『논어(論語)』의 인(仁): 개념분석과 행정학적 함의

이병갑 한국정부학회 2010 한국행정논집 Vol.22 No.3

『논어』는 고대 중국 춘추시대의 사회문제를 해결하기 위한 논리였지만 현대에도 시사하는 바가 많다고 생각된다. 『논어』의 핵심사상인 `인(仁)`의 개념을 종합하여 행정학적 측면에서 정의해 볼 때 자기규제와 상대방에 대한 배려를 통한 합리적이고 조화로운 관계 형성 및 문제해결의 논리로 파악하여 볼 수 있다. 『논어』의 `인`을 분석하여 볼 때, 이론적 함의의 경우 행정철학 분야에서 `인`은 국가의 행정이 나아가야 할 방향을 제시한 것으로 목표달성에 있어서 수단의 정당성을 강조하고 있다. 조직관리분야에서는 조직에 있어서 구성원의 역할을 중요시하며 지도자의 도덕성에 기초를 둔 지도력을 강조하고 있다. 인사행정분야에서는 도덕적이고 봉사적인 공무원상 정립. 재무행정분야에서는 합리적인 재정수입과 지출을 강조하고 있다. 정책학분야에서는 도덕국가 내지 문화국가로의 지향을 정책목표로 제시하고 있다. 절차적 함의의 경우, 자기규제를 통한 타인에 대한 배려가 행정과정에서 구현되어야 국민을 설득할 수 있고 원활한 정책집행이 가능하다. 정책적 함의의 경우. `인`은 사회적 약자와 소외된 자를 배려하는 사회복지정책의 기본정신과 관련되어 있다.

政策過程에 있어서 利益集團理論의 適用

이병갑 安東大學 1981 安東大學 論文集 Vol.3 No.1

Development of capitalism and progress of modern civilization in the advanced European countries since the 20th century have brought about a phenomenon of functional specialization, which provided an opportunity to show a burgeoning trend of interest groups. In particular, this state of affairs was attributed to the change of quality in the ideology of democratic politics what is called the representative system by means of political parties. In this manner, the policy proces has become that of mutual adjustment and struggles between interest groups and all policies have been regarded to have reflected interactions between interest groups. As there have been a very limited introduction and application of in Korea of the theory of interest groups, the product of policy process in Europe, the theory should be dicussed as to the relevance of its application for political and administative research. The theoretical approach of interest groups in policy process was made through the Hydraulic Theory of Arthur F. Bentley, Group Dynamics of David B. Truman, Compartive Study of Interest Groups by Gabriel A. Almond, and Determinants of Pressure Group Politics by Harry Eckstein. The application of interest group theory suggests us not only the relationship interest groups and their various environment-administrative systems, other interest groups and the parliament, political parties, and public opinions-but also the ideologies of various interest groups, leadership, organizational structure, financial capability, the structure of consciousness of components. There have been many examples of study in which the theory of interest groups has been practically applied in the policy process. This study was made mainly on the basis of the thesis on how economic, labor and educational interest groups have influenced the policy process since 1970. Environmental restraint factors in the application of the interest group theory for the policy process include the lack of a device to accept advice, lack of integration capability of parliamentary political choices and the interest of political parties, lack of social recognition of interest groups due to the immaturity of political culture, and confrontation between the south and the north. Internal constraint factors in the application of the interest group theory for policy process are the meagerness of leadership and financial capability, undemocratic attitude in decision-making process, and the low lebel of consciousness of constituents. Environmental preconditions for the application of the interest group theory in the policy process are the estabilishment of an institutional device to accept opinions and knowledge, strengthening of parliamentary action for political choices and increased integration capability of interests of political parties, and the necessity of accurate recognition of interest groups through the enhancemennt of political consciousness. Internal conditions of interest groups required by themselves for the application of the interest group theory in the policy process include the enhancement of consciousness and voluntary leadership, democratization of decision-making process, improvement of financial self-sufficiency, and the advanced structure of consciousness of constituents. Research on the application of the interest group theory in the policy process should be made in parallel with Korea`s political, adminisrative and cultural research in view of indigenous Korean administration.

