트라이애슬론 스포츠폭력 사건에 투영된 트라이애슬론 선수들의 경험과 인식

김희주 ( Kim Hee-ju ),장덕선 ( Chang Duk-sun ) 한국융합과학회 2022 한국융합과학회지 Vol.11 No.8

연구목적 본 연구는 故 최숙현 선수의 희생이 헛되지 않기를 바라는 마음으로 시작되었다. 연구대상은 2020년 스포츠폭력에 의해 고인이 된 최숙현 선수의 사망사건을 직·간접적으로 경험한 철인3종경기 선수 30명이다. 연구방법 연구방법은 내러티브의 3차원적 공간 중 개인적·사회적 차원과 내적·외적 지향에 중점을 두고, 연구 참여자의 스포츠폭력에 대한 인식과 경험을 개방형 질문으로 조사하였다. 이 후 추가적 심층면담을 실시하였다. 특히 참여자들이 현역선수들이기 때문에 연구참여중단의 가능성과 익명성을 보장하였다. 연구자는 25년간 트라이애슬론 선수로 활동을 하였으며, 직접 피해자이기도 하다. 결과 자료의 귀납적 범주화 결과, 스포츠폭력 사건에 대한 인식에는 기본신념 붕괴, 제도적 문제, 우려, 감정 등이 나타났다. 인지된 내적 변화에는 부정적 영향 없음, 제도적 문제, 간접 트라우마 등이 나타났다. 인지된 외적 변화로는 부정적 영향 없음, 간접 트라우마 등이 나타났다. 지각된 변화로는 변화와 기타로 나타났다. 변화의 시발점은 처벌에 대한 생각, 감정, 제도적 문제 등이 도출 되었으며 변화의 방향성으로는 2차 피해 우려, 확실한 변화 요구, 제도적 해결책 필요 등으로 나타났다. 결론 결과를 토대로 트라이애슬론의 스포츠폭력 사건에 대한 답변을 시간의 흐름 순으로 정리하여 새로운 패러다임 모형을 제시하였다. Purpose This study was started with the hope that the sacrifice of the deceased player, Sook-Hyun Choi, would not be in vain. The subjects of this study were 30 Korean triathletes who directly or indirectly experienced the case of Choi Sook-hyeon, who died of sports violence in 2020. Methods The research method focused on personal and social dimensions and internal and external orientation among the three-dimensional space of the narrative, and conducted an open-ended questionnaire about the research participants' perceptions and experiences of sports violence. After that, additional in-depth interviews were conducted during the analysis process to collect data. In particular, since the participants are active players, the possibility of discontinuation of research participation and anonymity were guaranteed in consideration of ethical issues that may arise from this. In addition, the research was conducted in consideration of the fact that the researcher had been active as a triathlete for 25 years and was also a victim. Result As a result of inductive categorization of the collected data, the perception of sports violence incidents revealed a breakdown of basic beliefs, institutional problems, concerns, and emotions. There were no negative effects on perceived internal changes, institutional problems, and indirect trauma. As for the perceived external changes, there were no negative effects and indirect trauma. Changes and others were perceived as changes. As the starting point of change, thoughts, feelings, and institutional problems about punishment were derived. As for the direction of change, concerns about secondary damage, a clear demand for change, and the need for an institutional solution were shown. Conclusion A new paradigm model was presented by arranging the responses to the three types of sports violence cases in the order of time flow.

