정인섭 동요와 악곡 연구

김정호 ( Kim Joung-ho ),이순욱 ( Lee Soon-wook ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2021 人文論叢 Vol.56 No.-

이 글은 식민지시대 울산 출신 정인섭의 색동회 활동과 동요 창작의 현황을 파악하고 악곡을 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이 시기 동요는 신문이나 잡지 등 근대 매체를 통해 창작되고 향유되면서 대중적으로 빠르게 보급되고 안착하였다. 즉 동요는 어린이잡지의 독자투고란이나 일간지의 학예면을 통해서 독자와 만나고 점차 자기 위상을 확립하게 된 것이다. 당시 어린이잡지인 『어린이』의 경우 ‘동요란’을 개설하였으며, 일간지 『동아일보』의 경우에도 학예면의 가장 많은 부분을 차지하는 장르는 동요였다. 그만큼 동요에 대한 독자들의 열망이 높았다. 그만큼 매체가 동요의 대중화에 큰 역할을 수행했던 것이다. 이러한 현실적 토대에서 전문적인 동요작가들이 등장하였으며, 울산에서도 정인섭을 비롯하여 서덕출, 오영수, 신고송 등이 등장하였다. 이들이 남긴 ‘동요’의 문학사적 위치를 실증적으로 추적하는 일은 매우 중요하다고 하겠다. 특히 정인섭은 ‘색동회’와 ‘녹양회’의 회원으로 활동하고, 어린이잡지 『어린이』의 필진으로 참여하는 등 어린이문화운동에 앞장선 인물이다. 정순철 동요집 『참새의 노래』에 수록된 <참새>, <꿈 노루>, <코끼리 코>, <처마 끗헤 새 한 마리>, <굴뚝쟁이>, <가을 나븨>, <설날>과 강신명이 엮은 『아동가요곡집』에 수록된 <봄노래>, <보건체조가> 등은 어린이들을 위한 동심천사주의와 교훈주의, 계몽주의를 잘 드러내고 있으며, 가사의 운율을 음악적 선율로 살려 가사의 의미를 자연스럽게 표현하도록 하였다. 이러한 정인섭의 동요 보급은 어린이문화운동에 기여하였고, 그의 가곡은 아직도 연주회에서 불리는 등 예술적으로 가치를 인정받고 있어 음악사적으로 의의가 크다. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current situation of the creation of songs and the activities of Jeong In-seop’s Saikdonghoi(색동회) movement in Ulsan during the colonial period. The most important part of the media was that the agitation quickly settled into the modern genre. The children’s song, which was created and enjoyed by the previous oral tradition, began to be created and enjoyed through typed media such as newspapers and magazines in modern times. The popular distribution was also made by such media: children’s literature magazines’ readers’ comments or daily journals’ academic section, which led to the meeting with readers and gradually establishing their own status. At that time, readers’ desire for children’s songs was high enough to open ‘swaying’ independently in the case of children, and the genre of Dong-A Ilbo, which occupies the largest part of the curriculum, was children's songs. Therefore, this media plays the biggest role in popularizing agitation. In this realistic foundation of the time, professional children’s songs were born, and Jung In-seop, Seo Deok-chul, Oh Young-soo, and Shin-Go-song were born in Ulsan. It is very important to empirically track the literary history of ‘single’ about them.,In particular, Jung In-seop has been a member of the ‘Saikdonghoi(색동회)’ and ‘Nokyanghoi(녹양회)’ and has led the children's cultural movement by participating as a writer for children’s magazines. The songs of Jung Soon-chul's song of the sparrows include “Sparrow”, “Dream Noru”, “Elephant Nose”, “A Shrine Bird”, “Chimney”, “Autumn Na”, “New Year” and “Spring Song” and “Health Gymnastics” It shows the meaning of the lyrics naturally by utilizing the rhythm of the lyrics with musical melody.,This spread of children’s songs by Jung In-seop contributed to the children’s cultural movement, and his songs are still called in concerts, and their value is recognized artistically, which is of great significance in the history of music.

한국전쟁기 피란지 부산과 전시문학담론

이순욱 ( Lee Soon-wook ) 부산광역시사편찬위원회 2021 항도부산 Vol.41 No.-

In this article, I reviewed the cultural topography and media environment of Busan during the Korean War, where anti-communism and liberal democracy were recognized as the same values ​​rather than as independent ideological systems, and the reality and literary activities of the refuge literary circles. Through this, we tried to build a foundation for approaching the reality of local literature in Busan during the Korean War. As the regional reorganization of the literary society proceeded violently, the sudden movement of paragraphs and the influx of large-scale refugees had a great influence on the local literary society. In Busan, where the refugee was concentrated, there was no room to measure the aftermath of the shock, and it was possible to build a new literary society as it would not be an exaggeration to say that the Busan literary society has moved the entire Korean literature intact. In the rear area of ​​Busan, the literary men of refugee warned or participated in the war according to the change of the front line, participated in cultural events hosted by Munchong or made their lives through art works. For this reason, it can be said that the cultural front was established by actively promoting and promoting nationalism and patriotism, rather than critical reflection on war.

