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吳蓮淑 호남고고학회 2000 湖南考古學報 Vol.12 No.-
濟州島 新石器時代 土器形式은 文樣을 중심으로 元始無文樣土器(Ⅰ形式), 隆起文土器(Ⅱ 形式), 押引文(Ⅲ 形式), 押捺文土器(Ⅳ 形式), 沈線文土器(Ⅴ 形式), 二重口綠土器(Ⅵ 形式), 無文樣土器(Ⅶ 形式)로 분류된다. 각 형식들은 동일한 토기양상이 확인되는 주변지역의 絶代年代와 相對年代 자료를 통해 5段階의 토기전개과정이 설정되었다. 1段階는 高山里유적과 金寧里유적을 중심으로 출토되는 高山里式 元始無文樣土器의 사용시기이다. 이 단계의 土器는 Amur강 유역과 沿海州 등지에서 확인되는 新石器初期段階의 것으로 시기도 B.C. 10,000~7,000경에 해당된다. 2段階는 之子(點例)文과 隆起文土器 사용시기로서 '之' 字點例文土器는 中國 遼河지역과의 비교를 통해 B.C. 5,000을 중심년대로 하는 新石器 早期로 比定된다. 隆起文土器는 신석기 早期後葉에서 남해안지역 前期까지 성행한 남해안지역 융기문토기유적과 동일한 양상을 보인다. 3段階는 押引文土器단계로서 남해안지역 前期의 瀛仙洞유적의 표식적인 문양이라 할 수 있다. 4段階는 退化沈線文土器와 押捺文土器 사용시기이다 이 단계의 특징은 '北村里式土器'가 성립되는 시기로 기형, 문양시문수법 등에서 남해안 내륙지역의 후기유식과 공통적인 양상을 띤다. 특히, 문양형태에 있어 地域性을 보여주는 형식이 注目된다. 5段階는 二重口綠土器가 출현하는 시기로서 末期에 제주도를 포함한 남해안지역은 물론 내륙지역까지 광범위하게 분포한다. 이들 토기 중에 원시무문양토기와 지자점렬문토기는 한반도에서는 아직 확인되지 않으며, 日本, 러시아, 沿海州 등지의 初期 新石器時代의 토기요소를 갖고 있다. 그리고 융기문토기를 비롯한 압인문, 압날문, 침선문, 이중구연토기는 지리적으로 가까운 南海岸地域과 유사한 양상을 띠고 있어 제주도 신석기시대 토기가 주변지역과의 관련성을 갖고 변천되었음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 섬이 갖는 孤立性으로 인해 北村里式土器처럼 독자적으로 발전한 형식도 나타난다. The Neolithic Potteries in Cheju are classified into several groups: primitive undecorated potteries with organic temper patterns(Type Ⅰ), potteries with applique patterns(Type Ⅱ), potteries with dragged or impressed patterns(Type Ⅲ, Ⅳ), potteries with lined patterns(Type Ⅴ), potteries with double rims(Type Ⅵ), and etc. All potteries except primitive undecorated potteries and rocker-stamped potteries are deeply related to ones from southern coastal sites. Nevertheless, they had been developed somewhat uniquely into Cheju's own patterns which might be caused from the isolation of the island. Neolithic culture in Cheju Island had been passed into four stages following the changes of pottery types. Stage Ⅰ is the period when the Kosanri type potteries, that is Type Ⅰ found from the Kosanri site and Kimnyoungri site had been used. The potteries of this stage seem to be related with the potteries found from Amur river basin and the Russian Far East in the Incipient Neolithic and its dating is from 10,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C. Stage Ⅱ is the period when the potteries with rocker-stamped and applique patterns had been used, The use of the former might belong to the Early Neolithic, compared with ones from the Liao-ho River region, and dated to c. 5,000 B.C. The latter was similar to potteries with applique patterns from southern coast. They were popular from the late Initial to Early Neolithic. Stage Ⅱ is the period when potteries with incised or impressed patterns and potteries with lined patterns had been used. Potteries are considered to have been affected by ones from southern coast since they were made with granitic temper which do not exist in the Island. Also this stage is period when the Pukchonri(ⅣB) type pottery had been appeared. Cheju's own pottery with local uniqueness had been made in this period. Stage Ⅳ is the period when potteries with double rims had appeared. These potteries had spread in wide range, not only in southern coastal area but also in islands. It seems that potteries had spread all area of Cheju in this period. The primitive undecorated potteries and the rocker-stamped potteries have not yet found in the Peninsula and have the feature of Initial Neolithic around the Maritime Province of Siberia. Potteries with impressed patterns, lined patterns, and with double rims as well as potteries with applique patterns have a similar aspect to the southern Korea. It can be assumed that the pottery culture in Cheju have been changed related with other areas. However, the study on Neolithic potteries in Cheju has a difficulty in understanding the character more accurately because of the insufficiency of related materials and the absence of absolute age.