 발견되었다. 자아존중감 수준에 의해 미래희망에 우울감이 직접적으로 간접적으로 미칠 수 있는 영향력이 유의하게 달라진다는 사실이 밝혀져서, 자아존중감의 조절효과가 입증되었다. 전술한 주요 발견점을 토대로 함의(implications)를 모색하면서 논의하였다. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the relationship between perceived public stigma against people with HIV and Chinese AIDS orphans’ future hopefulness; (2) the mediating role of depressive feelings and ability to control future events; (3) the moderating role of self-esteem. The findings were as follows: First, in the group of children with lower self-esteem, depressive feelings and ability to control future events were found to fully mediate the relationship between perceived stigma and future hopefulness, respectively, although perceived stigma was not directly related to future hopefulness. In other words, depressive feelings and ability to control future events of the AIDS orphans were found to be crucial mediators that could make perceived stigma relate significantly to the future hopefulness of orphans. Second, as perceived stigma increased, depressive feelings also increased, and as depressive feelings increased, futures hopefulness decreased. It was confirmed that as perceived stigma increased, ability to control future events decreased and, as the ability to control future events increased, future hopefulness increased. In the group of children with higher self-esteem, perceived stigma was directly future hopefulness as in the group with lower self-esteem. Perceived stigma was negatively related to ability to control future events, and ability to control future events was directly related to future hopefulness. As perceived stigma increased, depressive feelings also increased. However depressive feelings were not significantly associated with future hopefulness, different result than was found in the lower self-esteem group. The result showed that the relationship between depressive feelings and future hopefulness varied by level of self-esteem, demonstrating the moderating role of self-esteem. Practical and political implications are discussed based on the findings.

중년 딸이 지각하는 부모헌신이 노부모 신체부양에 대한 정서적, 규범적 헌신에 미치는 영향

이원준(Won June Lee),신성자(Sung Ja Shin) 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2013 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol.41 No.4

본 연구는 중년기혼여성 456명을 연구대상으로 노부모 신체부양에 대한 규범적 헌신 및 정서적 헌신과 관련요인들의 직ㆍ간접효과를 실증적으로 규명하였다. 구조방정식 모형을 Amos 19와 Mplus 6을 사용하여 분석하였다. 신체적 부양에 대한 ‘정서적 헌신’과 ‘규범적 헌신’에 각각 유의한 영향을 주는 변인들의 직ㆍ간접효과에는 다소 상이한 양상이 발견되었지만, 취업집단과 미취업집단 간에는 동일한 양상이 발견되어, ‘취업여부’의 조절효과는 유의하지 않았다. ‘부모헌신’은 중년 딸의 부모신체부양에 대한 ‘정서적 헌신’에 직접효과를 미치지는 않았으나, ‘부모-자녀 친밀성’ 또는 ‘부양부담감’을 완전매개로 각각 신체부양에 대한 ‘정서적 헌신’에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. ‘부모헌신’은 부모신체부양에 대한 ‘규범적 헌신’에는 정적 직접효과를 미쳤고, ‘부모-자녀 친밀성’은 부분매개역할을 하였다. ‘부양부담’은 신체적 부양에 대한 ‘정서적 헌신’에는 부적 직접효과를 미쳤지만, ‘규범적 헌신’에는 유의한 효과를 미치지 못했다. 잠재평균분석 결과, 모형에 포함된 취업집단과 미취업집단의 잠재변인들(부모헌신, 부모-자녀 친밀성, 부양부담, 정서적 헌신, 규범적 헌신)의 평균에는 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 연구결과를 토대로 실천적 함의를 모색하면서 논의하였다. Our research is based on a survey conducted with 456 married women, residing in Daegu or Kyungpook Province. This study aims to verify (1) the direct effects of the prior parental dedication to daughters during childhood on the middle-aged daughters` later emotional and normative commitment to the physical caring-giving to their elderly parents who can not perform day-to-day activities; (2) the multiple mediating effects of the intimacy between middle-aged daughters and their elderly parents, and the burden of physical care-giving, on the influence of prior parental dedications on the middle-aged daughters` emotional commitment of or normative commitment of the physical care-giving to their elderly parents; (3) the moderating effect of the employment status on the causal relationships among major variables in the research model of this study. In order to address our research questions, a structural equation model by using Amos and Mplus is explored. The indirect mediators are verified based on (bc)bootstrapping analysis using Mplus. The moderating effects are verified based on the multiple group analysis method. Some practical implications are suggested based upon the findings of this study.