광복기 요산 김정한의 문학 활동 연구(2)

이순욱(Lee, Soon-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2013 한국민족문화 Vol.49 No.-

이 글은 광복기 요산의 문필활동과 작품세계를 실증적으로 고찰하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이 시기 요산은 연시조 3편(총12수)과 자유시 3편, 노랫말 1편을 남기고 있다. 이 가운데 자유시 ?유리창?과 ?四二七八ㆍ八ㆍ十五ㆍ十二時?는 목원(牧園), 『인민해방보』에 발표한 연시조 ?옥중투사(獄中鬪士)에게?는 두우(杜宇)라는 필명으로 발표하였다. 특히 요산은 한 제목 아래에 4수를 묶은 연시조 ?해방부(解放賦)?, ?새해에 바침?, ?옥중투사에게?를 통해 당대의 급변하는 현실과 지식인의 자세를 담아내고자 했다. 광복기의 혼란스러운 정국에서 호흡이 짧은 시를 통해 자신의 문학적 태도를 표명했던 것이다. 또한 이 시기 요산은 4편의 소설, ?옥중회갑(獄中回甲)?, ?호출(呼出)의 설날?(?설날?로 개제?), ?서거픈 이야기?, ?하느님?을 통해 새로운 민족국가 건설에 대한 열망과 당대 현실에 대한 비판적 관점을 표명하였다. 글에서는 이제껏 전혀 알려지지 않았던 시 6편과『대중신문』 연재 단편소설 ?호출의 설날?과『산업신문』(『국제신문』의 전신) 연재 단편소설 ?서거픈 이야기?를 발굴ㆍ고증하였다. 특히 10월인민항쟁의 후일담을 다룬 연재소설 ?호출의 설날?(1947. 1)은 『문학?비평』 1호(1947. 6)에 수록하면서 제목을 ?설날?로 바꾸었다. 신문 연재본과 잡지 게재본은 부분적으로 단어를 손질한 것 이외에 내용상 큰 차이를 발견할 수 없으나, 장분할에서 일정한 재편이 이루어졌던 것으로 보인다. ?서거픈 이야기?는 연재 1회분만으로 쉽게 규정할 수 없으나 악질모리배가 판을 치는 광복기 현실을 비판적으로 다루고 있는 세태소설이다. 국민보도연맹에 가입하기 직전에 발표한 ?하느님? 또한 역사 발전에 대한 개인의 책임을 회피하려는 목사 부인을 등장시켜 사회 진보의 주체로서 개인의 책임과 역할을 우회적으로 드러내고 있었다. 시와 소설을 통해 알 수 있듯이, 이 시기 요산은 급변하는 당대의 문화 지형에 즉각적으로 부응하는, 정치적 실천으로서 의 글쓰기를 수행함으로써 조선문학가동맹 부산지부장으로서 당대의 역사적 과제에 부응하여 자신의 이념과 실천에 소홀하지 않았음을 알 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to explore Yosan Kim Jeong-han’s literary world during the Independence Period in an empirical way. Yosan Kim Jeong-han delved himself into political thought and practice more deeply than ever in his literary life during this period. First, previous studies on Yosan’s literary works during the Independence Period over the years did not present a new perspective as they were confined to “Okjunghoegap” which expresses awe and respect toward an old revolutionary and “Seollal”, a story about the popular struggle in October. Due to their heavy dependence on a few well-known resources, they could not provide any comprehensive view encompassing his poems (sijo), novels and essays. During this time, Yosan produced three pieces of stanzaic sijo (12 poems), three free verses and one lyrics. Among these works, he published his free verses of “Yurichang” and “Sa-i-chil-pal, pal, sip-o, sip-i poem” under the pen name of Mokwon and his sijo “Okjungtusa” under the pen name of ‘Duu’ when published in “Inmin Haebangbo”. In particular, Yosan wanted to picture the rapidly changing reality of the time and the intellectual’s attitude through “Haebanbu”, “Ode to the New Year” and “Okjungtusa”, which were his stanzaic sijo works of compiling four poems under one title. He attempted to show his literary attitude through these short-breathed poems in the middle of the tumultuous political situation during the Independence Period. Second, this study discovered and explored his serial short stories “Hochuleui Seollal” published in “Popular Newspaper” and another serial short stories “Seogeopeun Story” published in “Industrial Daily(predecessor of Kukje Daily)”, both of which were never handled in previous studies. The title “Hochuleui Seollal” was changed into “Seollal” when it was listed in the 1st issue of “Literature and Criticism”(June 1946). There were no major differences between the works published in the newspaper and the magazine, but it seems that he reorganized some of the chapters. Though it cannot be easily defined only with its first episode, “Seogeopeun Story” s a novel of manners that critically describes the harsh reality of the Independence Period, infested with heinous profiteers. “Haneunim(God)” which was published just before he joined the Federation of Protecting and Guiding the Public, expressed indirectly the responsibilities and roles that an individual should take as a principal agent of social progress by using a character of a pastor’s wife who tries to avoid her responsibilities for historic progress. As seen from his poems and novels, Yosan did not avoid his ideologies or practicing them and faced the historic challenge of the time as a Chairman of the Busan Branch of the Joseon Literary Alliance by writing literary works that can keep pace with the rapidly changing literary landscape.