배드민턴 선수의 목표지향성과 심리기술과의 관계

장덕선,윤기운 한국스포츠심리학회 2003 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구의 대상은 배드민턴 선수 190명이다(남=107, 여=83). 이들 선수들은 실업팀과 대학팀 소속으로 평균 연령은 남자가 21.86(sd=3.37)세, 여자는 21.84(sd=2.36)이며, 배드민턴 운동경력은 남자가 11.6(sd=4.28)년, 여자가 11.1(sd=2.64)년이었다. 목표지향성에 따른 심리기술요인의 관계와 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 TEOSQ와 한국형 스포츠심리기술 질문지가 사용되었다. 분석결과 과제와 자아지향 간에 긍정적 관계가 나타났으며, 목표지향성은 성별에 따라, 경기력에 따라서는 차이가 없었다. 따라서 배드민턴 선수들의 목표지향은 동질적이라는 배경하에 각각의 목표지향성이 어떠한 심리적 요인들을 설명할 수 있는지를 예측하기 위하여 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 과제지향으로 설명할 수 있는 심리적 요인은 팀단합, 목표설정, 자신감, 불안조절, 심상능력인 반면, 자아지향으로 설명되는 요인은 목표설정과 불안조절뿐이다. 남자우수선수는 과제 지향성이, 남자비우수 선수는 자아지향성이 목표설정을 설명하고 있었다. 여자비우수 선수들 역시 과제지향성이 목표설정 외에도 불안조절, 심상능력을 설명하고 있다. 이러한 결과는 목표성향이 동질적이라 해도 선수들의 성별이나 경기력 수준에 따라 목표성향이 심리기술에 작용하는 강도가 다르다는 것을 의미한다. The purpose of this study was to examine these intricacies of the badminton athlete's goal-orientation followed by whether or not the psychological skills that act on key factors of performance are different. The participants in this study were 190 badminton athletes (men=107, women=83) of college and industry. The average age of the men are 21.86(sd=3.37) and 21.84(sd=2.36) for the women. The years of badminton experience are 11.6 years(sd=4.28) for the men and 11.1 years(sd=2.64) for the women. The results of this study show that there is a positive relationship between the task and ego orientation. These results agree with the results from Duda's (1992) sports related study in which 205 high school students were the subjects as well as (Guivernau & Duda, 1997)'s study in which elite student athletes from Spain were the subjects of study. This means athletes carry task and ego orientation together. The goal which athletes first aim for is the goal of the task. Goal orientation according to gender is no different from goal orientation according to performance level. Therefor, in order to see what kind of psychological factors goal orientation can explain, a Stepwise regression analysis was done. The psychological factors that can be explained in terms of the goal of the task are team harmony, goal setting, self-confidence, anxiety control, imagery. Among the psychological skills of goal orientaion, the ability to predict goal setting is an expected result. However, the task orientation of elite male athletes explains their goal setting while the ego orientation of non-elite male athletes explains their goal setting. These results show that ego oriented, non-elite male athletes think of goal setting as more important. The task orientation of non elite female athletes explains their goal setting, anxiety control, and imagery.

단일 사례 사격선수의 집중루틴 훈련의 효과

장덕선,김병준,구해모,신동성 한국스포츠심리학회 2004 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 소총사수 P의 집중력 훈련에 관한 것이다. P 선수는 만 21세의 남자선수로서 운동경력은 8년이며, 10M 공기소총이 주종목이다. 집중력훈련은 단일사례실험 중 가장 단순한 시계열 설계인 AB 설계를 적용하였다. A단계에서 집중력, 주의력 질문지가 1-2주 간격으로 4회 반복측정 되었으며, B단계는 7월-10월까지 집중력 훈련이 진행되는 기간으로 개별면담과 질문지 측정, 수행평가를 위한 시합기록이 수집되었다. 집중력 질문지는 1개월에 1회 측정되었고, 주의력 검사지는 집중훈련 전과 후에 각각 한차례 시행되었다. 집중 루틴은 선수의 개인적 습관과 장점을 최대한 존중하여 훈련과 최고시합 때 습관적으로 하는 행동과 생각을 포함시켜 상당한 시합 부담 상황에서도 최고시합때의 행동과 생각의 흐름을 유지할 수 있도록 강력한 의미를 가진 행위와 키워드로 구성하였다. 완성된 루틴 프로그램은 4개월 훈련 후 집중력과 주의력, 수행평가를 실시하였다. 훈련결과 루틴 훈련은 집중조절 능력을 향상시켰으며, 주의유형은 긍정적인 형태는 증가하고 부정적 형태는 감소하였다. 수행 기록은 루틴 훈련 과정에서 출전한 5회 시합에서 모두 결선에 진출하므로서 수행향상에도 기여한 것으로 밝혀졌다. This study is about a concentration training of a rifle Marksman, P, The male Marksman P is 21 years old, and has played a rifle for eight years. His major is 10M air rifle. We apply AB design which is the simplest time-series design among single case experiments. In A step, we have applied the questionnaire for examining the ability of concentration and attentiveness for four times at an interval of 1 or 2 weeks. In B step, we developed a programme for improving the concentration training and applied it to the player. During the training in B step, which had continued from July to October, we have collected individual interviews, survey, records of games in order to evaluate achievement. The questionnaire for concentration has been served once a month, and the TAIS has been operated once each time before and after the concentration training. The concentration routine is directed to the way of considering the athlete's personal habit and merit most. Therefore, the concentration routine includes the essential matters of habitual acting and thought in ordinary training and in the final match. The concentration routine is consist of powerful meaningful movement and keyword in order to maintain the stream of movement and thought at the final match even though the Marksman is under the heavy pressure of the game. The practice evaluation has been done by a completed routine programme after the four-month-training. After examining the result of the evaluation, the concentration training improves the ability of controlling concentration. The positive type of TAIS is increased and the negative type is decreased. About the record of achievement, the player had advanced to the final once before the training, on the other hand, advanced to all the five final matches after the training. Consequently, it is discovered that the concentration training contributes to the achievement.

