초경과 신체발육양상의 관련성에 관한 연구

박상화 한국보건통계학회 1989 한국보건정보통계학회지 Vol.14 No.1

This study was carried out to analyze the relationship between menarcheal age and physical growth(height, weight and chest-girth). The total number of 594 of girls was drown from a high school in Seoul. For data collection, the survey was conducted August 17-23 1989 by using questionaire on the menarche and height, weight and chest-girth during 12 years (age from 7 to 18 years old). The distribution of birth year in 594 girls was 28 in 1970, 474 in 1971, 91 in 1972 and 1 in 1973. The number of subject for analyzing general characteristics on the menarche was 594 girls, and among of them, 471 girls born in 1971 selected for the study on the relationship between menarcheal age and physical growth. The Major results of the study are summarized as following ; 1. An average age of menarche in 594 girls was 13.49±1.03, and half of them experienced menarche between 13.0 and 13.4 years old. All of them experienced menarche at survey time. For the six months after menarche, 24.2 percent of them had regular menstrual cycle and 75.8 percent of them had irregular cycle. In the season of menarche appearance, the incidence of menarche was greatest in the summer(33.3%), and 30.7 percent in winter, 19.2 percent in fall and 16.8 percent in spring. 2. In pattern of physical growth(during 12 years, age 7-18) in 471 girls by menarcheal age group(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ), the early menarcheal age was characterized by greater physical growth in height, weight and chest-girth than that of the late menarcheal age group. The annual increment of height, weight and chest-girth was greater than that of girls with late menarche in age from 7 to 13, whereas these patterns reversed over age at 13. In the indices of physique (relative body weight and Verveack index) from 7 to 18 years old the indices of girls with the early menarche were higher than those of girls with late menarche. In the age at menarche by the degree of physical growth before point of menarche(7-12 years old), the girls with the taller in height, heavier in weight and bulkier in chest-girth were advanced in mean age at menarche as compared with the lower physical development group. Maximum growth age (MGA) was 11.3 in height, 11.9 in weight and 12.3 in chest-girth, and MGA by the physical growth was appeared about 2.1 years, 1.5 years and 1.1 years earlier in height, weight and chest-girth from the point of menarche.

인구동태통계에 의한 우리나라 성비에 관한 연구

박상화,조진만 한국보건통계학회 1991 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.16 No.1

The objective of this study was to analyze the sex ratio at birth and it's related factors in Korea from the vital statisics of National Bureau of Statistics during 19 years (1972-1990). The results of this tudy are summarized as follows; 1. During the period of 1972-1990. the total case of birth registered were 14,669,372. The trends of sex ratio (male per 100 female) increased 103.99 in 1980, 109.64 in 1985 end 107.18 in 1990 2. In the level of sex ratio by the region during the period, the sex ratio was higher in Kyeong-nam, Kyeng-buk and Taegu city and lower in Kyeong-gi, Kand-won and Chum-nam(under 106). 3. The sex ratio at month of birth were 114.23 in January and 102.95 in November. The seasonality of sex ratio was higher in summer(110.6) and lower in autumn(107.60). 4. The sex ratio in the total cummulated birth cases(1972-1990) decreased with the increasing age of mother and birth order. On the otherhand, the period from 1980 to 1990, the sex ratio increased with the advancing maternal age and birth order.

인구동태통계에 의한 우리나라 이혼에 관한 비교연구 (1960 - 1984)

박상화 한국보건통계학회 1986 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.11 No.1

This study was carried out to analysis the status of divorce and general characteristics associated with divorce between 1960-1984 in Korea by analyzing all the available Census and Vital statistics since 1960. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The divorce rate per 1000 persons was increased significantly from 0.28 in 1960 to 0.65 in 1984. In spite od this trend, there was nothing peculiar about the age specific proportion of divorced peoples in the population 15 years of age and over. This is due to the increase of remarriage proportion in all marriage by the previous marital status of husbands and wives. 2. In the total divorce by reasons for divorce, the proportion of trouble between man and wife was increased from 64.6 percent in 1970 to 82.1 percent in 1984, on the other hand the proportion of reasons, such as family, health, and economic problem was decreased gradually during that year. 3. The average age at divorce was 37.3 in male and 32.7 in female in 1960, and 36.1 in male and 31.8 in female in 1984. The highest proportion of age specific group in the total divorced population was 30-34 age groups of male and 25-29 age group of female in 1966 and 1984. At the time of marriage dissolution, The highest proportion of age group was 30-34 age group in husband and 25-29 age group in wife in 1966 and 1984. 4. The mean duration of marriage life in the divorced population was diminished by 3.3 years from 11.5 years in 1960 to 8.2 years in 1984 with increase of age at marriage and decrease of age at divorce. The proportion of period (marriage-divorce) to period (marriage-death) was declined, on the other hand the proportion of period (divorce-death) to period (marriage-death) was extended greatly as compared with 1960's.

