18세기 초 조선연행사(朝鮮燕行使)의 진상의(陳尙義) 해적집단 관련 정보 수집활동

정신남 ( Ding Chen-nan ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2017 동방학지 Vol.178 No.-

陳尙義 해적집단은 “四口通商의 시대”가 시작된 이래 廣東에서 출발하여 중국 동부 연해 전체에 걸쳐 활동했으며, 특히 조선과 가까운 遼東과 山東연해에서 활동한 해적들이었다. 조선에서는 이 해적집단의 존재를 파악하기 전부터 이미 중국 동부 연해에 나타나는 해적에 대해 상당한 관심을 가지고 관련 정보를 모으고 있었다. 따라서 연행사의 정보수집 활동을 통해서 陳尙義 해적집단을 알게 된 것은 결코 우연이 아니었다. 그 이후로도 이 해적집단에 대해서 지속적인 관심을 가졌으며, 그들이 재차 소요를 일으켰다는 정보도 입수하였다. 조선연행사는 陳尙義 해적집단 관련 정보 수집활동에서 주로 현지인 탐문을 진행하거나 청조의 공문서를 구입하거나 필사하는 등 방법을 활용하였다. 그리하여 조선 측 사료, 특히 연행록에는 陳尙義 해적집단과 관련된 기사가 다수실리게 되었다. 조선연행사에 의해 수집된 題本, 塘報와 같은 일부 청조 공문서는 그 眞僞를 더 검토해야 하지만 현재 중국에도 남아 있지 않는 희귀한 자료로서 그 나름의 가치를 지니고 있다. 조선연행사들의 관련 정보 수집활동 사례를 분석하는 것은 중국에서 발생한 특정 사건에 대한 조선사절단의 정보수집활동의 전모를 밝힐 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 조선 측 사료에 실린 중국 기록의 가치를 역시 잘 보여줄 수 있다고 본다. Chen-Shangyi (陳尙義) pirates group rose from Guangdong Province in 168 4,the times of Four Port Trade System, and then expanded to the whole eastern coast with frequent activities covering Liaodong and Shandong, near Korea. The Joseon government had already got substantial information on pirates` rampancy on Chinese eastern coast before overhearing Chen-Shangyi pirates group through Joseon Emissaries` information collection. After that the government kept an eye on this pirate group and got the news of their rebellion again. Joseon Emissaries` obtained the information of Chen-Shangyi pirates group` activities mainly by inquiring local people as well as buying and copying Qing`s official documents, hence Korean historical documents, especially the Records of Trips to Beijing (燕行錄) include a lot of information on Chen-Shangyi pirates group. Although it is still need to recheck the facticity of Qing`s official documents such as Ti-Ben (題本) and Tang-Bao (塘報), these precious Korean documents that no longer exist in China have unique value. Through analyzing Joseon Emissaries` intelligence gathering of Chen-Shangyi pirates group, one can get a full view of Joseon Emissaries` process of intelligence gathering on China, and realize the value of the records relating to China in Korean historical documents.

A heat shock protein 70 protects the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) against high-temperature stress

Chen Nan,Tan Jia-Yu,Wang Ying,Qi Ming-Hui,Peng Jiang-Nan,Chen De-Xin,Liu Su,Li Mao-Ye 한국응용곤충학회 2022 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.25 No.4

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are encoded by Hsp genes and are important in insect tolerance to heat stress. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is an important agricultural pest. The functions of Hsp genes in the thermal tolerance of M. persicae are unknown. This study identified an Hsp70 gene (MpHsp70a) and analyzed its role in protection against high-temperature stress. MpHsp70a encoded a protein consisting of 659 amino acid residues. The protein had three signature motifs of the HSP70 family and was predicted to be localized in the cytoplasm. The highest expression level of MpHsp70a was in adults, and differences in the mRNA levels between apterous and alate adults were not significant. Exposure to high temperatures (30, 35 and 40 ◦ C) for one hour and treatment with 40 ◦ C for different times (0.5, 1 and 2 h) all resulted in a greatly elevated expression level of MpHsp70a, suggesting that the gene is heat-inducible. The transcriptional level of MpHsp70a was suppressed by injection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and knockdown of MpHsp70a significantly increased the suscep tibility of apterous adults to 40 ◦ C. These results indicate that MpHsp70a is required for tolerance to hightemperature stress in M. persicae. Our findings highlight the molecular mechanism underlying Hsp70-mediated thermal adaptation in M. persicae.

