프랑스 배심제의 절차와 최근의 쟁점

박우경(Woo Kyung PARK) 한국국가법학회 2024 국가법연구 Vol.20 No.3

장애인 활동지원(보호) 판례의 동향과 전망

박우경(PARK, Woo Kyung) 한국사회보장법학회 2024 사회보장법학 Vol.13 No.1

이 글의 목적은 장애인 활동지원서비스 관련 사건의 추이와 사건유형별 비중을 판례를 검토하여 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위해 장애인 활동지원 관련 행정사건 36건과 민사사건 20건 및 형사사건 74건을 통해 사건 수의 증감추세를 살펴보았고, 행정사건과 민사사건을 유형화하여 분석하였다. 관련 사건의 증감추세는 2011. 1. 4.에 제정된 「장애인활동지원에 관한 법률」의 제・개정 연혁과 관련이 있어 보인다. 2015년 개정에서는 지원(중단)조건을 명시적으로 규정하고 조사절차 등을 구체화하였고, 2019년 개정에서는 장애등급제 폐지에 따른 종합조사 제도를 도입하였으며, 2020년 개정과 2022년 개정에서는 노인장기요양제도와의 관계를 정리하는 변화가 있었다. 각 변화 시기마다 사건 수가 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있다. 행정사건의 경우, 활동지원급여(비용) 부정수급 및 부당지급 관련 사건이 15건으로 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였고, 노인장기요양급여를 적용받는 수급자 관련 사건이 8건으로 그 뒤를 이었다. 그 밖에도 활동지원등급결정 관련 사건 5건, 활동지원기관 지정 관련 사건 3건, 활동지원사업 운영비 등 사용 관련 사건 2건 등이 있었다. 민사사건의 경우, 부정수급 및 불법행위 관련 사건이 7건, 연장근로수당 지급 관련 사건 6건, 활동지원사의 과실을 이유로 하는 손해배상청구 사건 2건 등이 있었다. 대부분의 행정사건과 민사사건이 1심에서 확정되었고, 항소심, 상고심을 거친 경우에도 1심의 결론이 유지되었다. 장애와 사회의 관계가 질적으로 전환되고 있는 이 시기에 장애인활동지원 서비스는 핵심제도 중 하나로 여겨진다. 그에 따라 관련 법규정에 대한 법원의 해석은 그 효과나 함의 면에서 중요하다. 이 연구는 관련 판례를 전수조사하여 기초적인 정보를 제시했다는 의의가 있다. This article aims to provide an overview and analysis of court cases involving the activity assistant service for persons with disabilities. For this purpose, administrative and civil cases related to activity assistant service for persons with disabilities were categorized by its content. The increase and decrease in the number of related cases seems to be connected with the history of amendments of the Act on Activity Assistant Services for Persons with Disabilities, which was enacted on 4 January 2011. The amendment in 2015 explicitly stipulated the conditions for activity support and refined the investigation procedures; the amendment in 2019 introduced a comprehensive investigation system following the abolition of the disability grading system; and the amendments in 2020 and 2022 clarified the relationship with the long-term care system for older persons. In terms of administrative cases, 15 cases related to improper receipt and payment of activity assistant benefits accounted for the largest proportion, followed by 8 cases related to recipients of long-term care benefits for older persons. In addition, there were 5 cases related to the determination of the level of activity support, 3 cases related to the designation of activity support institutions, and 2 cases related to the use of operating expenses for activity support projects. As for civil cases, there were 7 cases related to improper payment and tort, 6 cases related to payment of overtime wages, and 2 cases claiming damages due to the negligence of activity assistants. The majority of administrative and civil cases were decided at first instance or conclusions of its first instance were maintained after appeals has been dismissed.

행정재판과 법의 일반원칙 - 프랑스 행정법상 법의 일반원칙을 중심으로 -

박우경 ( Park Woo Kyung ) 사법정책연구원 2021 연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.11

