신라 왕실 삼성(三姓)의 연원

김기흥(Kim Ki-Heung) 한국고대사학회 2011 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.64

신라의 김씨는 진흥왕대에 대중국 외교 관계에서 처음 사용되었다. 『北齊書』에 보이는 신라왕 ‘김진흥’은 ‘왕인 진흥’으로 ‘김’은 ‘왕’의 의미이다. 김씨 왕실의 바로 앞에 있었던 다른 부계 혈통의 ‘예전 왕’들은 ‘옛 왕’ 즉 ‘석김(昔金)’에서 왕을 나타내는 ‘김’을 피하고 석(昔)만을 남겨 구분한 듯하다. 석씨에 앞서 집권하였던 왕실 계통은 시조 혁거세의 이름에 보이는 ‘광명’의 의미를 취하여 ‘박’이란 성씨로 구별하였다. 三姓은 석씨계 집단의 도태 후에 칭해진 것으로서 씨족이나 족단들이 준별되는 상태에서 賜姓하여 준 것이 아니었다. 기존 왕계에 따라 성씨를 나누고, 왕실과 친연관계가 있는 귀족들에 대하여는 부계 혈연관계에 따라 구분하여 가다가 결국 상대적 친소정도에 의해 성씨를 구별하였던 것이다. 그런데 이들 지배층은 누대의 정치적 연합과 통혼관계를 통하여 복합적인 혈연관계를 형성하고 있었다. 이에 중고기 성골왕실의 근친혼이 강화되며 권부의 핵심에서 도태되었던 박씨계에 대해 김씨계는 여전히 혈연적 유대감을 갖기도 하였다. 김씨 왕비가 대외적으로 박씨를 칭하기도 하고, 신라 말에는 김씨였을 가능성이 있는 신덕왕이 박씨를 칭하는 일도 나타났다. 신덕왕은 견훤이나 궁예 등이 신성한 자임을 선전하는 중에 신라 왕실의 권위를 다시 세우고자 퇴락한 김씨왕계 대신 신라 초기 왕계인 박씨의 원손임을 천명하는 복고적 행태를 보였다. 한편, 김씨의 경우 7세기에 이르러 김알지 이외에 중국의 신화적 제왕인 소호금천씨를 시조로 보는 인식이 나타났다. 국제화의 진전 속에 왕실의 위상을 제고하기 위한 정체성의 확대 시도이며, 아울러 국가 중추세력으로 등장한 가야계 김씨까지를 포괄하기 위한 것이었다. 시조를 중국의 신화적 존재로 설정하게 되자 중국의 김씨 시조인 김일제도 먼 일족 정도로 인식할 수 있게 되었다. ‘대당고김씨부인묘명’에는 소호금천씨를 세조로 김일제를 원조라고 하고 그의 후손들이 요동에 피난한 양 말하였다. 그런데 김씨부인이 중국내에 본관을 둔 ‘경조(京兆) 김씨’ 임을 분명히 하고 중국내 연원 관계를 강조하고 있다. 따라서 이 묘명의 성씨 관련 내용은 재당 신라계 귀화인들의 경계인적 사고방식에서 적극 윤색된 것으로 신라 김씨 왕실의 연원을 그대로 말한 것으로 볼 수 없다. Kim, one of the three House names(Kim, Seok, Park) that were used by members of the Shilla royal family, seems to have been used for the first time in 565, by King Jin’heung-wang in his diplomatic dealings with China. At the time, the full and formal name that was used to refer to the Shilla king in diplomatic occasions was ‘Kim Jinheung.’ From the fact that such title literally meant ‘King Jin-heung,’ we can see that the term ‘Kim’ actually had the meaning of ‘King.’ It seems that the houses which provided former kings(which would make them ‘former royal families’), yet now stripped of power and shut out by the Kim House members, were not allowed to use the name ‘Kim,’ as such last name would falsely indicate that they were the present house in power making kings. They may have only been allowed to use the name ‘Seok-Kim(昔金),’ which would have meant ’Past king’ with the prefix ‘Seok(昔),’ while ‘Kim’ alone would be the equivalent of ‘(Present) King.’ Meanwhile, the descendants of kings and Houses which predated the ‘Seok’ kings and its house were also present at the time, and have been part of the Shilla dynasty’s central nobility class for quite some time. They were not to be referred to as ‘Seok.’ So they distinguished themselves with the last name ‘Park,’ which reflected the meaning of the term ‘Gwang’myeong(“light”)’ that can be found inside the Founder Hyeok’-geo‘se’s name. (‘Hyeok’geo‘se’ is usually referred to as “Park Hyeok‘geo’se”). Then in the 7th century, a new perspective to view the name Kim started to emerge. Unlike the previous thinking which believed that Kim Al-ji, the origin of the last name Kim, was the beginning of the house, the new idea came to argue that the mythical emperor of China, ‘Soho Geumcheon,’ was the true beginning and origin of the Kim house family members. This seems to have been a result of the Shilla government’s overall efforts to lift the status of the king and also enhance its importance in the process, as it became necessary for the Shilla dynasty to boost its image and establish its prowess throughout the East Asian region. Once the founder of the House name Kim was established as an ancient and also mythical being from China’s past, another historical figure named Kim Il-je(金日?), the origin of the Chinese last name Kim and whose origin can also be traced to the Huns(‘匈奴’), came to be considered as a distant relative of the Shilla royal family as well, and even be recorded in Shilla epitaphs. This caused a debate concerning the matter of whether or not the Shilla royal Kim family was related to the Hun tribes, yet the possibility of the Shilla Kim house descending from the Huns is nearly nonexistent.