4월혁명과 북한 아동문학 - 『남녘땅에 기’발 날린다』를 중심으로 : 4월혁명과 북한 아동문학

이순욱(Lee Soon-Wook) 한국문학회 2007 韓國文學論叢 Vol.46 No.-

North Korea defines the April Revolution as ""the April People"s Uprising"", ""the April 19 People"s Uprising"" or ""the April 19 Uprising"" and recognizes it as a massive struggle against the Unites States and the Lee Seung-man administration of South Korea and a historic expression by South Koreans of their desire for a national reunification. This paper aims to explore how the April Revolution is described in children"s literature of North Korea by focusing on A Flag is Flying in the South(Children"s Books Publishing Company, September 15, 1960), a collection of children"s literature praising the April Revolution. First, the 1960s falls under the category of the Cheollima(Flying Horse) Movement in the history of North Korean literature. The main subject of the literary works during this time was to create an image of a leader, establish a system of socialism, reflect realistic aspects of the Cheollima Movement, embody people"s revolutionary struggle and seek ideologies for national reunification. Distinctively, many works to describe the April Revolution of South Korea were created. Various types of literature regarding the Revolution including poems, political discussions, essays, plays, critics, and children"s literature were produced as opposed to South Korea. Mass produced in North Korea through such official papers as Joseon Munhak and Munhak Sinmunor separate books, the literary works on the April Revolution focus on disclosing the anti-humanitarian aspect of the South Korean society and describing heroic behaviors and a fighting spirit of the public. In other words, the April Revolution was utilized by the North both as an opportunity to publicize the superiority of the North Korean regime and as an educational means to enhance revolutionary spirit of the residents, to criticize the United States and the Lee Seung-man administration. Second, it was effective for the North Korean regime to turn to children"s literature, which served as a vehicle of political propaganda, in developing and internalizing its ideologies. Children"s literature in North Korea faithfully followed these ideologies, so the antiimperialism sentiment, the criticism of South Korea"s Lee Seung-man administration and the laudation for socialism were prevalent in the literature during the first half of the 1960s. A case in point is A Flag is Flying in the South, which is North Korea"s the only revolutionary literature collection describing the April Revolution in the 1960. This children"s collection can be seen as a educational book meticulously prepared on the literary educational level unlike other literary works published in papers. Third, A Flag is Flying in the South contains eights poems for children, one ocherk, one play for children and one drama. These works mainly depict the tyranny and repression by the US imperialism, the exposure of the anti-humanitarian situation in South Korea and heroic struggles of the general public. It is consistent with the main subject of the Cheollima literature that the resistance and the anti-humanitarian aspects of the South Korean society should be revealed in contrast to North Korea"s socialism. The Cheollima Movement is a part of efforts to preempt the revolution against the powerful class in South Korea and the United Stated in a wide range of areas including ideologies, technologies, culture as well as economy. In this context, the characters of South Korean protests in this collection can be considered ""jockeys of Cheollima(Flying Horse)."" Therefore, A Flag is Flying in the South served as children"s literature textbook for political propaganda and was a result of meeting the demands of the North Korean literary circles to create literary works on the April Revolution of South Korea.