This study aims to examine the general principles of administrative law found in french administrative judgments in order to enlighten the importance of the role and meaning of general principles of law in administrative judgments. As is generally known, written laws function as a primary criterion in judgments, but in case of “legal gaps,” unwritten law, particularly the general principles of law, plays an important role in filling in the gaps. In this sense, general principles of law can be defined as “unwritten legal norms that are effective even in the absence of written law.” The primary reason for examining the general principles of law in the context of administrative judgments is that it has greater role and importance in administrative law, compared to that in other laws. Also, the number of provisions of administrative law is incomparably greater than other areas of law. Under these conditions, it is inevitable for an administrative judge to have general principles of law in mind for a systematic thinking. Despite the important roles the general principles of law play in administrative law, there exist only few studies concerning this topic. General principles of law applied to administrative cases in Korea have its roots in general principles of German administrative law, such as the principle of equality, the principle of proportionality, the protection of legitimate expectations, etc. In judicial reviews of administrative action dealing with conflict of public and private interests, more diverse comparative legal cases need to be examined to ensure that various standards reflecting diverse perspectives are presented. The general principles of law in French administrative law(“les principes généraux du droit,” hereinafter referred to as “PGDs”), which reflect the constitutional history of France, are discovered and declared by administrative judges. Compared to the general principles of German administrative law that are relatively abstract, PGDs in French administrative law are specific. Even abstract legal principles among PGDs, such as the principle of equality, are subdivided into specific domains, differentiated in detail by reflecting its specificity. Examining the PGDs may help us find sub-principles that complement existing abstract principles. The main contents of this study are as follows: 1. A brief overview of the French judicial review system of administrative courts and the historical context in which it was formed were presented, and the definition and development of PGDs in this context were examined. The way in which PGDs are derived and the legal status of them were also presented. In French administrative law, PGDs are defined as “a certain number of principles which do not appear in texts but which the case law recognizes as having to be respected by the administration, their violation constituting an illegality.” PGDs defined here may correspond both to what we normally call a 'principle' and a 'rule'. However, PGDs are rules in many cases in the sense that they can be used as major premises in syllogisms. The term “PGDs” appeared in administrative case law since the time of World War II, when France had experienced rapid political changes. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1958, the Council of State(Conseil d'État) gave legitimacy to PGDs by linking the statutes (especially the constitutional text) with PGDs. However, PGDs can be applied without statutory provisions invoked therewith and exist independently of them. The Council of State takes a consistent position on that judges discover PGDs from the general spirit of law and merely confirms them, and that it is not a creative exercise. In fact, the administrative judges have derived PGDs based on ‘substantial sources’, most of which are provisions of positive law, that are consistent with the values shared by the society of the time. It is difficult to uniformly state the legal value of PGDs. In its Répertoire de contentieux administratif, the Council of State divides the legal value of PGDs into cases where PGDs are derived from legal provisions (1) and cases where PGDs are derived by judges from the general spirit of law (2). In the former case, the effect of PGDs depends on the hierarchical place of the norm in the hierarchy of norms. In the latter case, it is considered that PGDs have a value inferior to the law(la loi) and superior to a decree(un décret). The significant role of PGDs comes from the characteristics of the French judicial system. One of the special characteristics of the French judicial system is the duality. Courts are divided into two major branches: an administrative branch and a judicial branch. The administrative courts are in charge of administrative cases and the judicial courts are in charge of civil and criminal cases. Thereby, judge recruitment systems are differently operated for each branch, assuring the expertise of administrative courts. The Council of State, being the supreme administrative jurisdiction in France, has autonomously developed les PGD administratif. 2. Based upon the aforementioned contents, the types of PGDs and their contents were reviewed in detail. According to the classification system of the Répertoire de contentieux administratif of Council of State, the PGDs can be divided into principles of political philosophy and those of legal technique. The former is linked to several ideas: to the French liberal tradition; to the underlying logic of French institutions and the necessities of life in society; imperatives of equity and the existence of fundamental social rights. The latter falls into three distinct categories: principles that govern administrative action; principles that govern administrative repression; principles that govern judicial activity. This systematic classification reveals that the way in which PGDs are discovered and declared is not abstract nor arbitrary. 3. The implications of examining PGDs were presented in structure/content perspective. In terms of structure, the Council of State’s classification system itself is meaningful to examine. The specific contents of PGDs can be a helpful reference, but the way it is typified gives us greater implications, since criteria for judicial review need to be categorized even more when they are abstract principles. Classification work specifying the criteria for judicial review not only helps those who make administrative judgments but also gives predictability to the litigants. Examining the way the Council of State categorizes and subdivides the principles to structure the precedents could potentially contribute to the resolution of administrative cases. In terms of content, PGDs can provide practical help for administrative judgments by presenting stable judgment criteria. In French administrative law, PGDs often correspond to rules which function as a major premise subsuming a case in a syllogism. Judgment criteria in the form of rules make it easy to argue its application process. On the other hand, PGDs under French administrative law is to protect human dignity, not to take the side of one of the opposing parties. For example, patient’s freedom of choice of doctor is one of the PGDs, but there is no such principle that favors either side in a dispute between doctors and pharmacists. PGDs provide an answer to the question of what should be a judicial criterion in judgments, even if it is not stipulated in the statutory law. In short, the systematic classification of PGDs and its content centered on human dignity may serve as a reference to support the consistency and independence of administrative judgments. This study highlights its potential.

