Association Between Local Government Social Expenditures and Mortality Levels in Korea

고한수,김진섭,김동길,김새롬,박유경,김창엽 대한예방의학회 2013 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.46 No.1

Objectives: We examined the association between social expenditures of the local government and the mortality level in Korea, 2004to 2010. Methods: We used social expenditure data of 230 local governments during 2004 to 2010 from the Social Expenditure Database prepared by the Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Fixed effect panel data regression analysis was adopted to look for associations between social expenditures and age-standardized mortality and the premature death index. Results: Social expenditures of local governments per capita was not significantly associated with standardized mortality but was associated with the premature death index (decline of 1.0 [for males] and 0.5 [for females] for each expenditure of 100 000 Korean won,i.e., approximately 100 US dollar). As an index of the voluntary effort of local governments, the self-managed project ratio was associated with a decline in the standardized mortality in females (decline of 0.4 for each increase of 1%). The share of health care was not significant. Conclusions: There were associations between social expenditures of the local government and the mortality level in Korea. In particular,social expenditures per capita were significantly associated with a decline in premature death. However, the voluntary efforts of local governments were not significantly related to the decline in premature death.

청국장의 제조방법에 따른 향미 증진 효과

고한수,조대희,황성연,김영만 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.1

청국장 제조를 위한 분리균은 포자형성율이 높은 Bacillus subtilis로 대사력이 활발한 대수증식기의 것을 콩에 1,000CFU/g 이상의 균수를 접종하여 40℃와 상대습도 90%에서 배양하면 발효가 빠르게 진행되었다. 발효가 종료되면 포자형성율이 95% 이상 되어야 저온의 후숙과정에서 재번식이 쉽게 일어나지 않았으며 발효취는 발효 중에서만 형성되었다. 중립콩과 대립콩의 발효율이 가장 좋았다. 저온의 후숙과정은 5℃에서 1∼2일 후 경과하면 Bacillus subtilis는 더 이상의 증식이 일어나지 않고 발효취가 소멸되므로 저온의 유통과정을 거쳐야 불쾌취가 없는 구수한 청국장의 맛을 유지할 수 있었다. The strain isolated for making chungkuk-jang was Bacillus subtilis, which formed spore with 98% ratio. Logarithmical culture was inoculated (1,000 CFU /g) to the steamed soybeans and at the optimum fermentation conditions(40℃, RH 90%), fermentation progressed very rapidly and synchronously. Fermentation time was 24 hours on the optimum fermentation conditions. During activated fermentation, chungkuk-jang's aroma and flavor created. After finishing the fermentation, the spore forming ratio was 95% and replenishment was not occured easily during aging at the below 5℃.

기능주의 관점에서 본 세계보건기구의 설립과 역할

고한수,김창엽 한국보건행정학회 2012 보건행정학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Since its establishment in 1948, World Health Organization (WHO) has tried and facilitated international cooperation of public health under the goal of “the highest attainable health,”and gained outcomes like the eradication of smallpox and polio, turning itself into the representative of international public health. However, there was discord between member nations during the cold war era, and the status of WHO experienced rise and fall after its establishment. WHO, the representative international health organization, also has not been freed from influences from international regime changes, which means that the discussion on the internal causes of WHO functionings should be expanded more. In this study, functionalism was tested as one of international relations theory that tries to explain the establishment and role of WHO. Especially, this study analyzed the problems and problem-solving process that WHO had to face by using Imber’s five steps theory that arranged chronologically the theory of Mitrany. We mainly investigated the secondary source that described historic facts on the rise and fall of WHO in terms of roles and functionings during establishment of WHO, the cold war era, and international cooperation of public health. The roles of WHO were analyzed by selecting the gains of WHO in the post cold war era. The functionalism arrangement of Imber was appropriate to some extent in explaining the establishment and role of WHO. The first step was International Sanitary Conference in 1851 that made nations to recognize international cooperation of public health, and the second step was the establishment of WHO that handles public health as an international organization. Recent cases of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and International Health Regulations showed that each nation agreed with an international norm that they had to cooperate each other to tackle infectious diseases and smoking, and this implies that these were emergence of global governance. This process was the third step of Imber’s theory (nations had a gain from international cooperation would agree with the expansion of authority of international organization). However, the last two steps of the theory are still not realized. The partial success of WHO was based on the functional elements that WHO deals with non-political elements, human resources centering on professionals, and democratic decision making process. This essential and non-political characteristics mean that necessity of international cooperation catalyzed by WHO would continue despite of the global governance era when global health governance get faced more challenges.