女性勤勞者들을 爲한 産業保建管理

李炳甲 가톨릭대학산업의학센타 산업의학연구소 1970 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.9 No.3

This survey was conducted on seventy-five industrial establishments of various sizes in Yongdung Po area over a period of four months from August 1 to November 30, 1970. We placed emphasis on the their working environments and prevalence of organic solvent poisoning and occupational hearing loss. The results were as follows: I. Working environment 1. Transport equipment industry produced the highest noise levels ranging from 90 to 96 dB(A) and printing industry had the lowest noise level of 70-91 dB(A). 2. Illumination were poor in transport equipment industry (50-100 lux) and best in chemical industry (150-800 lux). 3. Dust concentration was highest in metal product industry (38.0 mg/㎥) and lowest in precision instruments manufacturing industry (0.15mg/㎥). 4. The concentration of benzene was 200-300 ppm in precision instrument manufacturing industry, 25-150 ppm in chemical industry, 80-130 ppm in food-stuff industry, and also above TLV at spray process in metal product and transport equipment industry. 5. The concentration of toluene was 300-900 ppm at printing process of food-stuff industry, 300-500 ppm at paint manufacturing industry, and less than TLV in rubber products and precision instrument manufacturing industry. 6. The concentration of trichloroethylene was 750 ppm at washing process of precision instrument manufacturing industry and 120-650 ppm at packing process in metal product industry. 7. Gasoline above TLV was noted in rubber product industry, printing industry and precision instrument manufacturing industry. 8. Organic lead was 0.02-0.23 mg/㎥ in rubber product industry. 9. In metal product industry, carbon monoxide was 250 ppm and sulfur dioxide was 25 ppm. II. Organic solvent poisoning. 1. Prevalence of organic solvent poisoning (including suspects) was 48.1%, being 49.6% for male and 46.8% for female workers. The rate was higher in rubber product industry, printing industry, transport equipment and chemical industry. By the scale of industry, the rate was highest in undertakings employing less than 100 workers. 2. The prevalence rate of benzene poisoning increased in positive association with the length employed. 3. The prevalence rate of benzene poisoning was 54.5% for female workers and showed sharp increase with age. Th rate for young (male and female) workers of less than 18 years was 44.5% and 48.0% respectively. 4. For workers exposed to benzene, the atmospheric concentration and blood specific gravity, as well as the length of services and red blood count, showed statistically significant association. III. Occupational hearing loss. 1. The prevalence of occupational hearing loss (including suspects) was 36.6%, being 30.7% for male and 42.5% for female workers. The rate was higher in metal products industry, and leather products plants Also it was high in textile industry for female workers. By the scale of industry, the rate decreased in the sequence of 100-299 employees, 300-999 employees, less than 100 employees and more than 1,000 employees group. 2. The prevalence rate showed increase together with length of services, especially in female workers. 3. Female workers are exposed to higher level of noise in general and the prevalence rate showed rapid increase with the advance of age. IV. Non-occupational diseases. 1. The prevalence rate was 26.0%, being 28.4% for male and 18.6% for female workers. By groups pf disease, hypertension, hearing loss and eye disease were most prevalent. 2. The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 3.58% and a remarkable decrease in recent years was noted.

「대학(大學)」 3강령(三綱領) 8조목(八條目)의 분석과 행정학적 함의

이병갑 한국정책학회 2005 한국정책학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.하계

조선조 교육·문화 정책과정에 있어서 정파간의 이익갈등 분석 : 16세기 붕당간의 관계를 중심으로 Mainly on the Relationship between Factional Parties during 16th Century