생활폐기물처리업무 수행주체 간의 역할분담 * - 프랑스 사례와의 비교를 중심으로 -

박우경(Park, Woo-Kyung) 한국지방자치법학회 2018 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.18 No.3

Le service de gestion des déchets ménagers est principalement le rôle du secteur public. Et même lorsqu il est conféré au secteur privé, il devrait être réglementé et contrôlé par le secteur public. Comme nous discutons actuellement de la décentralisation, il est nécessaire d examiner comment le service peut être réalisé en tenant compte des caractéristiques distinctes de chaque commune, mais aussi de résoudre les conflits qui peuvent surgir entre eux. Donc, dans cet article, les caractéristiques juridiques du service de gestion des déchets ménagers seront discutées, avant d examiner comment les rôles de chaque acteur du service devraient être divisés. La raison pour laquelle cet article se réfère au cas français est que nous pouvons trouver des aspects structurellement similaires en France. La France a un système de gouvernement centralisé, mais elle a également mis en œuvre la décentralisation depuis 1982. Et le service de gestion des déchets ménagers est principalement conféré au secteur privé, comme c est le cas en Corée. Cependant, il y a des différences à signaler. Les communes françaises sont très petites, originaires de communautés locales autonomes. Et cela a conduit les communes à coopérer entre elles dans certains services qu elles doivent assurer. Cela considéré, les entités coopérantes, l’établissement public de coopération intercommunale(EPCI), ont des implications pour nous, puisque la nécessité de la coopération entre les territoires semble plus importante dans le service de gestion des déchets ménagers. Lorsque le gouvernement local ne peut pas assurer le service lui-même, il peut être confié au secteur privé étant donné qu il est régi par le secteur public. Dans la structure verticale, il devrait y avoir un soutien financier du secteur privé du gouvernement central si nécessaire. Dans la structure horizontale, un système de coopération devrait être établi entre les gouvernements locaux 우리나라 생활폐기물처리업무는 국가와 지방자치단체가 담당하는 행정사무에 속하는 공적인 업무이다. 폐기물관리법 상 폐기물처리업무의 1차적 책임은 기초 자치단체장과 광역자치단체장에 있는데, 실제로는 기초자치단체가 생활폐기물 수집·처리업무를 담당하고 있으며 광역자치단체는 이를 지원하는 역할을 하고 있다. 대부분의 기초자치단체의 생활폐기물 수집·처리업무는 민간기업이 대행하고 있다는 점 또한 우리나라의 특징이다. 프랑스에서도 생활폐기물처리역무는 공공주체에 그 책임이 있는 공역무이다. 프랑스 지방자치법전 에 따르면 생활폐기물처리 역무 수행주체는 기초자치단체와 기초자치단체협력체이다. 프랑스의 지방자치단 체는 생활폐기물 ‘처리역무’의 전부 또는 일부를 민간기업에 위탁할 수 있으며, 우리나라와 같이 생활폐기물 수집·운반역무를 민간이 대행하는 비중이 크다. 이렇게 우리나라와 프랑스에서 생활폐기물처리업무가 수행되는 방식이 위탁인 점은 동일하지만, 프랑스에서는 기초자치단체협력체가 이 업무의 비중 있는 수행 주체인 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 지자체 간 기초자치단체협력체라는 협력체를 구성하고 해당 협력체 내 구성원인 지자체와 기초자치단체협력체 간에 생활폐기물 처리업무를 수행하기 위한 계약을 체결함으로써 협력체를 구성하는 지역의 필요와 특수성을 반영할 뿐 아니라 생활폐기물처리업무가 민간에 위탁되더라도 공공 주체에 의한 관리감독이 이루어지는 체계가 구축되어 있다. 물론 프랑스의 경우, 우리나라보다 기초자치단체의 규모가 매우 작고 자생적 지방자치의 특성상 기초자치단체 간 통합이 어려워 주로 기초자치단체 간 협력체를 구성하여 폐기물처리업무를 수행하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 이러한 프랑스 만의 고유한 특징을 감안하더라도 기초자치단체 간 협력하는 제도는 우리에게 시사하는 바가 적지 않다. 매립지 사용 문제 등 사안에 따라서는 기초자치단체 간협력하여 문제를 해결할 필요성이 생활폐기물처리업무에서는 더 크게 나타나기 때문이다. 기초자치단체가 폐기물처리업무를 직접 수행할 수 없는 경우 민간업체에 위탁할 수 있게 하되, 이를 관리·감독하고 경우에 따라서는 민간업체에 대한 재정 지원을 할 수 있도록 수직적 구조에서는 정부 차원의 인적·물적 지원 체계가, 수평적 구조에서는 기초자치단체간 협력 체계가 구축되어야 한다.

