Political Debate Language and Grice's Cooperative Principle

Smith, Christopher 한국현대언어학회 1999 언어연구 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Grice's Cooperative Principle (1975) can be observed to be in operation in the context of a political debate. Eight candidates for the Republican Party's (USA) presidential nomination met and debated prior to the 1996 New Hampshire primary election. Examination of the transcript reveals that though the candidates were in competition with one another, they can be observed to be "cooperating" with the debate moderators and, by implication, with the viewing public. Generally speaking, the debaters' language reflected an adherence to Grice's maxims and in instances when a debater was perceived as having violated those rules, he was attacked for that violation. In other words, the politicians criticized one another not only on policy positions, but also for failing to observe the Cooperative Principle.

Commentary ( 한국섬학회 Journal of Island Studies , 1999 년 2 권 1 호 )

(Christopher Smith),(John Ostapeic),(Peter Scott Mcdowell) 제주대학교 섬연구소 1999 JOURNAL OF ISLAND STUDIES Vol.2 No.1

Topic Sentences in Economics/Business Articles

Christopher Smith 한국언어연구학회 1998 언어학연구 Vol.3 No.-

Dual antiplatelet therapy does not scare away the erector spinae plane block

Christopher A. Smith,Kelly M. Martin 대한마취통증의학회 2019 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.72 No.3

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Petroleomic Characterization of Bio-Oil Aging using Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

Smith, Erica A.,Thompson, Christopher,Lee, Young Jin Korean Chemical Society 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.3

Bio-oil instability, or aging, is a significant problem for the long-term storage of fast pyrolysis oils. We investigated bio-oil aging at the molecular level using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Petroleomic analysis suggests that bio-oil aging is resulted from the oligomerization of phenolic lignin products whereas 'sugaric' cellulose/hemicellulose products have negligible effect.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in body builders; an emerging rare but serious complication of androgenic anabolic steroid use

Christopher Woodward,Josie Smith,Dean Acreman,Nagappan Kumar 한국간담췌외과학회 2019 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.23 No.2

Illicit use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is a known problem amongst certain groups including body builders and other athletes. Use of these drugs is thought to be high in some areas of South Wales. A number of adverse effects have been associated with use of AAS including the development of hepatic adenomas. There have been a handful of rare cases of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma following AAS use. We report two such cases presenting to the same surgical centre in South Wales within six months. We do this with reference to data from Public Health Wales, including the Harm Reduction Wales Needle and Syringe provision report, which indicate a particularly high rate of use of AAS in the surrounding area. We believe these cases are important from the public health point of view. They demonstrate a rare and not widely known about, but potentially fatal adverse effect of AAS, now becoming prevalent with the high use of these drugs. This is important for doctors to be aware of, but also could form the focus of a public health campaign targeted at AAS users.

Total knee arthroplasty following intramedullary tibial nailing

Smith Evan J.,Heng Marilyn,Bedair Hany S.,Melnic Christopher M. 대한슬관절학회 2020 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.32 No.-

Introduction/purpose: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the setting of previous periarticular hardware increases resource utilization, readmissions, complications, and revision rates. Despite the frequency of intramedullary nail (IMN) fixation for tibial fractures, little guidance exists on the management of these patients and no series have reported on outcomes of patients undergoing TKA in the setting of a retained or removed IMN. Methods: This is a retrospective case series of patients who underwent TKA after IMN fixation of tibial fractures. Patient and case data, including need for hardware removal, staged vs non-staged procedures, operative time, and need for revision implants, were recorded. Postoperative data, including complications and revision, were recorded. Oxford Knee Score (OKS) was performed at follow-up. Results: Nine patients were identified consisting of eight women and one man. Follow-up ranged from 0.8–13 years. Non-staged removal of the intramedullary hardware occurred in three cases that had increased operative lengths recorded. There were no complications related to wound healing or infection. No patients required revision. Two of the three patients who underwent non-staged TKA developed arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation. OKS scores in patients who underwent non-staged surgery were consistently low. Conclusions: Conversion TKA after tibial IMN fixation can result in satisfying outcomes in many patients. However, intramedullary hardware presents challenges to TKA similar to more extensively studied conversion TKA scenarios. Removing hardware in either a staged or non-staged fashion results in increased resource utilization and imparts perioperative challenges with only theoretical benefits of one approach compared to the other. Increased stiffness may be associated with a non-staged approach to hardware removal and TKA. Several technical factors may permit component positioning without removal of hardware. Despite limitations, this is the first series to discuss this challenging clinical scenario and provides surgeons with technical guidance and data on operative outcomes.