이병갑 서울대학교 행정대학원 2004 行政論叢 Vol.42 No.1

교육·문화정책과정에 있어서 정파간의 이익갈등현상을 16세기의 경서번역정책과 문묘종향정책을 중심으로 논의하였다. 경서번역정책의 경우, 각 정파는 성균관·사학·향교 서당의 교재로 사용되고 있는 경서를 언해하는 데 주도권을 장악하기 위하여 이익갈등을 벌였다. 집권세력인 동인의 의도대로 동인이 존봉하는 인물인 이황 사서석의(四書釋義)가 교정청의 언해과정에 반영되었다. 이는 동인의 영향력 증대 즉, 정치적 이익과 관련되고 있다. 동인과 서인간에 이익갈등은 경쟁의 형태로 전개되었으며, 갈등의 귀결은 동인의 권력유지였다. 문화정책의 경우 유현(儒賢)의 문묘종향정책에 관한 것이었으며, 이 문제는 남인과 서인·북인간에 전개되었고, 이익갈등의 전개양상은 대립이었으며, 상당한 기간이 경과한 후 오현의 문묘종향을 반대한 북인 핵심세력이 권력원에서 축출되는 것으로 귀결되었다. This article is the analysis of the conflict of interest between parties in educational and cultural policy process during 16th century. In the process of educational policy, factional parties wanted to have the initiative concerning the policy for translation in the confucious books. The ruling party was Easterners[Dongin(東人)], they respected Yi Hwang(李滉) who wrote Kyungseoseokyi(經書釋義). His books were reflected on the process of translation in the correction authority(校正廳). It signifies the increase of influence of Easterners, for example, political interest. The conflict of interest between Dongin and Westerners[Seoin(西人)]was progressed through their competition. As a result of the conflict, the party of Easterners[Dongin(東人)]reinforced their political power. In the process of cultural policy, factional parties wanted to be selected in the Confucian Schrines(文廟), whom they worshiped. The conflict of another interest arose among Southerners[Namin(南人)], Northerners[Pukin(北人)]and Westerners. The type of conflicts was each other's antagonism and its consequence was Pukin's leader's expulsion out of the official position after several years. The interest of Namin was reflected in the process of placing the Confusion Schrine.

論語의 仁:개념분석과 행정학적 함의

이병갑 한국정부학회 2010 한국행정논집 Vol.22 No.3

Though the Analects of Confucius, a record of the words and acts, are logical solutions of the social problems of the Chronicles of Lu(722-484 BC) in ancient China, the author thinks that it gives some valuable information about modern knowledge-based society. The main ideas of Analects of Confucius are defined as perfect virtue(Humaneness) in building of harmonious relationships and the logic of rational problem solving. Analyzing the perfect virtue of Analects of Confucius could be divided into three dimensions of implication. First, for the theoretical implication, it is classified into five categories; philosophy of public administration, organization management, public personnel administration, financial administration and policy science. In the field of philosophy of public administration, it gives some suggestions on the guidelines of public administration which emphasizes the legitimacy of means. For the organizational management area, it emphasizes the role of the members in the organization and leadership based on the morality. For the public personnel administration, it emphasizes trustworthy civil servants. In the field of financial administration, it emphasizes equilibrium of revenue and expenditure. In the case of policy science, it suggests the policy orientation to institute the State with morally strong and culturally affluent. Second, in the case of procedural implications, it is necessary to realize the consideration of other people in the administration process, and then it is able to influence people and perform harmonious public policy. Third, in the case of policy implications, perfect virtue is related to consideration of the lower stratum in society and alienated people with the mission of the social welfare policy. 『논어』는 고대 중국 춘추시대의 사회문제를 해결하기 위한 논리였지만 현대에도 시사하는 바가 많다고 생각된다.『논어』의 핵심사상인 ‘인(仁)’의 개념을 종합하여 행정학적 측면에서 정의해 볼 때 자기규제와 상대방에 대한 배려를 통한 합리적이고 조화로운 관계 형성 및 문제해결의 논리로 파악하여 볼 수 있다. 『논어』의 ‘인’을 분석하여 볼 때, 이론적 함의의 경우 행정철학 분야에서 ‘인’은 국가의 행정이 나아가야 할 방향을 제시한 것으로 목표달성에 있어서 수단의 정당성을 강조하고 있다. 조직관리분야에서는 조직에 있어서 구성원의 역할을 중요시하며 지도자의 도덕성에 기초를 둔 지도력을 강조하고 있다. 인사행정분야에서는 도덕적이고 봉사적인 공무원상 정립. 재무행정분야에서는 합리적인 재정수입과 지출을 강조하고 있다. 정책학분야에서는 도덕국가 내지 문화국가로의 지향을 정책목표로 제시하고 있다. 절차적 함의의 경우, 자기규제를 통한 타인에 대한 배려가 행정과정에서 구현되어야 국민을 설득할 수 있고 원활한 정책집행이 가능하다. 정책적 함의의 경우. ‘인’은 사회적 약자와 소외된 자를 배려하는 사회복지정책의 기본정신과 관련되어 있다.