新羅의 聖骨

金基興(Kim Ki-heung) 역사학회 1999 역사학보 Vol.164 No.-

동아시아 지역 국가의 성장요인과 R & D 파급효과 분석 ( 경제학문헌연보 주제분류 : F1 , O4 )

김기흥 ( Ki Heung Kim ) 한국경제학회 1998 經濟學硏究 Vol.46 No.2

본 연구는 동아시아지역의 성장요인 가운데 동아시아지역에서 TFP의 증가와 선진국으로부터의 R&D 자본스톡 증가로 인한 파급효과와의 관계를 밝히는 데 그 목적이 있다. 본 논문에서는 1971-1993년의 기간 동안에 동아시아지역 경제성장의 주요 결정요인을 분석하는 데 단순한 초월대수함수 형태에 의하여 총요소생산성(TFP)을 추정하였다. 자본의 평균비중은 일본, 한국, 대만의 순으로 높으며 노동의 평균 비중은 말레이시아, 태국, 대만의 순으로 높다. 산출량의 증가에 대한 기여도에서 노동의 기여도가 태국이 2.4%로 가장 높고, 말레이시아가 1.1%로 가장 낮다. 한편, 자본축적의 기여도에서 일본, 싱가포르와 한국은 각각 5.6%, 4.3%와 4.0%로 높은 반면에 말레이시아는 2.8%로 낮다. 동아시아지역의 경우에 미국으로부터의 R&D 파급효과 (spillover effect)가 크다. 예를 들면, 미국의 R&D자본스톡의 1% 증가는 동아시아 4개 국가들의 총요소생산성을 평균 2.7% 증가시킨다. 또한 일본의 R&D스톡의 1% 증가는 일본을 제외한 동아시아 국가들의 총요소생산성을 평균 2.54% 증가시킨다. 반면에 영국, 독일, 프랑스의 R&D스톡의 증가는 이들 국가에 미치는 효과가 1.3%, 0.5%, 0.38%로 미약하다.

장애아(인)와 여가교육

김기흥 ( Kim Ki-heung ) 한국유아특수교육학회 2002 유아특수교육연구 Vol.2 No.1

The current study investigates the usefulness of leisure for handicapped children and the individual and social problems with their utilization to find solutions to overcome those problems. The environmental factors such as family, school, and social welfare institution play a critical role for children’s activities in leisure, as well as individual ones associated with the handicapped children themselves. The present study suggests several solutions to overcome those problems. One of the most important things is that the purpose of leisure should aim to help youths integrating themselves into their societies.

동북아지역의 경제통합이 지속가능 무역에 미치는 영향 - 한 , 중 , 일의 국제환경협력을 중심으로 -

김기흥(Ki Heung Kim) 한국국제통상학회 2002 국제통상연구 Vol.7 No.1

This paper studies empirically whether more stringent domestic environmental policies reduce the international competitiveness of environmentally sensitive goods(ESGs). The finding is that the export performance of ESGs for most of the countries remained unchanged despite the introduction of stringent environmental standards in most of the developed countries. The observed phenomenon is put into a multi-country econometric test using an extended gravity equation model. We test two hypotheses explicitly. The first is whether countries with higher stringency of environmental regulations lower their exports of ESGs and non-resource-based ESGs. The second is whether new trade barriers emerge to offset the trade effects of more stringent environmental policy. Our results reject the above two hypotheses, suggesting that countries with more stringent environmental regulations do not reduce their exports of ESGs and non-resource-based ESGs, and that new trade barriers do not emerge to offset the trade effects of more stringent environmental policy in significant way.

