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윤충원(Chung-Weon YOON),하현수(Hyun-Soo HA),박종철(Jong-Cheol PARK) 전북대학교 산업경제연구소 2009 아태경상저널 Vol.1 No.1
중국의 대외무역대리제도는 대외무역정책의 산물로 탄생한 것이지 법률요소를 고려해서 만들어진 것이 아니다. 이에 따라서 중국 학자들은 대외무역대리를 위탁대리관계, 위탁매매관계 아니면 매매관계로 볼 것인지와 관련하여 다양한 의견을 제시하였다. 이러한 혼란은 유사한 유형의 대외무역대리관련 사건에 대해 상이한 판결이 내려지는 결과를 나았다. 그러나 중국은 1999년 계약법을 제정하여 대리에 따른 당사자 간 법률관계를 명확히 규정하였다. 또한 2004년에는 대외무역법을 개정하여 그동안 중국 대외무역대리의 모호성에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 대외무역권을 개방하였다. 따라서 현재 중국의 대외무역대리 당사자 간 법률관계는 어느 정도 분명해 졌다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 중국은 계약법을 제정하는 과정에서 대륙법계 법체계에 영미법계 대리규정을 채용하여 법을 제정하였기 때문에 법 적용상의 불확실성은 여전히 존재하고 있다. 따라서 우리 기업이 중국 기업과 중국의 대외무역대리제도를 이용하여 무역계약을 체결하는 경우는 다음과 같은 점을 주의하여야 할 것이다. 첫째, 우리 기업이 중국 기업이 대리인 자격으로 계약과정에 참여하고 있음을 알았을 경우에는 무역계약서에 이러한 사실을 삽입하여 계약관련 분쟁에 대비하여야 할 것이다. 둘째, 우리 기업이 중국의 본인과 대리인 간의 대리관계를 알았을 경우에, 본인이 대외무역권을 갖고 있는지 여부에 대하여 확인하여야 한다. 셋째, 우리 기업이 대리관계가 존재하는지 불명확하게 인식하고 있었을 경우, 계약체결시 대리관계를 알지 못하였음을 주장하는 것이 분쟁해결에 보다 유리할 수 있다. The foreign trade agency system of China is a result of foreign trade policy, not a system regarding legal factors. Therefore, Chinese scholars present various opinion whether foreign trade agency is considered as a consignment agency relationship or consignment dealing relationship, or dealing relationship. However this kind of confusion aroused different conclusion about similar cases related to foreign trade agency. So China established Contract Law in 1999 that it enacts legal relationship among parties. Moreover, Foreign Trade Law is amended in 2004 and as a result foreign trade right, which has an effect on ambiguity of Chinese foreign trade agency a lot, is opened. Hence it is that legal relationship among parties of Chinese foreign trade agency is partly obvious. Nevertheless uncertainty in application of a law still exists because when China establish Contract Law, they applied agency regulations in Anglo-American Law System on Chinese own Continental law system. Therefore, in case of our companies make trade contract with Chinese companies under Chinese foreign trade agency system, they have to consider as follows. Firstly, in case of our companies know that they participate in contract themselves as an agency of Chinese company, they should insert this content on contract in order to get rid of conflicts. Secondly, in case of our companies recognize between Chinese principal and agency, they should confirm whether principal has foreign trade right or not. Finally, in case of our companies recognize that agency relationship is not clear, to persist that they didn't know the agency relationship when they made a contract is much better than conflict settlement.
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윤충원(Chung-Weon Yoon) 한국무역학회 2011 한국무역학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.4
Bribery is sometimes justified on the ground that it greases the wheels of excessive government regulations, and it is tolerated as a practical business necessity which everybody does it. But bribing public officials has been generally recognized as a moral outrage throughout the world history. And, apart from moral aspects, bribery harms the level playing fields in the overseas market by excluding bona fide competitors. As a result, consumer’s welfare is to be decreased while briber can get unfair benefit. In addition, bribery leads often to the misallocation of government funds by overinvestment of large-scale projects. For these reasons, U.S. enacted Foreign Corrupt Practice Act in 1977(amended in 1988 and 1998) to cope with bribing foreign public officials by U.S. companies and to restore public confidence in the integrity of the American business system damaged in 1970s. And also, U.S. government asked OECD member countries to enact legislation similar to FCPA, and took initiatives to sign the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, and U.N. Convention. Furthermore, U.S. has made much efforts to link bribery to international trade in WTO negotiation as one of new trade issues. This article presents the substance of anti-bribery provisions of FCPA(except accounting provisions), enforcement, penalties, and U.S. corporate compliance programs to find how strongly the U.S. government regulate and enforce it in order to cope with bribing foreign public officials by U.S. companies and how U.S. companies create and implement compliance programs to prevent their penalties in the course of doing overseas business. It is worthy to study FCPA because we can follow the example of it when Korean government enact the similar legislation in future. Moreover, Korean public officials and intermediaries also can be involved in FCPA in case they receive bribery from U.S. Companies. As a result of this study, we can find FCPA regulation is very strictly and strongly being enforced, and penalties are much heavy if U.S. companies violate it’s provisions. And also, it is found that U.S. companies should implement positively the compliance programs suggested DOJ, conducting due diligence and checking everyday “red flags” in relations to intermediaries of overseas business and mergers and acquitions etc.
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윤충원(Chung-Weon Yoon),유찬확(Zuan-Kuo Liu) 한국국제상학회 2008 國際商學 Vol.23 No.3
The aims of this paper are to search the status and the improving ways of curriculums of international trade department(major) in Korean universities. To attain these aims, this paper is composed of the environment changes influenced on the recent education of international trade, the status and problems of curriculum of international trade department in Korean universities, global trade experts incubating programs supported by Korean government for several universities, the problems and reform measures of the curriculum in future.<BR> As result of this study, the authors’ opinion is that Korean universities have to unify the name of a large number of curriculums by preparing the standardized curriculum, taking part in the activities of Korea Institute for Accreditation of International Trade Education which is established last year, and strengthening practical education in international trade department(major) of universities.