政策過程에 있어서 利益表出 : 헝거리의 境遇 The Case of Hungary

이병갑 安東大學 1982 安東大學 論文集 Vol.4 No.1

It was not until recent days that Korea initiated its study on the politics and economics of Eastern Europe. This move has given rise to an economic need aimed at trade with Eastern Europe and an academic interest with which the Korean government`s efforts are directed toward the dehostilization or neutralization of Eastern Europe. This writer is to discuss a problem of articulating interests in the policy process which is close to the most pluralistic system of Eastern European countries, excluding Yugoslavia. First of all, in the policy process of communist countries, a problem of application of interest group theory is discussed. As a result of this discussion, it was found that group interests were articulated in the policy process. Then, discussion is made on the political system of Hungry and the method by which the interests are articulated. Hungry has a one-party communist government, and no opposition is allowed. Hungry`s official head of state is the president, who is elected by the parliament. He is also President of presidium (Presidential Council). This presidium makes national laws while parliament is not in session. Although the president is the official head, the first secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers` (Communist Party) is the actual chief of state. He rules a dictator. The party`s politburo (ruling council) has great influence in running the government. The premier is a chairman of the Council of Ministers, which is composed of the highest officials of the Communist Party. Since 1962, Hungry has undergone a gradual liberalization of its domestic policies. Hungarian economic reforms have been perhaps the most exsensive Eastern Europe. Political control has been loosened and somewhat decentralized within both party and government hierarchies. A concrete case is taken as an example in which the interests are articulated in the policy process mainly of farmers and labor groups. The characteristics of the policy process in Hungry may be stated as belows. First, the conflict between group interests is growingly recognized in the policy process and the group interest was in a trend of political recognition. Second, the importance of the component members of the political bureau and the secretariat of the Hungarian Socialistic Labor Party is great but tends to spread to the state organizations and lower lebels of hierarcy by means of gradual functional specialization and power delegation. Third, a trend is seen that, in the policy process, the agricultural production association mainly composed of farmers and the labor union primarily consisting of labors are extricating themselves of being an instrument for political mobilization to grow as pressure groups. Fourth, it is immature to see the arrival of the pluralism founded on the voluntary association that can be seen in Western Europe. If the politics of Eastern Europe, particularly, the policy process of Hungry, is to be understood convincingly, in the future, a study is further required of the intellectual structure of Hungry.