광복기 밀양 지역문학과 『화악(華岳)』

이순욱 ( Soon Wook Lee ) 영주어문학회 2009 영주어문 Vol.18 No.-

This paper aims to examine the ideologies and composition of the Hwa Ak(<華岳>) Coterie and how regional characteristics of Milyang are represented by looking at Hwa Ak, which had not been identified, in order to provide a stepping stone for the explanation of Milyang`s literary history. First, Hwa Ak is the literary group`s media that can help shed a light on the regional literature in Milyang during the period of Korea`s independence from Japanese colonial rule, and its first issue was published in June 1947 by the Hwa Ak Coterie. It seems to have been closed down with its second issue on December 1, 1947, because of the lack of their editing skills and struggling printing house. As leftist groups gained ground in Milyang area during the early Independence period, Deungbul(<등불>) could have been published, while the oppression by the American military administration rapidly reshaped the regional culture, leading to the publication of Hwa Ak The Hwa Ak Coterie, which had not involved in media struggles and found no other group to enter into the consciousness of the other at the time of its inauguration, stood for pure nationalism advocating simple regionalism for the improvement of local culture and the integration of different ideologies. Amidst the growing disenchantment at the political reality, the coterie turned its eyes to their native country from political arguments. Therefore, Hwa Ak vividly describes how local figures in Milyang could grab power in the literary circles during the disorderly Independence Period. Second, the Hwa Ak Coterie`s priority was to publish its coterie magazine and to conduct research activities. In terms of its membership, the group was pretty open to new members without special restrictions. Notably, no members had professional writing experiences, and the level of their awareness and understanding of literature as well as the quality of their literary works were relatively low. It is fair to say, therefore, that Hwa Ak is not so much a professional literary coterie magazine as a comprehensive magazine published by like-minded local figures who wanted to raise the awareness and understanding of local culture. Third, when it comes to the magazine`s contents, its collection includes poems, Chinese poems, novels, essays, critics, translated works, criticism on current topics, local news and others. In accordance with the objectives of the group, its first issue contains poems, Chinese poems and criticism about Yeongnamnu Pavilion, but literary works related to the region were excluded in the second issue. The two issues publishes 12 poems, 4 Chinese poems, 2 novels, 2 essays in total, but all of them are short compositions. The tradition of publishing a local medium with in-depth understanding of Milyang region was succeeded by Hyangto Munhwa(<鄕土文化>) and Mun Lim(<文林>) Fourth, poems about Yeongnamnu Pavilion reflect the lifestyle of the speaker by depicting Milyang`s natural beauty. The picturesque views surrounding Yeongnamnu are epitomized as paramount beauty of Milyalng unmatched by any attractions in the country. In particular, the symbol of Yeongnamnu shared by the local residents helped to maintain the public awareness of the place, and it seems that the significance of the pavilion has been reproduced and disseminated through this process. On the contrary, "Ak Mong(Nightmare)" by Park, Tae-Eul set in Milyang has been recognized as an important source for historical records which show the lifestyles of the time. The structuralized binary opposition displays the choice that intellectuals had to make in dealing with the reality and overcoming challenges facing the local community in Milyang at the time. Milyang successfully established a stable regional literary society in a short period of time between the Independence Period and the late 1950s. As literary art fell under the control of the government, literary activities in early 1960s greatly contracted and lost momentum. This example well reflects the destiny of regional literature in the history of Korean Literature. To have a closer look at the Milyang`s regional literature during the Independence Period and the trend among the intellectuals, it is necessary to finish off the study on the unchartered Deungbul. Another useful source is Mun Lim produced during the Korean War. When the in-depth researches on these works are complete, the literary history in Milyang can be fully explained.

근대 사명당 담론과 밀양 지역문학

이순욱(Lee, Soon-Wook),이상원(Lee, Sang-Won) 한국문학회 2010 韓國文學論叢 Vol.55 No.-

근대문학에서 사명당 담론이 폭넓게 재생산되지 못한 까닭은 복합적이다. 근대 이후 역사위인전기의 전통에서 '서산대사전'의 부차적 서사로서 '사명당전'의 독자성 부족, 무인(武人)을 존숭하는 시대적 분위기와 이순신 담론의 주류화와 그에 따른 과소평가, 승려라는 신분적 지위와 허약한 법맥에 따른 역사적 주변화 등의 문제와 관련 있다. 근대계몽기 이후 오늘날까지 생산된 사명당 담론의 가장 큰 줄기는 서사담론으로서 딱지본 대중소설과 역사소설, 희곡의 세 갈래다. 물론 교과서 제도와 밀착된 어린이 위인전기나 만화가 지속적으로 생산되었다. 이 글은 근대계몽기 역사위인담론의 지형과 사명당 전기의 위상, 1970년대 후반까지 재생산되었던 딱지본 대중소설 『사명당전』의 판본 비교, 광복기 사명당 위인전기의 교과서 수용 문제를 검토하여 사명당 담론의 역사적 맥락과 성격을 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 현재 밀양 지역문학에서 사명당 담론을 어떻게 생산하고 확장할 것인가를 제안하였다. 첫째, 근대계몽기 영웅 전기 『休靜大師傳 附惟政 靈圭』는 민족의 주체성을 고양하고 외세에 대응하기 위한 전략적 방편이었다. 둘째, 문헌기록을 충실히 따른 덕흥서림본(1926) 『西山大師와 四溟堂』은 조선의 문화적 우월성에 대한 자각과 역사의식을 강조하고 있었다. 설화적 성격이 강한 영화출판사본(1954) 『壬辰倭亂 四溟堂傳』은 후처에 대한 복수를 중심적 서사로 삼아 통속적인 재미를 추구하고 있었다. 영화출판사본은 출판사와 편집자의 의도에 따라 변개되면서 대조사본(1958), 향민사본(1978)으로 재생산되었다. 넷째, 광복기 교과서 제도에서 사명당은 승병장이나 정치외교의 영웅으로서 수용되었으나 『壬辰錄』 계열의 구비문학적 성격을 그대로 이어받은 측면이 강했다. 다섯째, 밀양 지역문학에서 사명당 담론은 활발하게 생산되지 못했다. 사명당 유택이나 표충사, 표충비각 등의 장소에 대한 감각을 회복하여 지역가치를 창출할 수 있는 가능성을 모색해야 할 것이다. Most of the studies on Samyeongdang, a Korean Buddhist monk, take a historical approach focusing on the journey to Japan. From literary perspective, the studies concentrated too much on the history of novels similar with Imjinrok or on folk tales. There are several reasons behind the underestimation of Samyeongdang recently. First, considering the tradition of biographies since the modern period of enlightenment, the discussion on Samyeong has been almost always secondary to the Story of Great Master Seosan, making it difficult to obtain its own identity. Second, it was prevalent at that time to admire military leaders such as General Eulji Mundeok and Admiral Lee, Sun-sin who devoted themselves to overcoming national crisis, and Samyeong fell short of these national heroes. Third, movies about Admiral Lee, Sun-sin and the Imjin War became the mainstream of popular culture, while only one movie about Samyeongdang was produced in 1963. During the period of modern enlightenment and the Korean War, therefore, the discourse on Samyeongdang was relegated to the status of Ttakjibon popular novel and had to be published in different printings. This is a far cry from the discourse on Admiral Lee, Sun-sin, which was produced, reproduced, distributed and consumed in various ways. The primary object of this study is to examine the status and characteristics of the discourse on Samyeongdang in the history of modern literature.