사회복지전공 대학생들의 컨닝에 대한 인식이사회복지조직의 내부고발자에 대한 인식에 미치는 영향-사회적 책임성의 매개효과와 컨닝고발 실행의지의 조절효과를 중심으로-

이원준 ( Lee Won-june ) 한국학교사회복지학회 2017 학교사회복지 Vol.0 No.38

본 연구의 목적은 사회복지 전공 대학생들의 컨닝(시험부정)에 대한 인식이, 사회복지 조직의 내부 고발자에 대한 인식에 미칠 수 있는 직접 효과와 사회적 책임성의 간접효과, 그리고 컨닝 고발 실행의지 유무의 조절효과를 실증적으로 규명하는데 있다. 분석결과 밝혀진 주요 사실들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 컨닝 고발 실행의지가 있는 집단(519명)의 경우, 컨닝에 대해서 비판적 성향이 높을수록, 사회복지조직의 내부 고발 행위에 대해서 긍정적으로 인식하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 사회적 책임성은 대학생의 컨닝에 대한 비판적 인식이 사회복지조직의 내부고발에 대한 인식에 미치는 영향을 유의미하게 매개하는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 컨닝고발 실행의지가 있는 집단과는 달리, 컨닝고발 실행의지가 없는 집단(435명)의 경우, 컨닝에 대한 비판적인 인식은 사회복지직의 내부고발행위에 대한 인식 및 사회적 책임에 직접적으로 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 밝혀져, 대학생들의 컨닝 고발 실행의지 유무의 조절효과가 입증되었다. 사회복지학을 전공하는 대학생들이 시험부정에 대해 어떻게 인식하고 있으며, 컨닝을 목격하였을 때 고발할 실행의지를 가지고 있는지 여부는, 이들이 졸업 후 사회복지조직에서 발생될 수 있는 비리 및 부정부패에 대해서 어떻게 인식하고 대응할 것인지에 중요한 영향을 줄 수 있다는 결론을 제시하였다. 주요 발견점을 토대로, 사회복지 실천적 함의를 모색하고 제시하였다. The research is based on a survey conducted with 954 university students majoring in social welfare. The predominant concerns of the study consist of: (1) the direct effects of perception for exam cheating and the indirect effect of social responsibility on the perception for the corruption in social welfare organizations; (2) the moderating effect of the will for blowing the whistle on the exam cheating. The notable findings are as follows: First, among students with the will for blowing the whistle on the exam cheating, critical attitude to the cheating has a positively direct effect on social responsibility and the perception for whistle-blowing in social organizations. Social responsibility also shows the partial mediation effect between the perception of exam cheating and whistle-blowing. Second, students with low level of will for reporting cheating on exam show the negatively direct effect of social responsibility on conniving whistle blowing in the organizations only. the perception for exam cheating does not significantly effect on the perception for whistle-blowing. In conclusion, the fact is proved that students majoring in social welfare would cope with the corruption in social welfare organizations differently according to their attitude toward cheating on exam. Some practical implications are discussed based on the study`s findings.

개인기부자들의 정서적, 가시적 효용감이 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 영향

이원준(Won-June Lee) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.11

본 연구에서는 구조방정식 모형을 토대로, 사회복지기관을 후원하는 개인기부자들이 기부행위를 통해서 경험하는 정서적 효용감 및 가시적 효용감이 이들의 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 직접효과, 자기수용의 매개효과, 그리고 후원 후 삶에 대한 감사함이 미치는 조절효과를 밝혔다. 주요 발견점을 요약하면, 첫째, 후원활동을 하면서 삶에 대한 감사함이 증가한 개인기부자 집단의 경우, 기부활동을 통한 정서적 효용감이 정신적 웰빙에 정적 직접효과를 미쳤지만, 가시적 효용감은 정신적 웰빙에 유의미한 직접효과가 발견되지 않았다. 자기수용은 정서적 효용이 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 영향에 부분매개효과가 있었고, 가시적 효용감이 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 영향에는 자기수용이 완전매개효과가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 후원 후 자신의 삶에 대한 감사함이 증가하지 않은 집단에서도, 정신적 웰빙에 정서적 효용감은 정적 직접효과가 있었지만, 가시적 효용감은 유의미한 영향이 없었다. 그리고 자기수용은 가시적 효용감이 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 영향에 완전매개역할을 하였다. 그러나 정서적 효용감이 자기수용에 유의한 영향을 주지 않았고, 자기수용의 매개효과가 존재하지 않았다. 후원 후 삶에 대한 감사 증가여부에 의한 조절효과가 실증적으로 규명되었고, 기부 후 삶에 대한 감사가 증가한 경우, 그렇지 않은 경우보다, 정신적 웰빙은 물론, 자기수용, 정서적, 가시적 효용감 수준이 유의하게 높은 것으로 밝혀져, 기부활동을 통한 정신적 웰빙의 향상을 도모하기 위해서, 감사성향을 강화시키는 것이 중요한 실천과제임을 제시하면서, 실천적 함의를 논의하였다. The study aims at verifying the effects of private donors emotional or demonstrable utility on their mental health with the mediation effect of self-acceptance and the moderation effect of the gratitude for their lives. As a result of causal analysis of the variables by structural equation models, the notable findings are as follows: First, among the group of private donors with increased gratitude for their lives through sponsorship, while emotional utility from donative activity has a positive effect on donors mental health, demonstrable utility does not have it. The indirect effect of self-acceptance is proved between emotional or demonstrable utilities and mental health. Second, among the donors without increased the gratitude, emotional utility has direct effect on donors metal health but demonstrable utility does not affect the metal health. While the self-acceptance shows a full mediation effect between demonstrable utility and mental health, emotional utility has no mediation effect. In conclusion, the moderating effect of the gratitude for their lives is empirically proved and the donors who their gratitude for life has increased due to donative activity show better metal health, self-acceptance level, higher emotional and demonstrable utility, therefore, the gratitude for life is a key for metal health through donation.