바이러스뇌수막염과 연관된 급성망막괴사 증례보고 2예

박우경(Woo Kyung Park),백지원(Ji Won Baek),나 호(Ho Ra) 대한안과학회 2017 대한안과학회지 Vol.58 No.11

목적: 바이러스뇌수막염 후 발생한 급성망막괴사 2예를 보고하고자 한다. 증례요약: 3주 전 바이러스뇌수막염으로 치료 받은 52세 여자가, 3일 전 발생한 우안 시력저하를 주소로 내원하였다. 내원 당시 우안 결막 충혈, 전방 내 염증세포 2+, 유리체의 염증 소견이 관찰되었다. 안저검사상 우안 망막 주변부에 다수의 황백색 침윤이 관찰되었 고, 형광안저혈관조영 결과 초기 망막 주변부 저형광 반점과 후기 혈관누출을 보였다. 급성망막괴사 진단하 Acyclovir (2,100 mg/day) 정맥 주사 치료를 시행하였다. 치료 중 망막 주변부 병변은 점차 호전되었으나, 이후 우안에 이차적인 망막박리 발생으로 유리체 절제술 시행 후 안정적으로 유지 중이다. 1달 전 후두부 두통, 어지럼증, 구역, 구토로 바이러스뇌수막염 의증으로 신경과 입원치료를 받은 57세 남자가 3일 전부터 우안 시력저하가 있어 내원하였다. 안저검사상 망막 주변부 염증세포 침윤 소견, 형광안저혈관조영 결과 후기 망막 주변부 혈관 누출, 전신검사에서 Herpes simplex virus와 Cytomegalovirus의 immunoglobulin G 양성 소견을 보였다. 급성 망막괴사 진단하 Acyclovir (2,100 mg/day) 정맥 주사 치료를 시행하였고 그 후 안정적인 망막 상태를 보이고 있다. 결론: 바이러스성 뇌염에 반해 바이러스뇌수막염의 이환과 연관한 급성망막괴사는 그 예가 드물다. 뇌수막염 발병 이후 급성망막괴사가 발생할 수 있으므로, 뇌수막염 과거력이 있는 환자를 진료할 때 급성망막괴사의 가능성을 염두에 두어야 할 것이다. Purpose: To report two cases of acute retinal necrosis following viral meningitis. Case summary: A 52-year-old woman who has had viral meningitis presented with visual loss of right eye. Slit-lamp examination showed conjunctival injection and inflammatory cells (2+) in the anterior chamber of the right eye. Funduscopic examination showed multiple yellow-whitish spots in the peripheral retina. Fluorescein fundus angiography showed early hypofluorescence and the late vascular leak in the peripheral retina. After the patient was diagnosed with Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), intravenous acyclovir (2,100 mg/m 2 /day) was administered. During the treatment period, the retinal detachment of the right eye was found, so the authors performed pars plana vitrectomy. After the surgery, new retinal lesions weren’t observed in both eyes during follow-up. A 57-year-old man previously treated with possible viral meningitis presented with visual loss of his right eye. Funduscopic examination showed multiple yellow-whitish spots in the peripheral retina. Fluorescein fundus angiography showed the late vascular leak in the peripheral retina. In the systemic evaluation, Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G were detected. With the impression of ARN, intravenous acyclovir (2,100 mg/m 2 /day) was administered. No new retinal lesions were observed in both eyes during follow-up. Conclusions: We report rare cases of ARN occurring after viral meningitis. Uveitis in patients with recent history of meningitis should be examined carefully under the suspicion of ARN. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2017;58(11):1295-1300