조향의 문학독본과 1950년대 대학 문학교육

이순욱(Lee, Soon-Wook) 한국문학회 2017 韓國文學論叢 Vol.76 No.-

이 글에서는 조향의 문학독본 3종, 즉 大學國語 現代國文學粹(서울:행문사, 1948.12), 現代國文學粹(부산: 자유장, 1952.11), 大學國語 現代文學(부산: 자유장, 1958.4)의 체재와 성격을 비교ㆍ고찰하였다. 우선,전체 26과로 편제된 1948년판은 시, 소설, 희곡, 수필, 비평, 문학론, 역사, 미술, 미학 등 다양한 갈래의 글을 수록하고 있었다. 이는 당시 발간 된 문학독본이나 중등학교 현장에서 사용된 중등국어교본이나 중등국어의 일반적인 구성방식이었다. 또한 이 교재는 광복기 국어교과서 나 문학독본에 수록된 기존의 작가정전을 주로 활용했다. 당시 남한 문학사회의 문단재편 결과와는 다르게 이태준, 조운, 정지용, 임화, 함세덕,오장환, 백석, 박치우 등 월북ㆍ재북문학인들의 작품을 대거 수록함으로 써 근대문학사에 대한 균형감각을 유지하고자 했다. 이를 통해 친일과저항, 민족주의와 사회주의라는 이념의 차원에 상관없이 근대시의 전통을 통시적으로 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 다음으로, 1952판은 단정 수립 이후 문단재편의 결과를 고스란히 반영하고 있었다. 제재를 죽 나열하던 초판의 과 중심 편제에서 벗어나 시와소설, Essay(비평과 논문)로 나누어 문학을 집중적으로 배치했다. 1952년판에서는 후반기 동인의 시를 현대시사의 전면에 등장시킴으로써 편집주체가 지향하는 초현실주의의 이념과 문학적 좌표를 분명히 했다는 데 의의가 있었다. 교양교육 교재를 통해 후반기 동인의 문단 권위를 공식적으로 승인하고 상징화하려는 의도가 내포되어 있다고 볼 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 1958년 4월에 발간된 대학국어 현대문학은 1952년판의확장판으로, 시, 소설, Essay로 1952년판의 구성 방식과 체재를 고스란히 계승하고 있었다. 편자 자신의 ｢현대시론｣과 ｢현대소설론｣을 작품의서두에 배치하여 감상의 기초 능력을 기르기 위한 편제를 체계화하였다.특히, 시를 대폭 수록한 까닭은 “형식적인 망라주의”보다는 “중점주의”를 취했기 때문이었다. 1948년판은 1952년판에 비해 문학적 자의식을 교재에 적극적으로 투영하지 못했으며, 1952년판과 1958년판으로 갈수록 초현실주의에 대한 그의 문학적 태도를 선명하게 부각시키고 있었다. 이러한 점에서 1950년대 조향의 문학독본은 초현실주의의 문학을 이론화하고 교육제도에 확산시키고자 한 기획의 산물로 볼 수 있으며, 당대 균형적인 문학 교양과지식을 획득하는 데 주력했던 다른 대학국어 교재와는 확연한 차이를지닌다. 이는 조향이 1949년 여름 결성된 후반기 동인 활동과 그것의 연 장선상에서 현대문학연구회를 거치면서 초현실주의 시와 시론에 대한이론과 실천을 거듭 강화해 나간 결과로 볼 수 있다 The goal of this study is to elucidate the reality of literary education at the Gyeongsangnamdo 慶尙南道 province in the 1950s. For it, I concentrate on the practical activities of Jo Hyang 趙鄕 who had led the society of the Right writers’, especially three reading books edited by him, i.e., (1)Hyundaegungmunhaksu 現代國文學粹 (Essence of Modern Korean Literature) (1948), (2)Hyundaegungmunhaksu 現代國文學粹 (Essence of Modern Korean Literature) (1952, newedition of (1)), and (3)Hyundaemunhaksu 現代文學粹 (Essence of Modern Literature) (1958), all of them were made for literary education in academic classes. I examine the editing and publishing processes and sociocultural context of each book, analyze the set–up of it, and deduce Jo’s thoughts about Modern Korean literature and literary education. As the results, I can draw some meaningful facts. Firstly, while editing the first book (1), in spite of belonging to the Right, Jo tried to keep sense of balance in selecting materials. The book contains works of the Left writers’, for instance, Lim Hwa 林和, Lee Tae–jun 李泰俊, and so on. It is so deferent from the dominant literary landscape of the time. Secondly, however, while editing the new edition (2) of it, he turned his attitude and revealed his own view. It reflected the ideological conflict between the Left and the Right. Thirdly, while editing the third edition (3), he concerned about Korean modern literary history, and especially reflected the trend of modern Korean literature, the change of realism to psychologism. Those results refer that the characteristics of literary reading books changed according not only to editors but also the change of cultural landscape of the times. I hope that this paper is helpful to draw the landscape of literary education after the Independence of Korea.