일부 남자 대학생의 콘돔 사용 자신감에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

박상화,임달오 대한보건협회 2002 대한보건연구 Vol.28 No.1

The objectives of the study was to analyze the factors influencing the self-confidence of using condoms in male college students. The subjects were drawn from 12 colleges(n=466) and 10 junior colleges(n=480) in Seoul metropolitan city, Kyonggi province, Taegu city, kyongsangbuk province, Taejon city and Chungchongnam province during October, 2001. Among the 946 respondents, we collected 370 cases (mean age 23.2 years, range 18-30 years) of male college students who had experienced a sexual intercourse during last twelve months. Only 38 percent of subjects had used a condom for the sexual intercourse and 75 percent of sexual partner in male respondents were girl friends. Multiple regression analyses examined the relationship between the self-confidence of using condoms and selected variables. There were significant association between self-confidence of using condoms and age(p<0.05), experience of condom use during last twelve months(p<0.01). Having a favorable attitude toward condom was significantly associated with self-confidence of using condoms(p<0.01).

에스테틱 샵의 컨설팅활용도가 경영성과에 미치는 영향 - 흡수역량의 매개효과를 중심으로

박상화,서언미,배승희 한국인체미용예술학회 2022 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.23 No.4

Aesthetic shops in the era of infinite competition need the help of external experts to solve various problems due to a lack of competency. In this study, absorption capacity was used as a mediating effect to examine the relationship between consulting utilization and management performance for effective management consulting. Here, consulting was used as an independent variable, and management performance as a dependent variable to analyze the mediating role of absorption capacity and to suggest strategic alternatives to improve the practical ability of the esthetic shop. In this study, esthetic shops with experience in using management consulting were analyzed. Analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 on 407 response samples collected. In addition, this study used exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed. As a result of the study, it was found that the absorption capacity partially mediates the relationship between the consulting utilization of the esthetic shop and the business performance and has a positive effect on the business performance.

아라미드 섬유 보강 영구거푸집을 적용한 RC 기둥의 성능평가

박상화,김시윤,김승직,장준호,양준모 한국복합신소재구조학회 2019 복합신소재구조학회논문집 Vol.10 No.6

The paper presents the experimental evaluation of the seismic performance of RC columns confined by a newly proposed the permanent form reinforced by aramid fiber strip. To experimentally evaluate the effect of the proposed permanent form on the behavior of RC columns, a total of three specimens are constructed and tested. The first specimen is non-seismically designed, while the second one is code-conforming column. The third one is constructed by applying the proposed permanent form. For the performance evaluation of the column, static cyclic tests were conducted under a constant axial load. The experimental results indicated that the shear strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the proposed member were increased compared to those of the conventional members. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed permanent form can improve the seismic performance of RC columns. 본 논문에서는 아라미드 스트립을 이용하여 영구거푸집을 제작하고 철근 콘크리트 기둥에 적용하여 성능을 평가하였다. 보강된 철근콘크리트 기둥의 구조거동을 평가하기 위하여 총 3개의 기둥을 제작하였다. 1개의 실험체는 무보강 실험체로서비내진 상세의 기둥이며 다른 두 실험체의 경우 내진설계가 적용되거나 아라미드 섬유보강 영구거푸집으로 보강하였다. 기둥의전형적인 성능평가를 위하여 일정한 축하중하에서 정적반복가력 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 무보강 실험체와 비교하여 전단강도, 연성 및 에너지 소산능력을 증가시켰으며 반복하중으로 인한 강도 및 강성 저감에서 우수한 성능을 보였다. 따라서, 본연구에서 제안한 아라미드 보강 영구거푸집은 기존 RC 기둥의 내진성능을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

'에이즈 예방엔 콘돔 사용이 제일'

박상화 대한에이즈예방협회 2002 레드리본 Vol.45 No.-

다태아 출산 연령 분포가 다태 조기분만아 출생률에 미치는 기여 효과; 1997~98, 2014~15

박상화,임달오 한국모자보건학회 2017 한국모자보건학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Purpose: To figure out the contribution of maternal age distribution to the preterm birth (PTB) rate of multiple births between 1997~98 and 2014~15. Methods: Multiple birth certificate data of Korea Statistics were used for this analysis. There were 18,557 births in 1997~98 and 30,992 births in 2014~15. Kitagawa’s decomposition method was used to examine the contribution of age-specific PTB rate and maternal age distribution of multiple births to overall increment of PTB rate in multiple births between 1997~98 and 2014~15. Results: PTB rate of multiple births increased from 32.40 percent to 58.22 percent (odds ratio: 1.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.76~1.84) during 1997-2015. PTB rate of multiple births greatly increased for women aged 25~29 years (odds ratio: 2.09) during the same period. The rates increased 1.88 times for women aged ≤24 years, followed by women aged 30~34 years (OR: 1.65), women aged 35~39 years (1.54), and women aged ≥40 years (1.36). Most (78.7%) of the overall increment in PTB rate of multiple births was attributable to the increase in the dimension of women aged 30~34 years, and 49.9 percent for women aged 35~39 years. Conclusion: The total increment in the PTB rate of multiple births was explained by increase the proportion and the PTB rate of women aged 30~39 years. More research is needed to comprehend the contributing age factors to PTB rate of multiple births.