Characterization of proteolysis in muscle tissues of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus

Chen-Chen Zhao,Yang Yang,Hai-tao Wu,Zhi-Mo Zhu,Yue Tang,Cui-Ping Yu,Na Sun,Qiang Lv,Jia-Run Han,Ao-Ting Li,Jia-Nan Yan,Yue Cha 한국식품과학회 2016 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.25 No.6

The proteolysis in muscle tissues of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus (sjMTs) was characterized. The proteins from sjMTs were primarily myosin heavy chains (MHCs), paramyosin (Pm), and actin (Ac) having a molecular mass of approximately 200, 98, and 42 kDa, respectively. Based on SDS-PAGE analysis and quantification of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptides released, degradation of muscle proteins from sjMTs was favorable at pH 5 and 50°C. Proteolysis of MHCs was mostly inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors, including trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucyl-amido (4- guanidino) butane (E-64) and antipain (AP). E-64 and AP completely inhibited the degradation of Pm and Ac, while iodoacetic acid showed a partially inhibitory effect. These results indicated that the proteolysis of sjMTs was mainly attributed to cysteine proteases. Avoidance of setting the tissues at 40–50oC and slightly acidic condition and inhibition of cysteine proteases are helpful for decreasing sea cucumber autolysis.

Optimization of the Viability of Probiotics in a Fermented Milk Drink by the Response Surface Method

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.5

Growth promoters were added to skim milk to retain the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum to help the product meet the "therapeutic minimum" at the time of consumption. The experiments were divided into two parts. The first part of the study used chicory inulin, isomalto-oligosaccharides and sucrose to investigate the effects of sugars on the activity of L. acidophilus and B. longum. The results indicated that the addition of isomalto-oligosaccharides stimulated growth of L. acidophilus and B. longum, resulting in a higher level of the probiotics after one month storage and yielded better $\beta$-galactosidase activity during fermentation. The second part studied the effects of three growth promoters on the viability of the probiotic cultures and the response surface method was employed to find the optimal ratio for addition of the growth promoters. The optimal ratio for added calcium gluconate, sodium gluconate and N-acetylglucosamine in fermented milk drinks were established. The response surface method proved to be a very effective way of optimizing the activity of probiotic cultures when developing a new fermented milk drink.

Patterns and drivers of Vibrio isolates phylogenetic diversity in the Beibu Gulf, China

Chen Xing,Du Hong,Chen Si,Li Xiaoli,Zhao Huaxian,Xu Qiangsheng,Tang Jinli,Jiang Gonglingxia,Zou Shuqi,Dong Ke,Adams Jonathan M.,Li Nan,Jiang Chengjian 한국미생물학회 2020 The journal of microbiology Vol.58 No.12

Members of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and can be found either in a culturable or a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Despite widespread concerns as to how to define the occurrence and dynamics of Vibrio populations by culture-independent approaches, further physiological research and relevant biotechnological developments will require the isolation and cultivation of the microbes from various environments. The present work provides data and perspectives on our understanding of culturable Vibrio community structure and diversity in the Beibu Gulf. Finally, we isolated 1,037 strains of Vibrio from 45 samples and identified 18 different species. Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cyclitrophicus, V. tasmaniensis, V. brasiliensis, and V. splendidus were the dominant species that had regional distribution characteristics. The correlation between the quantitative distribution and community structure of culturable Vibrio and environmental factors varied with the Vibrio species and geographical locations. Among them, salinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus were the main factors affecting the diversity of culturable Vibrio. These results help to fill a knowledge gap on Vibrio diversity and provide data for predicting and controlling pathogenic Vibrio outbreaks in the Beibu Gulf.