한국전쟁기 전시독본의 형성 기반과 논리

이순욱(Lee, Soon-Wook) 한국문학회 2011 韓國文學論叢 Vol.58 No.-

두루 알다시피 독본은 교육제도의 안팎에서 생산ㆍ유통된 모범적인 읽기 교재를 말한다. 그것은 발간주체와 주체의 의도, 유통 맥락에 따라 다양한 성격을 지닌다. 이 글은 이제껏 한국전쟁기 교육 연구의 영역에서 배제되었던 전시독본의 현황과 형성기반, 성격을 실증적으로 고찰하는 데 목적을 두었다. 한국전쟁기는 단순히 일반교양과 지식을 전달하는 역할에서 나아가 전시체제에 부응하는 국민을 형성하기 위한 정훈독본의 발간이 가파르게 진행되었던 시기이다. 전시교육체제에서 학생들에게 국책 이념을 전파하고 시국 인식을 심화시키기 위해 공식적으로 유통된 ‘전시독본’, 즉 『전시생활』과 『전시독본』이 대표적이다. 이는 국가주의를 관철시키고 총후(銃後) 국민 형성을 꾀한 국가 주도의 매체 가운데 하나였다. 이를 통해 자유민주주의 체제의 우월성 확인, UN에 대한 이해와 공조의 필요성, 반공을 넘어 멸공필승의 신념을 견지하는 전시생활의 실천을 강조함으로써 전시국민의 정체성을 확립하고자 했던 것이다. The Korean War was an ideological warfare. On a war footing, existing literary systems or means of education had to be reorganized to conform to the ideological battle. One of the most remarkable changes was that the media including newspapers, magazines and books which sustained the established system of the time played a very active role in national planning. During the Korean War Period, a variety of readers were produced to meet the different needs of the public, either intellectual or popular tastes. In the fields of literature and education, the media became readers for themselves as it was changing in line with the war footing. These readers were used as a supplementary textbook for a specific subject at schools, as well as a means of instilling specific ideology and knowledge more conveniently into soldiers or the wider public without school education. The purpose of this paper was to take a closer look at the foundation, reality and characteristics of wartime readers published during the Korean War, which has been pushed aside thus far in the researches on the Korean War Period literature. Among the readers, this paper focused particularly on wartime readers, which were utilized as auxiliary textbooks at education facilities for refugees to implant specific ideologies and to raise people’s awareness of the current situation at the time. These wartime readers were comprised of nine different types of 『Wartime Life』 targeting elementary school students and three types of 『Wartime Reader』 designed for middle school students and adults. Based on the dichotomy between ally and enemy, these readers were strategically published to bring the anti-communism with the cold war mindset into the fore and to internalize the excessive yearning for free democracy represented by the United States. Wartime readers, which are rightly described as strategic texts with a strong political and enlightening nature, can be divided into troop information and education (TI&E) readers and cultural readers. TI&E readers aimed at encouraging the public’s political education to indoctrinate the national ideology, while cultural readers literally meant to enhance the level of people’s culture and knowledge. 『Wartime Life』 and 『Wartime Reader』, collectively referred to as wartime readers, were distributed free of charge to students at war refuge shelters as an important TI&E readers for instilling national ideology, and they were one of the most important state-run media to unite the public in the rear. These efforts were made to confirm the superiority of free democracy, reaffirm the need to understand and collaborate with the United Nations and to emphasize the importance of practicing the wartime lifestyle with unwavering commitment to anti-communism, thereby firmly establishing a national identity. The message that these wartime readers intended to deliver was mostly related to the war footing and the most pressing issue of the time was used as a main theme. This is especially true for ‘Enlightenment Guidance,’ in which defeatism or war-weariness were described as the sets of mind that should be firmly excluded in ideological warfare, while implanting the positive conviction that Free World and the Republic of Korea would eventually prevail. In addition, industrial reconstruction, relief activities for war refugees and restoration, governmental financial management, public order and security, tax collection and many other pending issues of the time were aggressively reflected. As the target readers for 『Wartime Life』 and 『Wartime Reader』 were different, they adopted different rhetorical devices for maximum effectiveness. While 『Wartime Life』 tried to provide a guidance for wartime lifestyle in a natural way through a narrative of real story that children from war refugee shelters experienced at school or at home, 『Wartime Reader』 was strongly driven to convey the national ideology through explanation.