스포츠심리학의 의미와 역할기대에 관한 현장의 관점

장덕선,이동재 群山大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.22 No.-

본 연구는 한국의 스포츠인들이 정의하는 스포츠 심리학의 역할 기대에 대한 조사를 하기 위해 코치와 선수를 대상으로 개방형 질문지를 사용하여 조사하였다. 스포츠 심리학의 의미는 선수 6개 코치 5개의 범주로 나누어 졌으며, 역할은 선수 9개, 코치 5개 범주로 나누어 분석되었다. 코치나 선수의 스포츠 심리학에 정의는 공통적인 요인이 발견되었음을 알 수 있다. 이들은 스포츠 심리학을 경기력 향상, 긴장과 불안 등 심리적 문제상태를 파악하여 대처할 수 있는 방안을 제시해 주는 학문이라고 대체로 정의하고 있는 것이다. 한국에서의 스포츠인들이 스포츠심리학이 해주기를 바라는 역할에 대한 공통점은 긴장해소와 조절방법, 자신감 강화, 안정과 편안함 등으로 나타났다. 그 외에 선수들은 심리훈련을 할 수 있는 방법을 제시해 주는 것과 심리상태를 파악하는 것, 연구 조사 결과의 현장적용을 해줄 것을 바라고 있으며, 코치들은 경기력을 향상시키는 것이 바로 스포츠 심리학의 역할로 제시하였다. 스포츠 심리학의 필요성은 스포츠 심리학의 중요성, 스포츠 심리학자의 필요성, 심리기술 훈련의 필요성, 경기력의 결정요인으로 정신적/신체적 비중을 살펴본 결과 80% 이상의 지지율을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 선수와 코치는 스포츠 심리학의 현장적용과 스포츠 심리학자가 절실히 요구됨을 알 수 있다.

스포츠 성취동기와 목표 조망

장덕선,이동재 群山大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

동기와 성취행동을 이해하기 위한 이론적 접근으로서 과거 행동주의 심리학 이후 인지심리학으로의 동기 이론을 간략히 살펴보았다. 행동주의 심리학의 mechanistic 패턴이후 욕구성취이론과 Weiner의 귀인이론은 인지심리학의 새로운 시대를 열게 하였다. 귀인이론은 승리/패배의 결과에 대한 정서상태가 미래의 기대 즉, 성취행동에 영향을 준다는 것이다. 그후 동기는 정서, 기대, 가치가 혼합된 성취동기 접근법을 제안하고 있다. 자기효능감, 지각된 유능감, 성취목표조망들로 구성된 사회인지적 접근법이 이에 해당된다. 교실과 스포츠의 성취맥락에 작용하는 두가지 중요한 목표조망으로 Nicholls (1948a, 1989, 1992), Roberts, Duda (1992)는 과제참여와 자아참여를 채택하고 있다. 자아지향이 높은 사람이 사회적 과정에서 최선을 다하거나 기술향상을 더 고려하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지각된 능력, 귀인, 내적흥미 등이 목표조망의 개인차에 따라 성취동기의 사회화 과정에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 이러한 내용으로 성취행동의 이해를 위한 대략적인 흐름을 고찰하고 이에 대한 미래방향을 논의하였다. In sport, achievement behaviors are those behaviors witnessed when participants try harder, concentrate more, persist longer, pay more attention, perform better, choose to practice longer, and join or drop out of sporting activities. The study of motivation is the investigation of the energization and direction of behavior. When motivation matters, various theoretical models have been proposed as governing motivation and achievement behavior. Motivation theories may be viewed as being of a continuum rangion form mechanistic to cognitive, or organismic. However, among the many alternative approaches advocated, two major research traditions amy be edentified : need achievement and the cognitive approach. The social cognitive approach is built around expectancies and values that individuals attach to different goals and achievement activities, the major mini-theories utilited in sport and exercise are self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977a, 1986), perceived competence (Harter, 1975, 1980), and the various achievement goal perspectives (Dweck, 1986). A briefly discuss how each approach has used in sport. Sport investigation are presented which have begun to test assumptions embedded in social cognitive theories of achievement motivation. The study focus on three major issues, namely the relationship between goal perspectives on behavior in sport setting : and the correspondence between goal perspectives and the broader concept of values in the sport domain.