의료보험통계를 이용한 손상 및 중독의 상병양상에 관한 연구(1990-1994)

박상화,김응익 대한보건협회 1996 대한보건연구 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구는 의료보험연합회 의료보험통계연보(1990-1994)를 기초자료로 이용하여 손상 및 중독과 관련한 제반사항을 분석하였다. 총 진료건 중 손상 및 중독의 외래 및 입원진료 점유율은 증가하고, 진료건당 내원일수는 외래 및 입원에서 모두 감소하는 추세를 보여주었다. 손상 및 중독의 건당 진료비는 1990년 외래 17,714원, 1994년 20,831원, 입원이 1990년 551,602원, 1994년 804,895원으로 증가하였다. 의료보험적용인구 1,000명당 손상 및 중독의 입원 수진율은 연령이 증가함에 따라 증가하였고, 1,000명당 수진율은1990년 남자 7.8, 여자 3.9, 1994년 남자 9.5, 여자 4.8이었다. 손상 및 중독의 입원진료에서 굴절(800-829)의 구성비가 가장 높았고, 개방창상 및 혈관내 손상(870-904), 두개내 및 내부손상(850-869, 950-957), 탈구, 염좌 및 과긴장(830-848) 순이었다. 외래진료는 탈구, 염좌 및 과긴장(830-848), 개방창상 및 혈관내 손상(870-904), 골절 순이었다. 성별에서는 골절, 탈구, 염좌 및 과긴장, 화상, 중독 및 독성의 영향, 내과 및 외과적 가료의 합병증, 입구를 통하여 들어간 이물의 영향은 여성의 점유율이 남성보다 높았고, 반면 두개내 및 내부손상, 개방창상 및 혈관내 손상은 남성에서 높았다. 골절, 탈구, 염좌 및 과긴장, 개방창상 및 혈관내 손상의 점유율은 과거에 비해 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 이를 제외한 다른 손상의 점유율은 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 골절은 다른 연령군에 비해 20-30세군의 점유율이 낮았고, 특히 60세 이상 여성에서 점유율이 높았는데 1990년 60.7%, 1994년 65.4%이었다. 두개내 및 내부손상의 경우 남자는 연령이 증가함에 따라 비율이 증가하고, 여자는 반대현상을 나타내었다. 개방창상 및 혈관내 손상은 남녀 공히 20-39세군에서, 화상(940-949)은 남녀 모두 19세 이하에서 점유율이 가장 높았고, 특히 여성에서 높았다. 손상 및 중독에 의한 총 입원진료비는 1990년 1,239억원, 1994년 2,336억원으로 이들 진료비 중에서 골절의 비율이 50%를 상회하였다. 입원건당 진료비에서 내과 및 외과적 가료의 합병증(996-999)이 가장 높았고, 반면 입구를 통하여 들어간 이물의 영향(930-939)이 가장 낮았다. This study is based on data published in 1991-1995 from the medical insurance statistical yearbook of National Federation of Medical Insurance. Medical utilization and spending were analyzed for ten major categories of injuries and poisoning(800-999). The percent of injury in total medical treatment case was 5.7% in 1990 and 6.6% in 1994 for out patients, and 9.0% in 1990 and 11.3% in 1994 for in patients. Medical expenditures per claim in 1994 was 20,813won in out-patients injury cases and 804,895won in in-patients cases. The hospitalization rate for injury per 1,000 medical insurance population was 7.8 in male and 3.8 in female for 1990, and 9.5 in male and 4.8 in female for 1994. The most common injury and poisoning(10 categories) in hospitalized cases was fractures; more than 40%; 42.5% in male and 43.3% in female for 1990, and 44.8% in male and 48.0% in female for 1994. The fractures rate per 1,000 population was lowest for under 19 age group and highest for the elderly aged 60 and over. More than 60% of the female(60 years and over) with injury and poisoning had fractures. The proportion for intracranial and internal injuries including nerves(850-869, 950-957) increased with age in male, and decreased with age in female. Male had significantly higher rates than female for open wounds and injury to blood vessels(870-904) in four age groups; -19, 20-39, 40-59 and 60 and over age group. Rate for burn(940-949) was highest in under 19 age group compared with other age group. Total medical expending for injury and poisoning was 123 billion won in 1990 and 233 billion won in 1994. More than 50% of the medical expending was payment for fractures. In terms of cost for injury in 1994, complications of medical and surgical care incurred the highest expenditures(952, 879 won per claim), whereas the cost of effects of foreign body entering through orifice was lowest(379, 423 won).

초ㆍ중등 영어 교과서 개발 방향 및 이슈

박상화 한국외국어교육학회 2006 한국외국어교육학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.- No.1