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하현수(Hyun-soo Ha),윤충원(Chung-weon Yoon) 한국국제상학회 2007 國際商學 Vol.22 No.3
According to Korean papers related to past Chinese International Commercial Arbitration, Chinese court judgment is based to Chinese companies" favor through contractual and judicial nature in the judicial review process. This paper confirm whether these kinds of situations still exist or not through the analysis in judicial review cases about the judicial review system of Chinese International Commercial Arbitration and International Commercial Arbitration judgment by recent Chinese courts.<BR> There are some consequences through case analysis as follows:<BR> Firstly, the condition of effectiveness in the arbitral agreement is still a troublesome.<BR> Secondly, the problem of judge"s qualification is improved a lot, but still is not enough.<BR> Thirdly, strengthening of monitoring and intervening about the supplementary by Chinese the prime court is one of the factors to restrict the judicial review authority related to International Commercial Arbitration of supplementary.<BR> Fourthly, the problem of real review in International Commercial Arbitration judgment by the court is not proved in those cases.<BR> Fifthly, the problem of a broad application of public policy regulation is also not proved.
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하현수(Hyun-Soo Ha),윤충원(Chung-Weon Yoon),유찬확(Zhuan-Kuo Liu) 한국관세학회 2007 관세학회지 Vol.8 No.3
When China entered WTO, China had made commitments to keep WTO rules related to State Trading System. These commitments are specifically stated in China's Protocol of Accession and Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China. And also, China specifically submitted the list of state trading commodities, state trading enterprises and the allocation of commodities, portion, methods, period which are related to non-state trading enterprises. As we mentioned in this paper, when China entered WTO, China allowed most commodities to be freely traded except some commodities which have possibilities to affect badly to Chinese domestic economy. As a result of free market, China has experienced economic growth over 10 percent every year. However, China still prevents non-state trading enterprises from importing some state trading commodities through direct and indirect protective policies. Oil and agricultural products are the example of the state trading. Chinese government controls directly one or two enterprises as the state trading enterprises in the cause of national economic efficiency. Moreover, allocations of these commodities to non-state trading enterprises are also prevented by several policies and exclusive rights of state trading enterprises. Nevertheless, these systems are an illegal behavior which is contrary to WTO rules.
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장준복 ( Jun Pok Chang ),도은수 ( Eun Soo Doh ),길기정 ( Ki Jung Kil ),양재경 ( Jae Kyung Yang ),윤충원 ( Chung Weon Yun ),이건희 ( Gun Hee Lee ),정윤혜 ( Yun Hae Jung ),지윤선 ( Yoon Sun Ji ),김보람 ( Bo Ram Kim ),최명석 ( Myung 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.3
울릉도 자연산 및 강릉산 재배 산마늘(Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum)의 물 추출물과 70% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 강릉산보다 울릉도산에서, 인경보다 잎에서 높게 나타났으며, 강릉산 잎의 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 52.57 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 플라보노이드 함량은 잎의 에탄올 추출물에서 유의성 있게 높게 나타났으며, 인경에서는 산지별, 추출용제별 차이가 없었다. 울릉도산 잎의 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 73.30 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 전자공여능은 울릉도산은 70% 에탄올 추출물에서, 강릉산은 물 추출물에서 높았고, 인경보다 잎에서 높게 나타났다. 울릉도산 잎의 알코올 추출물에서 55.13%로 가장 높게 나타났다. SOD 유사활성은 강릉산보다 울릉도산에서 높게 나타났고, 울릉도산 잎의 에탄올 추출물이 92.00%로 가장 높게 나타났다. Hydroxy radical 소거활성은 잎의 에탄올 추출물에서, 인경보다는 잎에서, 울릉도산 보다는 강릉산 잎에서 높게 나타났다. 강릉산 잎의 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 58.85%로 가장 높았다. 지질과산화 억제활성은 울릉도산과 강릉산 모두 잎과 에탄올 추출물에서 높게 나타났고, 울릉도산 잎의 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 73.33%로 가장 높았다. 본 연구 결과로 산마늘 추출물은 항산화 관련 건강기능성 식품 등으로 널리 응용될 수 있을 것이다. Leaf and bulb of wild garlic (Allium victorials var. platyphyllum) from Ulleung Island and Gangneung region were extracted with water and 70% ethanol and investigated on its antioxidative activity. Total polyphenol content of Ulleung island wild garlic was higher than that of Gangneung region. Total polyphenol content in bulb was high compared to content of the leaves, and 70% ethanol extract of Ulleung Island leaf was high in 72.50 mg/g. Flavonoid content in leaf was higher than that of bulb, 70% ethanol extract of Ulleung Island leaf was high in 73.30 mg/g. Electron donating activity of 70% ethanol extract from Ulleung island and water extracts (55.13%) from Gangneung were higher than those of other extracts. Bulb extracts on electron donating activity were higher than those of the leaf extracts. SOD like activity of extracts was high in 70% ethanol extract of wild gallic leaf cultivated at Gangneung. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity of wild gallic was high in leaf extracts compared to activity of bulb extracts. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity (58.85%) of Ulleung island wild gallic leaf extracts was higher than that of the wild gallic leaves of Gangneung. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity was both high in water and 70% ethanol leaf extracts of Ulleung island and Gangneung region, especially, 70% ethanol extract of leaves from Ulleung island was the highest 73.33%. These results suggest that extracts from wild garlic could be used as an antioxidative functional food source.
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