Use of Flattening Filter Free Photon Beams for Off-axis Targets in Conformal Arc Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Smith, Ashley,Kim, Siyong,Serago, Christopher,Hintenlang, Kathleen,Ko, Stephen,Vallow, Laura,Peterson, Jennifer,Hintenlang, David,Heckman, Michael,Buskirk, Steven Korean Society of Medical Physics 2014 의학물리 Vol.25 No.4

Dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) and flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams are commonly adopted for efficient conformal dose delivery in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Off-axis geometry (OAG) may be necessary to obtain full gantry rotation without collision, which has been shown to be beneficial for peripheral targets using flattened beams. In this study dose distributions in OAG using FFF were evaluated and the effect of mechanical rotation induced uncertainty was investigated. For the lateral target, OAG evaluation, sphere targets (2, 4, and 6 cm diameter) were placed at three locations (central axis, 3 cm off-axis, and 6 cm off-axis) in a representative patient CT set. For each target, DCAT plans under the same objective were obtained for 6X, 6FFF, 10X, and 10FFF. The parameters used to evaluate the quality of the plans were homogeneity index (HI), conformality indices (CI), and beam on time (BOT). Next, the mechanical rotation induced uncertainty was evaluated using five SBRT patient plans that were randomly selected from a group of patients with laterally located tumors. For each of the five cases, a plan was generated using OAG and CAG with the same prescription and coverage. Each was replanned to account for one degree collimator/couch rotation errors during delivery. Prescription isodose coverage, CI, and lung dose were evaluated. HI and CI values for the lateral target, OAG evaluation were similar for flattened and unflattened beams; however, 6FFF provided slightly better values than 10FFF in OAG. For all plans the HI and CI were acceptable with the maximum difference between flattened and unflattend beams being 0.1. FFF beams showed better conformality than flattened beams for low doses and small targets. Variation due to rotational error for isodose coverage, CI, and lung dose was generally smaller for CAG compared to OAG, with some of these comparisons reaching statistical significance. However, the variations in dose distributions for either treatment technique were small and may not be clinically significant. FFF beams showed acceptable dose distributions in OAG. Although 10FFF provides more dramatic BOT reduction, it generally provides less favorable dosimetric indices compared to 6FFF in OAG. Mechanical uncertainty in collimator and couch rotation had an increased effect for OAG compared to CAG; however, the variations in dose distributions for either treatment technique were minimal.

Beliefs of University Employees Leaving During a Fire Alarm: A Theory-based Belief Elicitation

Owens Christopher,Le Aurora B.,Smith Todd D.,Middlestadt Susan E. 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2023 Safety and health at work Vol.14 No.2

Background: Despite workplaces having policies on fire evacuation, many employees still fail to evacuate when there is a fire alarm. The Reasoned Action Approach is designed to reveal the beliefs underlying people's behavioral decisions and thus suggests causal determinants to be addressed with interventions designed to facilitate behavior. This study is a uses a Reasoned Action Approach salient belief elicitation to identify university employees' perceived advantages/disadvantages, approvers/disapprovers, and facilitators/barriers toward them leaving the office building immediately the next time they hear a fire alarm at work. Methods: Employees at a large public United States Midwestern university completed an online cross-sectional survey. A descriptive analysis of the demographic and background variables was completed, and a six-step inductive content analysis of the open-ended responses was conducted to identify beliefs about leaving during a fire alarm. Results: Regarding consequence, participants perceived that immediately leaving during a fire alarm at work had more disadvantages than advantages, such as low risk perception. Regarding referents, supervisors and coworkers were significant approvers with intention to leave immediately. None of the perceived advantages were significant with intention. Participants listed access and risk perception as significant circumstances with the intention to evacuate immediately. Conclusion: Norms and risk perceptions are key determinants that may influence employees to evacuate immediately during a fire alarm at work. Normative-based and attitude-based interventions may prove effective in increasing the fire safety practices of employees.

Effects of Employees’ Extra-Role Behaviors on Organizational Performance: An Assessment of Minor League Baseball Team Front Offices

Natalie L. Smith,Christopher Barnhill,성호준 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2020 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.5 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of employees’ extra-role behaviors on desired organizational outcomes in sport. An assessment of innovative work behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors of Minor League Baseball team front office employees was conducted as organizations planned for an upcoming season. An empirical model controlling for extraneous factors was developed and tested. Results revealed organizational citizenship behaviors of front office employees positively affected attendance during the season for Triple-A and Double-A level franchises. No significant effects between employees’ organizational citizenship and team attendance was seen in lower level teams. Employees’ innovative work behaviors were not significantly related to team attendance. The current study indicates that these sport organizations may not be benefitting from the behaviors it celebrates in its employees, namely the extra role behaviors. This study has demonstrated that context specific factors can substantially alter expected employee and organizational behaviors.