정전협정 이후 부산 지역 동인지 시문학 연구

이순욱(Lee Soon wook) 한국문학회 2015 韓國文學論叢 Vol.69 No.-

Literary coterie magazines are the core media which provide the formal foundation of modern literature. Coterie activities have developed spontaneously in Busan during the Korean War, and has reinforced itself by enlarging its extension through 『Seoji』, 『Sinjakpum』, 『Cheonyeoji』, 『Sijo』. On the traditional foundation of media publications after the Armistice Agreement, magazines like 『Sinjakpum』, 『Sijo』, 『Sinjidae』, 『Siyoungto』, 『Unseok』, 『Cheongmun』, 『Pyohyeon』, 『Seokcheon』 have expanded coterie's extension. Participants like Ko, Suk-Gyu, Ii, Suk, Bak, Ji-Soo, No, Young-lan, Jo, Yu-ro, Bak, Don-Mok, Jo, Young-Seo, Han, Chan-Sik, Bak, Cheol-Suk, Ii, Sung-Hwan, Choo, Young-Soo have performed important roles in developing regional literary societies, as coterie activities were performed by young literary men who moved forward systematically in literary circles during the late 1950s. The activities of these literary circles during this period can be generally divided into two trends. The literary study circle represented by Jo Hyang claimed to stand for Modernism which suggested a new way of literature, while the Simun circle represented by Kim Tae-Hong, Ahn Jang-Hyun, Son and Dong-In pursued realism. At the same time, a student circle movement sought to use traditional lyricism to critically analyze the postwar reality and longed to enter the literary society. This student movement forced the literary society in Busan to become very close. After the Armistice Agreement, the activities of these literary circles had a particular significance due to its securing of the diversity of literature and the overall appearance of a literature in the following generations in history and in regional literature. 정전협정이 체결된 1950년대 중후반기는 전중기 피난문단의 영향에서 벗어나 부산 지역 문학사회가 본격적으로 형성되었으며 문학 후속세대의 문단진입이 가속화되었다. 이를 가장 잘 보여주는 것이 동인지 문학 활동이다. 특히 학생동인회는 한국전쟁을 거치면서 '임시수도'와 '피난문단'이 부과한 문학제도와 자산을 밑거름으로 삼아 문학적 감수성을 키웠던 세대들이다. 매체 발간의 부산 지역 집중성과 다양한 전시문화행사, 보수동 헌책방거리의 문화파급력, 피난학교 강사들의 수준 높은 강의 들은 이들이 문학 후속세대로 발돋움하기에 더없이 좋은 토양이었다. 정전협정 이후 발간된 동인지는 전중기(戰中期)부터 발간해 오다 외연을 확대한 『서지(瑞枝)』와 『신작품(新作品)』이 있으며, 『현대문학(現代文學)』, 『시문(詩門)』, 『geiger』, “초극(超劇)』, 『신지대(新地帶)』, 『시영토(詩領土)』, 『운석(隕石)』, “표현(表現)』, 『청문(靑文)』, 『성화(成火)』, 『석천(石泉)』 들이 새롭게 발간되었다. 이 시기 동인지 매체는 크게 두 경향이 존재한다. 조향으로 대표되는 현대문학연구회가 후반기 모더니즘을 표방하며 새로운 문학의 길을 제시했다면, 김태홍, 안장현, 손동인으로 구성된 시문동인회와 학생동인회는 전통 서정주의를 내세웠다. 이들 문학동인회의 활동은 부산 지역문학사에서 문학후속세대의 전면적 등장이라는 의미 못지않게 문학적 다양성의 확보라는 점에서 큰 의의를 지니고 있었다. 특히 동인지 문학 운동에 투신했던 학생문인들은 문학의 새로운 영토를 구축하기 위해 도약과 탈주를 감행한 세대였다. 이들은 소지역을 횡단하면서 그들 세대와 수평적으로 결합했으며, 기성문인들과의 수직적 연대를 추구함으로써 부산 지역문학의 부피를 키운 주체들이었다. 동인지는 이들 학생문인들의 문학적 자의식과 파토스, 낭만적 열정, 한국전쟁의 폐허를 딛고 근본적으로 다시 시작하려는 문학적 기획이 투영된 매체라고 볼 수 있겠다.