미국에서 유급병가의 역할

고한수 ( Ko Hansoo ) 한국보건사회연구원 2021 국제사회보장리뷰 Vol.19 No.-

코로나19(COVID-19)로 사업장 내 집단감염 발생에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하면서 미국에서 유급병가(paid sick leave) 도입 논의가 활발해지고 있다. 지방정부 수준에서는 10개 주정부가 2016년 이후 유급병가 의무화를 도입했을 정도로 정책의 확산 속도가 빠르다. 연방정부 차원의 유급병가 도입에 대한 대중의 지지도 광범위하다. 코로나19 대유행에 대응해 연방정부는 가족 우선 코로나19 대응법(FFCRA: Families First Coronavirus Response Act)을 통해 최대 2주의 유급병가를 노동자들에게 제공하도록 의무화하기도 하였다. 의무 유급병가의 긍정적 건강 영향, 의료 이용 영향을 보고하는 경험적 연구들의 증가는 미국 연방정부 수준의 의무 유급병가 도입에 대해 낙관적 전망을 가지게 하는 요인이다.

미국 매사추세츠주의 상병수당 제도 도입 및 운영 경험

고한수 ( Ko Hansoo ) 한국보건사회연구원 2023 국제사회보장리뷰 Vol.24 No.-

매사추세츠주에서는 업무와 관련이 없는 질환으로 노동자가 소득 상실과 의료비 부담이라는 이중고를 겪게 되는 어려움을 정책적으로 해결하기 위해 2018년에 상병수당을 법제화하였다. 매사추세츠주의 상병수당은 높은 지지여론을 바탕으로 시민단체와 경영계, 정치권이 참여한 실무그룹에서 타협이 이루어진 것이 특징이다. 소득보장 기간 및 소득보전 수준 등에서 매사추세츠주의 상병수당은 미국의 모든 주정부 상병수당 제도 중에 가장 관대한 것으로 평가받으며, 제도가 순조로이 정착되고 있는 것으로 판단된다. In 2018, the state of Massachusetts started requiring workers to get sick benefits. These benefits are meant to help workers who lose income and have to pay for medical bills because of an injury or illness that is not related to their job. The Massachusetts sickness benefit program is unique in that it was made possible by agreements made in a working group made up of community leaders, business owners, and politicians, with strong support from the public. The Massachusetts sickness benefit program, thought to be the most generous of all state sickness allowance programs in the US, both in terms of the length of time people can get benefits and the amount of money they get, is taking root smoothly.

Social Determinants of Smoking Behavior: The Healthy Twin Study, Korea

김연식,고한수,Changgyo Yoon,Dong-Hun Lee,성주헌 대한예방의학회 2012 예방의학회지 Vol.45 No.1

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify any influence of socioeconomic status on smoking and smoking cessation in a situation where genetic factors are controlled. Methods: The sample for this study was 2502 members of the twins and families cohort who participated in the Korean Healthy Twins Study from 2005 to 2009. Groups of brothers or sisters, including twins and fraternal twins, were compared in terms of smoking and smoking cessation behaviors according to differences in socioeconomic status and gender. Results: In a situation with complete control of genetic factors, results showed that the daily smoking amount, cumulative smoking amount, and dependence on nicotine decreased with higher-status occupations, and the rate of smoking and amount of cumulative smoking decreased with higher levels of education. Regarding smoking cessation behavior, a higher level of education was associated with a lower smoking cessation rate, and no significant gender differences were found. Conclusions: Environmental factors had a stronger influence on smoking behavior than did genetic factors. Genetic factors had greater influence on smoking cessation than did environmental factors; however, this requires verification in further studies.

韓國간장의 標準化

李鍾珍(Chong-Jin Lee),高漢水(Han-Soo Koh) 한국식품과학회 1976 한국식품과학회지 Vol.8 No.4