각막절개 위치와 크기에 따른 난시교정인공수정체의 난시교정의 정확성

박우경(Wookyung Park),김만수(Man Soo Kim),김은철(Eun Chul Kim) 대한안과학회 2019 대한안과학회지 Vol.60 No.2

목적: 각막절개 방법에 따른 난시교정인공수정체 삽입 후의 잔여난시를 비교하여 그 방법에 따른 정확성을 비교하였다. 대상과방법: 2014년 1월부터 2017년 3월까지 수정체초음파유화술 및 난시교정인공수정체삽입수술을 받은 98명의 환자, 98안을 대상 으로 후향적 연구를 하였다. 각막절개창은 모두 가파른 난시 축에 내었고, 각막 상측에 절개창을 낸 직난시 군을 1군(n=54), 각막의 이측에 절개창을 낸 도난시 군을 2군(n=44)으로 나누었다. 각 군에서 2.75 mm 블레이드를 이용하여 절개창을 낸 군(소그룹 1)과 2.2 mm 블레이드를 사용한 군(소그룹 2)의 두 소집단으로 나누었다. 수술 전 굴절률 및 자동각막곡률을 측정하였고, 술 후 잔여난시값과 난시값의 감소량을 계산하였다. 결과: 술 후 나안시력, 최대교정시력, 굴절난시, 각막난시는 두 군 모두 유의한 호전을 보였다. 각막난시값 감소량은 1군과(0.38 ± 0.30D), 2군에서(0.48 ± 0.38D) 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p=0.244).술 후 잔여난시는 두 군 간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 1군과 2군 모두 2.75 mm 각막절개(각각 0.46 ± 0.31D, 0.61 ± 0.36D)는 2.2 mm (각각 0.25 ± 0.25D, 0.23 ± 0.29D)에 비해 각막난시값 감소량이 유의하게 많았다. 결론: 난시교정인공수정체 삽입 시 각막절개의 위치와 크기에 따른 난시 유발의 크기를 정확하게 적용하여 계산하면 술 후 난시를 정확하게 예측할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: To assess the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation by the location and size of the corneal incision. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 98 patients (98 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification with toric IOL implantation from January 2014 to March 2017. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 got an incision of the superior side of the cornea (n = 54) and group 2 received an incision on the temporal side of the eye (n = 44). For both groups, incisions were made at their steep corneal astigmatism axises. Each group was further divided into subgroups for whom different sized blades were employed (2.75 vs. 2.2 mm widths). We measured the refractive index and autokeratometric parameters. We postoperatively assessed residual astigmatism and any reduction thereof. Results: In both groups, uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity, refraction cylinder astigmatism, and autokeratometric astigmatism improved statistically. Between two groups, corneal astigmatism decrease was not significant. Residual astigmatism also showed no significant differences between the two. Patients in both groups treated using 2.75 mm wide blades exhibited greater increases in corneal astigmatism. Conclusions: During cataract surgery, precise correction of astigmatism via toric IOL implantation is possible when surgically induced astigmatism is minimized by careful choice of the location and size of the corneal incision.