조선중기 지방행정기관의 정책과정 분석

이병갑 한국지방정부학회 2008 지방정부연구 Vol.11 No.4

이 논문은 조선시대에서 유교정치가 가장 활발하게 이루어지고 공론의 정치가 활성화된 조선중기 지방행정기관의 정책과정을 분석하였다. 분석의 기준은 규범적준거·환경·구조·참여자이다. 조선중기 지방행정기관의 정책과정을 규범적준거면에서 고찰할 때 주로 유교의 경전, 경국대전, 지방행정관의 가치관이 주요기준으로 작용하였으며, 지방의 향약과 동약도 정책과정에서 주요한 역할을 수행하였다. 환경의 경우 유교의 영향을 무시할 수 없다. 이들은 유교적 가치체계와 인식을 지녔으며, 유교적인 정치행정문화의 창출에 기여하였다. 정치세력의 지지기반인 지역의 경우 대체로 관인과 재지사족간에 협력이 원활하게 이루어질 수 있었지만, 지지기반이 상이한 경우 관인과 지방사족간에 갈등관계를 이루고 있었다. 이는 지방의 정치행정이 중앙의 정치행정에 예속됨을 의미한다. 재지사족세력의 경제력이 강화될 경우 그들은 지방에서 영향력을 행사할 수 있었지만, 경제력이 약화될 경우 수령과 향리의 도전을 받고 있었다. 조선중기 지방행정의 구조는 수령중심으로 이루어 졌다. 향회는 수령과 향리에 대한 견제기능을 담당하는 유향소에 대한 운영감독기능을 수행하고 있었는데, 이는 오늘날 지방의회의 연원으로 봄이 합당하다. 조선중기 재지사족의 활동은 다소 부정적인 측면도 있지만 긍정적으로 평가해야 할 측면이 있다. 조선중기 지방행정기관의 정책과정에서 참여자는 국왕을 대리한 관찰사·수령중심의 관인, 지방의 재지사족을 중심으로 한 향회, 지역의 실무 행정세력인 향리 중심으로 이루어졌으나, 주로 관치행정이기에 실제적으로는 수령이 중심이 되어 행해졌다. 그러나 향회와 향리의 활동도 무시할 수 없다. 조선중기 지방행정기관의 정책과정에 대한 연구는 한국행정의 뿌리를 찾는 작업으로서 의미가 있으며, 앞으로 새로운 자료의 발굴과 아울러 지속적인 관심과 연구가 필요하다.

『중용』구경 분석과 현대 행정학적 함의

이병갑 한국정부학회 2008 한국행정논집 Vol.20 No.1

『中庸』은 유가의 문헌 가운데 철학적 탐색을 강조한 문헌으로서 조선시대 경연의 주요교재로 사용되었다. 이러한 『중용』가운데 정치·행정 사상을 함축적으로 표현한 부분이 구경이다. 『중용』의 구경은 공자가 노나라 애공(哀公)에게 천하국가를 구성하는 여러 사회계층을 다스리는 원리를 자신의 인격수양인 수신(修身)에서 시작하여 존현(尊賢), 친친(親親), 경대신(敬大臣), 체군신(體群臣), 자서민(子庶民), 내백공(來百工), 유원인(柔遠人), 회제후(懷諸侯)까지 단계적으로 제시한 것이다. 『중용』구경은 정치행정의 기본원칙을 제시한 것으로 현대 행정학 연구와 관련이 깊다. 『중용』구경은 이론적인 측면에서 행정철학 분야, 조직관리론 분야, 인사행정 분야, 재무행정 분야, 정책론 분야에 적용될 수 있다. 절차적인 측면에서 정치·행정과정의 가장 기초가 되는 것은 수신으로서 사회윤리확립의 전제가 된다. 정책적인 측면에서 『중용』구경이 추구하는 사회는 대동사회로 이의 구현을 위해서 인사정책이 중요하다. 『중용』구경에서 천하를 다스리기 위해 먼저 자신에 대한 성찰을 강조한 면은 『대학』과 동일하지만 그것에 접근하는 방법은 상이하다. 즉, 『대학』에서는 ʻ자신 → 가정 → 국가 → 천하ʼ의 순으로 공간적 개념을 확장해 가는 데 비해,『중용』구경에서는 다양한 사회 구성원에 대해 집단별로 접근하고 있다는 점이 다르다. 이는 사회의 다양한 이익집단이 서로 잘 조화를 이루도록 하는 것이 현대 정치의 중요한 과제인 것과 맥락을 같이 한다고 볼 수 있다.

朝鮮朝 主要學派의 政策性向 比較分析 : 16·17 세기 退溪學派와 栗谷學派를 중심으로

이병갑 안동대학교 1994 退溪學 Vol.6 No.1

조선조의 정책과정에서 퇴계학파와 율곡학파의 정책성향에 대한 비교는 조선 후기 주요 학파의 정책성향을 파악할 수 있게 하고 있다. 이와 같은 연구가 다른 학파에 적용될 때 보다 보편성 있는 일반이론의 창출이 가능할 것이다.