중학생들의 비주장성이 학교폭력문제 의식화에 미치는 영향

이원준(Lee, Won-June),신성자(Shin, Sung-Ja) 경북대학교 사회과학연구원 2014 사회과학 담론과 정책 Vol.7 No.2

본 연구는 청소년들의 비주장성이 학교폭력문제 의식화에 미치는 직접효과와 학교폭력 피해경험과 가해경험의 개별 매개효과 및 이차매개효과(second ordered mediation)를 실증적으로 규명하였다. 구조방정식 모형을 구축하여 Mplus를 사용하여 분석하였다. 조사 대상자들은 대구시 소재 10개 중학교에 2년 학생들이다. 자료 분석결과, 첫째, ‘학교폭력 피해경험’은 학교폭력 가해경험에 유의한 직접효과(.338***)가 있음이 발견되었다. 둘째, 학교폭력문제 의식화에 ‘비주장성’(-.189**)과 ‘가해경험’(-.124*)은 부적 직접효과를, 미쳤고, ‘피해경험’ (.126***)은 정적 직접효과를 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. ‘비주장성’은 ‘학교폭력 가해경험’에 직접효과를 미치지 않았다. ‘피해경험’(.037; Lo .001~Hi .080)은 ‘비주장성’이 ‘학교폭력문제 의식화’에 미치는 영향을 유의하게 매개역할을 하였지만, ‘가해경험’은 매개효과가 없었다. 그러나 학교폭력문제 의식화에 비주장성이 미치는 영향에 대한 ‘피해경험(M1)이 가해경험(M2)에 미치는 이차매개효과(.015; Lo .056~Hi .250)는 유의하였다. 본 연구결과는 학교폭력문제 의식화가 학교폭력 피해?가해경험에 의해 유의한 영향을 받고 있을 뿐 만 아니라, 특히 피해경험이 가해로 전환되는 위험성이 발견되어 사후개입의 중요성을 재확인 하였다. 학교폭력 문제에 대해 의식화하기 위해서, 피해학생들에 대한 심리적 보호?지지, 의식화 교육과 더불어, 자기주장성 훈련을 포함한 효과적인 대처행동에 대한 교육을 강화할 것을 제안하였다. The central concerns of the present study were: (1) the effect of students’ levels of assertiveness on conscientization of school violence; (2) the mediating effect and second-order mediating effect of student victimization and students’ engaging in bullying on conscientization of school violence. The analysis was based on the results of a survey completed by 504 middle-school students in Daegu. In order to analyze these research questions, SEM (structural equation modeling) was employed, using Amos and Mplus. The notable findings were as follows: First, a trend was observed wherein significant numbers of victimized students later engaged in bullying (.338***). Second, students who were less assertive(-.189**) or more victimized (-.124*) showed less awareness of school violence; however students who were more victimized showed greater conscientization of school violence (.126***). The level of students" assertiveness was not correlated with engagement in bullying. Third, less assertive students who were victimized showed greater awareness of school violence, but less assertive students who engaged in bullying did not. Finally, as a second-order mediator, victimization and participation in bullying were associated with increased conscientization of school violence among less assertive students. Students showing less assertiveness who engaged in bullying were more likely to have been victimized. Engaging in bullying was associated with a diminished awareness of school violence among victimized students. The present study has shown that victimization and engagement in bullying significantly affect conscientization of school violence. It has further been shown that victimized students can easily become bullies. This highlights the critical need for interventions such as psychotherapy and counseling, as well as the fostering of conscientization and assertiveness among students in order to better manage school violence.