프랑스 상수도역무 수행방식의 변화

박우경(PARK, Woo Kyung) 행정법이론실무학회 2017 행정법연구 Vol.- No.49

프랑스에서 상수도 공급은 상공업적 공역무로 규정되고, 그 수행의 책임은 기초자치단체에 있다. 기초자치단체(꼬뮌느)는 상수도역무를 직영하거나 이를 ‘기초자치단체연합체’ 또는 민간기업 등에 위탁할 수 있다. 상수도역무를 위한 기초자치단체연합체의 법적성격은 기초자치단체와는 구별되는 공법상 법인, 즉 지방공공시설법인이다. 기초자치단체는 상수도역무를 제3자인 사법상 조직에 위탁할 수도 있다. 이들 대부분은 민간기업이지만 공사혼합회사인 경우도 있고, 이들에게 맡겨지는 경우 상수도역무는 특허위탁이나 운영위탁으로 수행되는 경우가 많다. 이처럼 다양한 수행방식의 유형별 특성과 역사적 전환 과정을 검토하는 것이 이 글의 목적이다. 프랑스 상수도역무 수행방식의 역사는 크게 네 시기(1884-1900/1900-1970/1970-2000/2000-현재)로 나뉜다. 상수도역무는 처음 특허위탁(1848-1900년)으로 시작되었다. 그러나 지방자치단체들은 19세기 중순부터 체결한 특허위탁계약과 관련하여 19세기 말부터 20세기 초까지 특허사업자와 법적 분쟁을 겪으면서 20세기 초부터 상수도역무를 직영(1900-1970년)으로 전환하기 시작하였다. 일부 특허위탁은 시설투자부담을 안는 주체가 민간에서 공공주체로 옮겨간 운영위탁 방식으로 전환되어, 1970년 이후에는 운영위탁 방식이 상수도역무 수행방식의 주를 이루었다. 그러나 운영위탁 방식의 문제점들이 드러나면서 2000년 이후에는 다시금 기초자치단체의 직영 또는 공공시설법인에 대한 위탁 방식으로 되돌아가는 이른바 ‘재공영화’ 경향이 나타나고 있다. 전환의 이유로는 민간기업의 과소투자, 치솟는 수도요금, 민간사업자에 대한 감독의 어려움, 재정투명성의 부족, 노동력 감축, 낮은 서비스의 질 등이 꼽히고, 재공영화가 목표하는 것은 책임소재의 일원화, 투명성 담보, 그리고 주민참여이다. 프랑스 상수도역무 수행에서 민간기업의 역할이 컸던 것은 분명하다. 그러나 이것은 역사적 맥락과 프랑스에서의 물 관련 시장의 규모 및 성격을 고려한 바탕에서 이해되어야 한다. 또 최근에 공공시설법인을 통한 운영방식으로의 전환이 모색되고 있다는 점도 주목할 필요가 있다. 상수도역무를 세분화하고 이를 수행할 주체를 유형화하여 세밀한 접근을 할 필요는 있겠지만, 민간위탁 방식으로의 전환에 신중한 접근이 필요하다는 점은 분명해 보인다.

IEEE 802.15.3 MAC에서 Priority 기반의 자원 할당기법

박우경(Woo K. Park),전철용(Cheol Y. Jeon),장영민(Yeong M. Jang) 한국통신학회 2004 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.7

프랑스 형사배심제에 관한 연구

박우경 ( Park Woo Kyung ) 사법정책연구원 2024 연구보고서 Vol.2023 No.20

민사소송 및 집행 절차에서의 개인정보 보호에 관한 연구

박우경 ( Park Woo Kyung ),이수진,김정환,이주연,서용성,김성화 사법정책연구원 2020 연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.4

