http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 분리균의 항생제 내성 양상 분석
성원근,정경태,길준영,김석하,오희복 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.5
Background : The aim of this study was to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of Nesseria gonorrhoeae isolates, in particular, to examine the possibility of increasing prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Korea and the relationship between patterns of mutations involving gyrA and parC genes and the ciprofloxacin resistance level. Methods : The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 489 gonoccocal isolates which were nationwide collected from patients visiting Health Centers were determined by NCCLS disk diffusion and agar plate dilution methods. PCR and direct DNA sequencing of the amplicons were performed to identify mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC genes. Results : The proportion of resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both remained as high as 94%. The isolates with ciprofloxacin resistance remarkably increased from 1% in 1999 to 5% in 2000 and also resistance to cefoxitine and ceftriaxone were shown to be increased. The strains resistant to spectinomycin was little reported. Four isolates with 16 ㎍/mL of MIC for ciprofloxacin all showed the same alternations of Ser-91 to Phe, Asp-95 to Gly in GyrA and Ser-87 to Arg in ParC, but ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains have little amino acid substitution. Conclusion : Considering the increasing prevalence of isolates with resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, it is likely that the antibiotics such as spectinomycin, or ceftriaxone are recommended as the first-line treatment for gonoccocal infections in Korea. The results from this study suggest that mutation analysis for quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC genes are important in epidemiological studies for the spread of ciprofloxacin resistant strains.(Korean J Infect Dis 33:338∼345, 2001)
유원근,성낙선 한국사회과학연구회 2011 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.81
본 연구의 목적은 유로 도입 이후 유로존의 경제변화를 살펴보고 유로의 국제통화로의 발전 가능성을 전망해보려는 데 있다. 유로화 출범 이후 유럽경제는 거시경제지표와 교역규모의 면에서 안정된 성장을 보이고 있다. 이에 따라 유로는 안정된 구매력과 광범위한 거래망을 바탕으로 국제통화로 발전하기를 기대하고 있다. 그러나 유로가 국제통화로 발전하기 위해서는 많은 장애요인들이 자리하고 있다. 현재의 글로벌 금융위기 속에서도 달러의 지위는 여전히 강고하다. 그러나 이 문제는 유럽이 당면한 현 상황에서 스스로 해결할 수 있는 것이 아니기 때문에 논외로 한다면, EU 차원에서나마 EMU의 성장억제적 정책을 온건한 재정정책으로 전환하는 것이 필요하다. EMU의 분권화된 의사결정 구조 역시 좀 더 단일화될 필요가 있다. 현재 몇 몇 나라의 재정위기에도 불구하고 EU가 정치적 통합과 단일화된 의사결정 기구를 갖게 된다면 유로는 달러에 도전할 수 있는 국제통화로서 점차 기능할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study is focused on the perspective of the Euro’s development as an international currency by looking into the economic changes of the EU after the launching of the Euro. After its birth, the European economy seems to have settled down well achieving stable growth. Judging from the macroeconomic indices and the growth of international trade, we can find that European economy have made an important progress. And also this judgement might be a dominant cause spreading a positive appreciation on the Euro. With the expansion of EMU, the circulation range of the Euro has expanded in the international trade. With all the subprime mortgage financial crisis, the supremacy of the dollar has been still maintained. In order to strengthen the status of the Euro, arranging a newly unified governing institution is required to promote the reliance on the Euro through the reform of the EMU itself. One of the aims of reformation is converting the anti-growth policies built in the institutions of the EMU into the moderate fiscal policies. If the EU increases its political integration and institutionalization to the point where it can more readily project power globally, the Euro is likely to gradually challenge the dollar and to gain the status of international currency.