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Tagawa Hoshi,Kawasaki Tomoya,Hanaoka Shinya 한국해운물류학회 2021 The Asian journal of shipping and Logistics Vol.37 No.2
Hub-and-spoke (HS) networks are cost-effective because they allow the realization of economies of density. However, the cost of point-to-point (PP) networks may be lower than that of HS networks when certain conditions, such as cargo demand, bunker price, vessel size, and the shippers’ value of time change. This study explores the factors that influence the cost-effectiveness of HS and PP networks. We developed a mixed-integer programming model that allows for bi-level optimization between shipping lines and shippers. As a case study, we applied it to Chinese and Japanese ports, with both HS and PP networks. We found that high cargo demand increases the use of PP networks while enlarging vessel size increases the use of HS networks. These findings enable us to predict the occurrence of hubbing—shifting from a PP to an HS network—and de-hubbing—shifting from an HS to a PP network.
Tagawa, Hiroyuki,Miyamura, Tomoshi,Yamashita, Takuzo,Kohiyama, Masayuki,Ohsaki, Makoto Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2015 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.4 No.1
Detailed finite element (FE) analyses of a full-scale four-story steel frame structure, subjected to consecutive 60% and 100% excitations from the JR Takatori records during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake, are conducted using E-Simulator. The four-story frame was tested at the largest shake-table facility in the world, E-Defense, in 2007. E-Simulator is a parallel FE analysis software package developed to accurately simulate structural behavior up to collapse by using a fine mesh of solid elements. To reduce computational time in consecutive dynamic time history analyses, static analysis with gravity force is introduced to terminate the vibration of the structure during the analysis of 60% excitation. An overall sway mechanism when subjected to 60% excitation and a story mechanism resulting from local buckling of the first-story columns when subjected to 100% excitation are simulated by using E-Simulator. The story drift response to the consecutive 60% and 100% excitations is slightly smaller than that for the single 100% excitation.
Kazuki Tagawa 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.4
Some plant species possess petal hairs, the defensive functions of which remain untested. I hypothesized that the petal hairs of an emergent plant species, Menyanthes trifoliata (Menyanthaceae), have a function in deterring nectar-thieving ants (Lasius japonicus). Lasius japonicus individuals were observed to stop moving forward after touching hairs and had difficulty in maintaining their balance when walking on hairs. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the hairs quantitatively, I trimmed hairs with a nose hair trimmer and then observed the behavior of flower-visiting L. japonicus. The success rate of L. japonicus in entering the floral tubes was significantly lower in the presence of intact hairs than when there were trimmed hairs. Moreover, it took L. japonicus twice as long to enter floral tubes with intact hairs, even when they succeeded. These results suggest that hairs on M. trifoliata petals are effective as a physical barrier against L. japonicus by restricting the movements of the ants.
Kazuki Tagawa,Mikio Watanabe,Tetsukazu Yahara 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.3
Carnivorous plants are major predators of small insects in some habitats. Because traps of carnivorous plants are serious threats for small insects, it is probable to evolve a mechanism to sense a cue of carnivorous plants and avoid being trapped. However, such a sensing behavior of small insects has never been described. Here we report that a hoverfly species Sphaerophoria menthastri, a major pollinator species of carnivorous sundew Drosera toyoakensis, exhibits a behavior to sense a cue of trap leaves and avoids landing there. In a quadrat (5m×5 m) where D. toyoakensis and other non-carnivorous plant species co-occur, we observed behaviors of hoverflies approaching D. toyoakensis and other plants. The numbers of approaches to trap leaves, flowers of D. toyoakensis, flowers of non-carnivorous Lysimachia fortunei and leaves of Poaceae and Cyperaceae were 9, 60, 52 and 54, respectively, and the numbers of landings to those four organs were 2, 55, 49 and 49, respectively. When S. menthastri approached trap leaves, almost all individuals successfully avoided landing there by 1 or 2 hesitation behaviors. These findings suggest that S. menthastri can sense the cue of trap leaves during an approach.