외국인 직접투자(FDI)의 기술 이전 수혜파급효과

김기흥(Kim Kiheung) 한국무역학회 2012 한국무역학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2012 No.12

본 연구는 FDI가 국내기업의 노동 생산성에 어떻게 영향을 미치고 있는가? 에 대하여 분석하고 있다. 외자기업은 국내기업들에 대하여 같은 산업 부문, 특히 개방된 제조업 부문에서 국내기업들의 노동생산성에서 양의 파급효과를 나타낸다. 산업간 수직적 파급효과는 산업내 수평적 파급효과보다 더 중요하다. 외국인 투자는 국내 공급자들에게 양의 파급효과를 나타내지만, 공급 측면의 외자기업들에서는 그 반대이다. 흡수능력과 개방도에 따라서 이들 파급효과는 다르게 나타난다. 또한 외국인 직접투자(FDI)가 국내기업과 외국기업들 사이에 임금의 차이가 있는지에 대하여 검토한다. 국내기업의 임금에 미치는 산업내 수직적 파급효과가 미치는 명확한 결과는 없지만 저급 기술과 경쟁이 심하지 않은 산업에서 외국인 투자로부터 임금상승은 상대적으로 적다. 반면에 외자기업에서는 국내기업들보다 생산성이 높으므로 임금수준이 높게 영향을 미친다. This article analyses how FDI influences labour productivity of domestic firms in Korea. We find that foreign firms perform better than local firms. The presence of foreign firms has a positive spillover effect on labour productivity of local firms in the same sector, specifically in very open manufacturing sectors. Vertical spillover effects between sectors are found to be relatively more important than horizontal spillover effects within sectors. Foreign investment in user sectors has a positive spillover effect on local suppliers, while the opposite holds for foreign investment in supplier sectors. Absorption and openness play a significant role in these spillover effects. We investigate if there is any productivity or wage gap between foreign and domestic firms in the Korea and if the presence of foreign firms ins sector raises the productivity of domestic firms. We investigate if there is any productivity or wage gap between foreign and domestic firms in the Korea and if the presence of foreign firms in a sector raises the productivity of domestic firms. Our results indicate that foreign firms do have higher productivity than domestic firms and they pay higher wags. We find no aggregate evidence of intra-industry spillovers. However, firms with low productivity relative to the sector average ,in low-skill low foreign competition sector gain less from foreign firms.

경계물과 경계만들기로서 구제역 간이진단키트

김기흥(Kim, Kiheung) 한국과학기술학회 2018 과학기술학연구 Vol.18 No.2

독일 나치스 시대에 있어서 장애아(인)의 사회적 의미

김기흥 ( Kim Ki-heung ) 한국유아특수교육학회 2001 유아특수교육연구 Vol.1 No.2

It can be said that the prehistoric and ancient times may be the worst in history of special education. However, the records of the negative historic event were found in German-Nazism again. Many disable persons were quarantined as unworthy being under the politic ideology of social Darwinism, and then were sacrificed through forced sterilization operation and euthanasia. This research aims to inform of the cruelty of Nazism, to warn against a prejudice and discriminative treatment against disable persons, which have been found various nowadays, to confirm once more that disable persons have also the dignity of man, and to supply elementary data, which can prevent us from classifying people on productivity, economical efficiency or rationality. To achieve these aims I am to describe the historical progress of Nazism, the politic ideology of social Darwinism and finally the law of sterilization operation and euthanasia and the cruelty against disable persons one after one.