Development and Verification of an Optimum Composition Model for a Synbiotic Fermented Milk Using Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.10

The purpose of this research was to develop an optimum composition model for a new synbiotic fermented dairy product with high probiotic cell counts, and to experimentally verify this model. The optimum composition model indicated the growth promoter ratio that could provide the highest growth rate for probiotics in this fermented product. Different levels of growth promoters were first blended with milk to improve the growth rates of probiotics, and the optimum composition model was determined. The probiotic viabilities and chemical properties were analyzed for the samples made using the optimal formula. The optimal combination of the growth promoters for the synbiotic fermented milk product was 1.12% peptides, 3% fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and 1.87% isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO). A product manufactured according to the formula of the optimum model was analyzed, showing that the model was effective in improving the viability of both Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

Absorptive capacity, appropriability depth and new product development in Taiwanese service firms

Chen Min-Nan,Chang Yuan-Chieh 기술경영경제학회 2019 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.27 No.1

Absorptive capacity and appropriability depth are two concepts based on a firm’s capabilities that leverage external knowledge to facilitate new product development performance. This study analyzes the joint effects of absorptive capacity and depth of appropriability regime forms on a firm’s new product development. Specifically, we distinguished absorptive capacity between the potential and realized absorptive capacities and appropriability depth as formal and strategic forms. To test our research hypotheses, we analyzed empirical evidence from 311 Taiwanese service firms. The results reveal that the potential and realized absorptive capacities have significant effects that help explain a firm’s new product development. Additionally, there are moderating effects of absorptive capacity on new product development performance. The formal appropriability depth exerts a positive effect on the relationship between the realized absorptive capacity and a firm’s new product development. The strategic appropriability depth positively moderates the influence of the potential absorptive capacity on a firm’s new product development. Finally, the study concludes that complementary nature of absorptive capacity and appropriability strength plays a critical role in contributing to new product development.

An Empirical Analysis on the Relation between Martial Arts Training and Adolescent Mental Health

( Chen Nan ),( Chen Qingwei ) 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2021 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.9 No.6

To study the impact of martial arts training participation features on adolescent mental health and posit arguments that support martial arts training and practice as alternative therapeutic tools, which can be used to improve adolescent mental health. A questionnaire with a psychological scale. An independent sample T-test and analysis of variance were used to investigate and analyze the mental health status of adolescents who actively practiced and did not practice any form of martial arts and to identify differences in their mental health levels based on their levels of martial arts training in four prefecture-level cities of Henan Province. The level of depression, anxiety, and hostility of adolescents who participate in martial arts training are significantly lower than that of those who do not participate in martial arts training; the level of somatization, interpersonal relationship, depression, and anxiety of trainers who train for 1.5 h or more is significantly lower than those whopractice for less than 1.5 h; the obstacle factors on interpersonal relationship, depression, and anxiety of martial arts practitioners with over 3 years of training are significantly lower than that of martial arts practitioners with less than 3 years of training. Adolescents’ mental health can be considerably improved by practicing and participating in martial arts training for more than 1.5 h per session and lasting for over 3 years.

Impact of geometrical parameters on SGEMP responses in cylinder model

Chen Jian-Nan,Zhang Jun-Jie 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.9

This paper is aimed to find out the impact of the geometrical parameters, mainly the radius and the height of a cylinder, on the SGEMP response including the famous scaling law in the classical cylinder model using a homemade PIC code UNIPIC-3D. We computed the electric fields at the center and at the edge on the emission head face with different radii and heights under normal X-rays incidence. The results show that the electric field will increase with the radius but decrease with the height. We analyze the scaling law that links the electric field product and fluence product, and whereafter an irreconcilable contradiction raises when the radius is changeable, which limits the application range of the scaling law. Moreover, the field-height-radius relation is found and described by a combination of logarithmic and minus one-quarter numerical fitting law firstly. Particle and magnetic field distributions are used to explain all the behaviors of the fields reasonably. All the findings will assist the evaluation of SGEMP response in spacecraft protection.

Optimization of the Growth Rate of Probiotics in Fermented Milk Using Genetic Algorithms and Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

Prebiotics (peptides, N-acetyglucoamine, fructo-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides) were added to skim milk in order to improve the growth rate of contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. The purpose of this research was to study the potential synergy between probiotics and prebiotics when present in milk, and to apply modern optimization techniques to obtain optimal design and performance for the growth rate of the probiotics using a response surface-modeling technique. To carry out response surface modeling, the regression method was performed on experimental results to build mathematical models. The models were then formulated as an objective function in an optimization problem that was consequently optimized using a genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming approach to obtain the maximum growth rate of the probiotics. The results showed that the quadratic models appeared to have the most accurate response surface fit. Both SQP and GA were able to identify the optimal combination of prebiotics to stimulate the growth of probiotics in milk. Comparing both methods, SQP appeared to be more efficient than GA at such a task.