백산 안희제의 매체 투쟁과 『자력(自力)』

이순욱(Lee, Soon-Wook) 부산경남사학회 2016 역사와 경계 Vol.99 No.-

백산 안희제는 『경제운동』발간이 좌절된 이후, 협동조합운동의 이론과 성과를 담아내기 위해 자력사를 설립하여 매체 투쟁을 전개하였다. 기관지 『자력(自力)』은 기미육영회 유학생 선발의 첫 결실물이자 그의 경제노선을 오롯이 관철시키고 있는 매체다. 이 글에서는 협동조합운동사 기관지 『자력』의 매체 이념과 성격, 필진의 됨됨이를 고찰함으로써 백산이 전개한 매체 투쟁의 빈자리를 실질적으로 복원하고자 했다. 첫째, 『자력』은 민족자립경제의 건설이라는 대의를 협동조합운동을 통해 선명하게 관철시키고자 한 매체였다. 동경유학생 중심의 협동조합운동사와 연계된 백산의 협동조합운동은 『조선경제(朝鮮經濟)』 →『경제운동(經濟運動)』 → 『자력(自力)』으로 이어지는 매체 투쟁의 흐름과 나란히 이론과 실천의 두 길에서 민족자립경제를 건설하려는 실질적인 방안이었다. 둘째, 『자력』은 창간호와 제2호가 식민통치를 위협할 만큼의 정치적 색채를 띠었던 까닭에 불허될 수밖에 없었으나, 폭압적인 검열 시스템을 통과하면서도 제5호까지 발행되었던 것으로 보인다. 「창간사」를 통해 알 수 있듯이, 『자력』은 당시 조선민중의 경제적 파탄을 단순히 폭로하거나 비판하는 데 거치지 않고 매체 투쟁을 통해 식민지 경제정책을 정면으로 돌파하면서 민족해방의 앞길을 개척하고자 했다. 셋째, 『자력』은 정치적 폐색과 조선경제의 붕괴가 가속화되는 상황에서 경제, 문화, 출판, 문학, 취미교양 분야의 글들을 수록하고 있었다. 필진 구성은 당시 민족운동의 지형과 직접적으로 관련되기보다는 매체 발행인 안희제와의 관련성이 두드러졌다. 기미육영회 제1차 장학생으로 선발된 전진한과 백산과 동향인 이시목이 핵심인물이었다. 이러한 인적 관계를 바탕으로 백산과 협동조합운동사는 『자력』을 매개로 자연스럽게 결합할 수 있었던 것이다. This article is intended to substantially restore missing parts of the media struggle, developed by Baeksan by considering the ideas and character of Cooperative movement association media called Jaryeok (自力) and the quality of writers. This could provide a clue to explain in detail about the direction and substance of the economic movement that promoted the second half of the 1920s. First of all, media called Jaryeok was to achieve the goal of ‘building a self-reliant national economy’ clearly through the cooperative movement association. Cooperative movement association of Baeksan was linked with the cooperative movement association of International Student in Tokyo. It was on the same line as the direction of the media struggle leading from Korean Economy (朝鮮經濟)』 → Economic Movement (經濟運動)』 → Jaryeok (自力). Also, it was a real theoretical and practical ways to build a self-reliant national economy. After the publication of Economic movement was failed, Beaksan established the media called Jaryeok to show the theory and history of the cooperative movement association. In addition, he sought to develop media struggle. Therefore, the media Jaryeok produced a successful outcome of selecting international students in ‘Gimi Scholarship Society’ and it went along with economic movement. Second, the ideology of the media of Jaryeok was clear enough at The First publication remained in spite of press censorship from Japan. Baeksan is not just simply to suggest or reveal the economic collapse of the Korean people at that time, he broke through the media struggle with the colonial economic policies in the face to explore the future direction of national liberation. Also, the first and No. 2 issues of Jaryeok could not be issued because of political issues criticizing colonization. No.5 was published regardless of coercive censorship system. However, it does not mean that media struggle of Jaryeok was over. Third, Jaryeok included writings from various fields such as economic, culture, publishing, literature, interests about education even though it was in a situation where political obstruction and the collapse of the Korean economy were getting worse. When examine the nature of writings, a great number of members from ‘Cooperative movement association’ and ‘Society for research in foreign literature’ which were affiliated secret society of students studying in Tokyo called ‘Hanbit’ participated. They could participate in the writers Jaryeok because they were nationalism rather than they had personal connections. Above all, the configuration of the writers is highly relevant to medium publishers, An Hee-je, rather than directly related to the topography of the nationalist movement. The main members were Jeon Jin-Han and Baeksan who were the first scholarship students of ‘Gimi Scholarship Society’ and Lee Shi-mok who was from the same hometown. Based on these personal relationships, Baeksan and cooperative movement association went together with Jaryeok.