깨어진 석굴암의 천개석

김기흥(Kim Ki-heung) 한국역사연구회 2009 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.74

The Cheon’gae-seok/天蓋石 stone, which is placed almost like a cover stone at the center of the ceiling of the Seokgul-am dome, is cracked and therefore feature three portions. According to the tales featured inside Samguk Yusa, which mention the construction of Seokgul-am, the stone which was to be lifted and used as the ceiling stone was cracked in mid-construction, yet while Kim Dae Seong, chief supervisor of the Seokgul-am construction, was in sleep, a god of heaven came and lifted the cracked stone to the ceiling. Many researchers estimate that the stone should be around 2.5 meters in diameter, and weighs roughly 20 tons, and they are most interested to find out how such a large stone, and not to mention in a cracked status, could have been positioned at the center of a dome's ceiling. They have been in search for the technique which would have enabled such positioning, and they are anxious to know the reason why the stone was not replaced with another stone that was not cracked. Some people believe that it was the technicians who lifted the cracked stone while Kim Dae Seong was asleep, yet Kim did not oppose it and have it removed because he also dreamt of a god of heaven visiting and lifting the stone. Other people present another possibility that a wise intellect, described in the tale as a god from heaven, might have argued that the fact the stone was cracked in mid-transport symbolized the really difficult nature of unifying the three dynasties, and that person might also have suggested that the stone be used without being replaced. And others simply believe that the Shilla technicians as a habit did not conclude their job very cleanly, and were actually content to place a cracked stone at the ceiling. Such previous opinions were based upon a belief that the tale was containing historical truth, and in that regard they are all misguided. Tales in nature, are told by people who would like to determine the causes to a certain condition of a vestige or an artifact, and then simply decide to come up with theories based upon evidences that they did not actually witness with their own eyes. A god of heaven could not have lifted that stone, so we can safely come to the conclusion that this tale is quite evidently not based upon an eye-witness account to the actual construction process. It is a mere speculation accumulated by people who gathered at Seokgul-am, happening to be talking about how such a heavy stone piece would have been placed at the center of a dome's ceiling. Rational presumptions can be made. The major earthquake that hit the Gyeongju area in 779, or the major flooding that engulfed the Eastern region of Shilla in 797, two catastrophes that took place only a few years or one or two decades after the construction of Seokgul-am was complete, could have been the reason for the crack. The stone was at the center of the dome's ceiling, so it was very much vulnerable to being damaged by either the shockwave from a quake, or simply the additional weight of accumulated dust piled upon the ceiling. People of the past who visited the grand beauty that was Seokgul-am, would have been in awe of the sheer magnificence of all the Buddhist images and not to mention the internal structure of Seokgul-am itself, so some of them were bound to interpret the cracks in the ceiling as a result of some intentional designing, and to create stories of their own, containing mystical properties. The approach featured in this article could contribute to future tasks dedicated to determining the validity of tale materials, and not to mention raising the level of public understanding of the internal structure of Seokgul-am, one of the proud legacies of the Korean people even acknowledged from global standards. The unfair evaluation of the Shilla technicians could also be corrected.

외국인직접투자(FDI)로부터 직접 및 간접적 기술이전 파급효과

김기흥(Ki-Heung Kim) 한국관세학회 2013 관세학회지 Vol.14 No.1

This study analyzes the dynamic effect of FDI onlocal firms’productivity by relaxing the standard implicit assumptiorn that technological spillovers are immediate and permanent. We find that the entry of majority foreign owned firms has a short run negative effect on the productivity of local competitors, which is more than offset by a longer run positive effect. The entry of minority foreign owned firms has an immediate, though short-lived, positive effect on local suppliers through backward linkages. The entry of majority foreign owned firms also improves the productivity of local suppliers, but the effect materializes later and lasts longer. This paper uses firm level data to examine how technology spillover through FDI affect the productivity of domestic firm in Korea. We advance the understanding as to when, where and under what condition FDI generate technology spillover domestic firm. The main focus of the paper is to address the question on whether FDI generates spillover that benefit domestic firms in the host economy. The empirical analysis shows that based on the full sample, productivity spillover take place horizontally from MNCs to domestic firms within the same industry. However, the positive relationship loses its significance when the estimation is based on the sample of domestic firms. There is no evidence that productivity or employment spillover take place between foreign and domestic firms either through backward linkages or through forward linkages. This paper distinguishes between horizontal spillover and vertical spillover, and examines the impact of characteristics of country and of domestic firms on the strength of horizontal and vertical spillover and on the types of FDI. To improve the competitiveness of domestic parts and suppliers and strengthen their linkages with foreign affiliates, the government need to adopt a compressive approach. Though these results may be attributed partly to the data aggregation another limitations of the data set, these are consistent with the present condition of the manufacturing industry characterized by the weakness of forward and backward linkages between firms.