As social sensitivity to privacy protection increases, social interest in matters where personal information may be exposed or leaked through the courts in litigation and execution procedures is also increasing. Accordingly, there is a growing demand for the role of courts in protecting personal information. This study, within the scope of litigation and execution in the ordinary civil cases, aims to identify the routes through which personal information could be exposed or leaked, and further suggest the range of the parties’ personal information to be required in documents when preparing civil proceedings and execution procedures. The following three points were examined with a view to exploring and suggesting some avenues on how to limit the scope of the personal information required in civil litigation and execution procedures and thus how to redesign the scope of responsibilities for personal information protection between the parties, the stakeholders, and the courts respectively. First, we have examined the range of the personal information and the right to informational self-determination, then have identified the personal information required in civil litigation and execution procedures under the relevant rules. The provisions in the enacted law level, such as those in Civil Procedure Act or Civil Execution Act, basically require the litigants’ addresses or do not specifically prescribe the necessary information in detail for civil litigation and execution procedures. Whereas, some of the provisions in the lower regulation level or civil procedural standard forms in practice require litigants’ social security numbers in addition to their address information. Second, we have made a preliminary research on the handling of personal information in the courts’ practices. While litigants more often than not know each other’s personal information, in exceptional cases, such as in a case where a crime victim filed a suit for damages against the offender, litigants would not want his/her address known to the other party, consequently having privacy issues arise. In these exceptional cases, a number of problems would likely arise with regard to not only the documents prepared by litigants, such as complaints or court-deposit application documents, but also the documents provided by courts and delivered to litigants, such as judgments, decisions, and orders. It was also found that personal information of the parties, such as addresses or social security numbers, might be exposed to all other parties in the multi-party litigation, or be leaked while court auction records or deposit documents are inspected and copied by stakeholders. Third, we have compared and reviewed the privacy protection systems in other countries’ civil litigation and execution procedures in a comparative perspective. The personal information commonly required in civil litigation and execution procedures in the countries under review are litigants’ names and addresses. As regards the handling of personal information in courts, each country has specific characteristics showing some differences and disparities among each other. The system in the United States appears to be distinctive, as compared to those in civil law countries in Europe that commonly apply the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), actively considering the role and responsibilities of the courts on a relatively consistent legal basis. The courts in the United States tend to minimize the range of personal information collected by courts in the civil proceedings to the name and address of litigants, leaving the responsibility of collecting additional information on the litigants or the execution authority. Especially the creditors have widely recognized right to collect debtor’s information. The responsibility to redact filings also rests on the litigants. Austria and France have specific institutional procedures for non-disclosure of personal identification information, such as litigants’ addresses. Austria requires that personal information be submitted in a separate document to protect victims’ information in civil proceedings. In Germany, the academics suggested the possible introduction of procedure for non-disclosure of victim’s address already adopted in Austria, but it has yet to have institutionalized such system. In France, a procedure for non-disclosure of address is available for victims’ filing a complaint with constitution of civil party(la plainte avec constitution de partie civile), allowing him/her to submit an address of a third-party under the third-party’s explicit consent. In the case of Japan, certain information regarding the parties, such as confidential business information or the facts as to the sexual offenses, are protected in the process of inspecting or copying the court records. Efforts are also made to protect personal information in the civil execution procedure: Upon request from a person concerned who had been questioned by an execution officer during the compulsory auction procedure against the immovables, his/her name can be processed in anonymity in the investigation report on the current status of the auction objects. In such auction records that are electronically accessible, pseudonyms are used for the names of debtor, owner, tenant, etc. On the basis of the above findings, this study suggests the range of the parties’ personal information required in documents to be prepared and provided during civil litigation and execution procedures, and the ways to improve the handling of personal information in such procedures as follows: Given the benefit of a party by having the information as to the address of the other party, it is reasonable to state the full address of litigants in the complaints, judgments, etc. And considering the fact that the social security number uniquely identifies a person and damages incurred therefrom would be hard to recover when it is exposed or leaked to other people, it is appropriate not to have social security numbers of litigants recorded at least in the documents provided by courts. The main point of improving the handling of personal information recorded in the documents prepared by litigants is to adopt following systems in the civil litigation and execution procedures: a party statement document, filings made under seal, and procedures for non-disclosure of litigants’ addresses. The party statement document shall be prepared and submitted separately from the grounds for the claim by every filer in the ordinary civil cases. Party statements contain the name, address, and social security number of the parties and are being submitted at the stage of filing a lawsuit or applying for an order(e.g. an order for payment). A filer, who has redacted personal information from the complaint and has submitted a party statement, can also submit some of the documents under seal without redaction, when it is necessary in the procedure. A party, who wishes to have his/her residential address unknown to the other party in civil litigation and execution procedure and who has a legitimate interest in doing so, may seek the court’s permission in order to keep his/her address information confidential. If the judge grants permission to prohibit dis closure of address, the party may keep the information confidential not only in civil litigation procedure but also in civil execution and court deposit procedures. The essence of how to improve the handling of personal information recorded in the documents prepared by the court is to introduce the party information confirmation process. It is a process that provides a separate document that shows social security numbers of the litigants upon the request of those who need the information for the execution procedure. Provided that we do not choose to adopt the party information confirmation process, the alternative solution is to have some of the personal information written in the original document be removed from its certified copy, which is to be sent to the defendant. This method may raise the issue of validity of the original copy. The Certified e-Document Authority and the Austrian concept of ‘abridged copy’(gekürzte Ausfertigung) might help solve the problem. The Certified e-Document Authority is a third party designated to hold or certify electronic documents for others or to perform related tasks. It is conceivable to have them in charge of certifying registration, delivery, content, and originality of the documents issued by courts. In addition, a new concept of original copy that considers electronic documents needs to be introduced. The concept of abridged copy allows to acknowledge a copy that omits some of the personal information written in the original document as an original document, assuming that substantial contents of the two are identical. This study has limited the research on the protection of address and social security number of parties in civil litigation and execution procedures. It is hoped that our discussions of protecting personal information be continued in other types of litigation that focuses on a broader spectrum of personal information, leading to a more complete and systematic improvement of privacy protection in trial proceedings.