스포츠 심리기술을 이용한 아동 스포츠의 지도 전략

장덕선 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2001 體育硏究 Vol.- No.14

This study introduced the useful psychological strategies for the children sports instructors. At first, there was suggested the child's participation right and reason in sport. For the successful strategy, the knowledge and motivation were discussed. And the efficient communication with the athlete, parents, administrators and referees were also discussed. The last, there were introduced the method of the meeting with parents. The parents' role, responsibility and the relationship with instructors and parents were looked over.

Caco-2 세포 단층막 투과 실험시 교반이 약물의 투과계수에 미치는 영향

홍순선,유호정,이홍,정석재,김대덕,심창구 한국약제학회 2005 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.35 No.2

The unstirred water layer (UWL), which has been known to exist in the boundary of the intestinal lumen and intestinal wall, often behaves as an absorption barrier especially for lipophilic drugs. The intestinal absorption of drugs is often characterized using Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on Transwell polycarbonate membranes. The permeability (Pare) of drugs across the cell monolayer might be influenced by the agitation of the donor compartment, since the width of UWL on the surface of the cell monolayer would be reduced by the agitation. In this study, the effect of agitation of the donor compartment with 60 rpm on the permeability was measured for 12 drugs with a wide range of lipophilicity and permeability. The of mannitol, tributylmethyl ammonium, cimetidine, ranitidine, hydrocortisone, benzylpenicillin and loxoprofen was not influenced by the agitation, while the P_(app) of theophylline, propranolol, YH439, phenylpropanolarnine and testosterone was increased by the agitation. There was a significant correlation between the increase of P_(app) by agitation and the lipophilicity for the compounds having P_(app) > 2 x 10^(-5) cm/sec. No correlation was observed for the difference in P_(app) by agitation and the molecular weight, or lipophilicity of the drugs. Therefore, the agitation rate of the donor compartment in the Caco-2 cell monolayer study should be carefully controlled in order to estimate Pap, reproducibly especially for iipophilic drugs.

한국 무용사를 빛낸 여성 신무용가의 춤세계

이동재,장덕선 群山大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

The study was reviewed, based on the social background in a period from early to middle 1900's, to develop Korean dance through rightly refining Korean modern dance history concerning the generative process of Korean modern dance. Specially in the study, in order to clarify how the new dance as modern dance had been introduced, accepted, and developed in the historial context of modernization, historical significance of sound dance was reviewed with the political, social background. The study focused objectively evaluation and clarifying Bae, Gu-Ja regarding her dancing activities and dealing with the dancing world of Choi, Seung-Hee and Cho, Taed-Won. Hers’s the danding life of two female modern dancer brightened Korean dence history. The historical significance of Korean modern dance is in that by virtue of the introduction of speial dance performance on the stage, it contributed to change the public’s recognition of dance, and even under a created new creative dances in their subjective awareness. there by, the present study was the origin and development of Korean modern dance has been reviewed with reference to some outstanding two-female dancer - Bae, Gu-Ja, Choi, Seung-Hee.

댄스 활동이 갱년기 여성의 정신건강에 미치는 영향

김극로,장덕선 群山大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

This study examined the effects of acute dance activity program on mood states. Subjects participated 70 persons ranging of women in age from 29 to 65 years. The profile of Mood States(POMS) was also completed before and after the Sport Dance, Bong-San Fork Dance, Charming Disco. The results consistent with previous research, the present study also found improvements in mood following dance activity program on positive factors of the POMS scales but indicated decrease in mood following dance activity program on negative factors of the POMS scales.

스트레스와 운동상해의 예측과 예방을 위한 모델

이동재,장덕선 群山大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

A theoretical model of stress and athletic injury is presented. The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for the prediction and prevention of stress-related injuries that includes cognitive, physiological, attentional, behavioral, interpersonal, social, and stress history variables. Development of the model grew from a synthesis of the stress-illness, stress-accident, and stress-injury literatures. The model and its resulting hypotheses offer a framework for many avenues of research ingo the nature of injury and reduction of injury risk. Other advantages of the model are that it addresses possible mechanisms behind the stress-injury relationship and suggests several specific interventions that amy help diminish the likelihood of injury. The model also has the potential of being applied go the investigation of injury and accident occurrence in general.