田川晋也(Shinya Tagawa),金確烈(Kim Hwak-Yeol) 한국국제회계학회 2009 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.28
현행 리스회계기준인 일본의 「리스에 관한 회계기준」뿐만 아니라 SFAS No.13 및 IAS17에서는 일반적으로 법적 형식보다는 경제적 실질에 따라 자본화시키고 있다. 본 연구는 현행 리스회계기준이 채택하고 있는 자본화이론과 미국 FASB의 「특별보고서」와 IAS의 「토의자료」가 제안한 자본화이론을 검토하고 각 이론의 특징을 명확히 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 「토의자료」에서는 리스자산 및 부채의 자본화접근법은 현행기준에서 채택된 “위험 · 경제가치접근법”과 일치하고 있다. 그러나 리스자산 및 부채의 인식시기에 대해서 「특별보고서」에서는 구체적 언급하지 않지만, 「토의자료」에서는 리스물건의 인도시기라고 명시하고 있는 데 차이가 있다. 또한 리스자산 및 부채의 인식범위는 「특별보고서」보다 「토의자료」가 훨씬 넓게 규정하고 있다. 현행회계기준이 채택하고 있는 위험?경제적가치접근법은 안정된 재무수치를 이해관계자에게 제공할 수 있으므로 이해관계자의 이해조정 및 투자자의 의사결정에도 유용한 회계정보를 제공하는 역할을 하고 있다. The current accounting standards of Leases such as 「The accounting about Leases in Japan」 as well as SFAS No.13 and IAS17 capitalizes a lease to substance. The objectives of this study is focus on reviewing capitalization theory and determining the characteristics of each theory. The capitalized approach which G4+1 Position paper is same as the risk-economic approach the current accounting standards adopted. While the Special report don't refer to the time of the assets and liabilities of leases, the G4+1 Position paper refer to the delivery time as the recognition time. and the scope of recognition of the assets and liabilities of leases in the G4+1 Position paper is more than in the Special report. The risk-economic approach the current accounting standards adopted is giving the balanced financial informations to users, so the approach is making settlement the interests of the interested parties and giving a information to investor.
Shin-ichi Tagawa,Lucia Holtshausen,Tim A McAllister,Wen Zhu Yang,Karen Ann Beauchemin 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.4
Objective: The effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), gas production and fermentation pH were investigated for feedlot cattle. Methods: Rumen fluid from four fistulated feedlot cattle fed a diet of 860 dry-rolled barley grain, 90 maize silage and 50 supplement g/kg DM was used as inoculum in 3 batch culture in vitro studies. In Experiment 1, dry-rolled barley and barley ground through a 1-, 2-, or 4-mm screen were used to obtain four substrates differing in particle size. In Experiment 2, cellulase enzyme (ENZ) from Acremonium cellulolyticus Y-94 was added to dry-rolled and ground barley (2-mm) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/g, while Experiment 3 examined the interactions between microwaving (0, 30, and 60 s microwaving) and ENZ addition (0, 1, and 2 mg/g) using dry-rolled barley and 2-mm ground barley. Results: In Experiment 1, decreasing particle size increased DMD and gas production, and decreased fermentation pH (p<0.01). The DMD (g/kg DM) of the dry-rolled barley after 24 h incubation was considerably lower (p<0.05) than that of the ground barley (119.1 dry-rolled barley versus 284.8 for 4-mm, 341.7 for 2-mm; and 358.6 for 1-mm). In Experiment 2, addition of ENZ to dry-rolled barley increased DMD (p<0.01) and tended to increase (p = 0.09) gas production and decreased (p<0.01) fermentation pH, but these variables were not affected by ENZ addition to ground barley. In Experiment 3, there were no interactions between microwaving and ENZ addition after microwaving for any of the variables. Microwaving had minimal effects (except decreased fermentation pH), but consistent with Experiment 2, ENZ addition increased (p<0.01) DMD and gas production, and decreased (p<0.05) fermentation pH of dry-rolled barley, but not ground barley. Conclusion: We conclude that cellulase enzymes can be used to increase the rumen disappearance of barley grain when it is coarsely processed as in the case of dry-rolled barley. However, microwaving of barley grain offered no further improvements in ruminal fermentation of barley grain.