디지털과 바이오 융합기술에서 새로운 인권의 형성

엄주희 한국헌법학회 2022 憲法學硏究 Vol.28 No.4

정보통신기술은 기계와 기계 사이의 커뮤니케이션으로 사람들 간의 정보 소통을 원활하게 하는 것을 넘어서 기계와 사람 간 커뮤니케이션, 즉 인체 속에 삽입된 커뮤니케이션 기기를 통한 인간과 기계의 융합이 가능하게 한다. 본고는 정보통신기술이 인간의 신체와 기계와의 융합을 가능케 하면서 촉발되는 인간 향상이라는 개념과 거기에서 출발하는 인권적 함의를 탐색한다. 인간 향상의 개념은 성형수술, 성장호르몬, 유전자 편집 등의 생화학적 기술, 생물학적 기술로서 인간이 타고난 수행력과 능력을 증강하고 개선하는 것으로부터 윤리적인 논의가 시작되었지만, 뇌 임플란트, 뇌 심부자극술(DBS), 경두개 뇌 자극술(TMS, tDCS), 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스(BCI) 등의 신경과학기술의 발전은 신경 향상이라고 칭해지는 뇌의 개입․인지적 향상이 가능해짐에 따라서 윤리적, 사회적, 법적 차원의 광범위한 논의를 불러일으켰다. 국가 차원에서 인간 향상에 대해서 어떻게 바라보고 접근하는지 살펴보기 위하여, 영국, 미국, 프랑스, 싱가포르에서 생명 과학 및 윤리・규범 부문에서 국가의 정책을 자문을 하는 국가 위원회가 바라보는 인간 향상에 관한 공식 의견들을 검토한다. 인간 향상이라는 개념이 법적 개념으로 정립된 것이 아니기 때문에 이에 대해서 입법적으로 규율을 한다면, 우선적으로 기본적 인권에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지 여부와, 기본권과의 관련서에 대해 살펴보아야 한다. 따라서 각국의 국가 위원회에서 다룬 인간 향상과, 그 중에 신경향상에 대한 개념과 윤리적 논쟁 범위에 대한 검토를 통하여 인간 향상에 대한 법적 규율의 방향과 시사점을 전망하고, 정보통신기술에 힘입어 향상된 인간의 인권에 대해 고찰한다. 그리고 인간 향상 기술이 적용된 실례이자, 구체적으로 제기되는 이슈로서, 뇌 신경 신호 정보를 읽어 들임으로써 외부 기기를 제어하고 외부와 통신할 수 있게 하는 기술인 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스(BCI: Brain-Conputer Interface)와 관련된 인권적 함의에 대해서 살펴본다. 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스는 인간 행위의 자율성과 책임의 문제, 불법적 침해로부터의 보호의 문제, 진술거부권과 자기부죄거부특권의 문제, 프라이버시권에서의 인권적 쟁점을 가지고 있다. 신경 향상, 인간 향상 기술은 인지적 자유에 대한 권리, 정신적 프라이버시의 권리, 정신적 완전성의 권리, 심리적 연속성의 권리라는 기존의 인권의 영역에서 보호하지 못했던 새로운 인권으로 보호되어야 할 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 칠레에서는 뇌의 활동과 뇌 데이터를 보호하는 내용이 2021년 헌법상 기본권으로 명시됨으로써 신경 향상으로 새로워질 인류가 지배할 미래를 대비하여 마음의 영역을 보호하는 법제를 구축하는 실례를 보여주고 있다. ICT(information and communication technology) goes beyond facilitating information communication between people through machines communication, enabling communication between machines and humans, that is, convergence between humans and machines through communication devices inserted into the human body. This paper explores the concept of human enhancement triggered by information and communication technology enabling the convergence of the human body and machines, from which the implication of human rights derives. The ethical discussions over the concept of human enhancement derives from biochemical technology and biological technology such as plastic surgery, growth hormone, and gene editing. Ethical discussions have begun from augmenting and improving the innate performance and ability of humans, but Advances in neuroscience and neurotechnology, such as brain implants, deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial brain stimulation(TMS, tDCS) and brain-computer interface (BCI), have enabled brain intervention and cognitive enhancement, called neuro-enhancement, to lead to a wide range of ethical, social, and legal issues. To examine the views and approaches to human enhancement at the national level, the official opinion on human enhancement is reviewed where national committees have advised national policy in the life sciences, ethics and law in the UK, USA, France and Singapore. Since the concept of “human enhancement” is not established as a legal concept, if it is to be legally regulated, it is first necessary to explore how it affects human rights and whether it is related to constitutional rights. By examining the concept of human enhancement, which has been dealt with by national committees of each country, and the scope of ethical debate among them, the direction and implications of regulation for human enhancement are prospected, and human rights improved owing to information and communication technology is reviewed. It is reviewed about the human rights implications of Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) which is an example of human enhancement technology and a technology that enables external devices to be controlled and communicated with the outside by reading nerve signal data from brain. The brain-computer interface has issues of autonomy and responsibility of human actions, issues of protection from illegal infringement, issues of the right to refuse to make statements and privileges to deny self-incrimination, and human rights issues in the right to privacy. Neuro-enhancement or human enhancement technologies raise the need to be protected as new human rights that have not been protected in the existing human rights areas, such as the right to cognitive freedom, the right to mental privacy, the right to mental integrity, and the right to psychological continuity. In Chile, the content of protecting brain activity and brain data is specified as a fundamental right in the 2021 constitutional amendment, showing an example of building a legal system to protect the realm of the mind in preparation for a future dominated by mankind, which will be renewed by neuro enhancement.

Accelerated Evolution of the Regulatory Sequences of Brain Development in the Human Genome

Lee, Kang Seon,Bang, Hyoeun,Choi, Jung Kyoon,Kim, Kwoneel Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2020 Molecules and cells Vol.43 No.4

Genetic modifications in noncoding regulatory regions are likely critical to human evolution. Human-accelerated noncoding elements are highly conserved noncoding regions among vertebrates but have large differences across humans, which implies human-specific regulatory potential. In this study, we found that human-accelerated noncoding elements were frequently coupled with DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), together with monomethylated and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4, which are active regulatory markers. This coupling was particularly pronounced in fetal brains relative to adult brains, non-brain fetal tissues, and embryonic stem cells. However, fetal brain DHSs were also specifically enriched in deeply conserved sequences, implying coexistence of universal maintenance and human-specific fitness in human brain development. We assessed whether this coexisting pattern was a general one by quantitatively measuring evolutionary rates of DHSs. As a result, fetal brain DHSs showed a mixed but distinct signature of regional conservation and outlier point acceleration as compared to other DHSs. This finding suggests that brain developmental sequences are selectively constrained in general, whereas specific nucleotides are under positive selection or constraint relaxation simultaneously. Hence, we hypothesize that human- or primate-specific changes to universally conserved regulatory codes of brain development may drive the accelerated, and most likely adaptive, evolution of the regulatory network of the human brain.

The Rise of the Posthuman Brain: Computational Neuroscience, Digital Networks and the ‘In Silico Cerebral Subject’

Sven STOLLFUß 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2014 탈경계인문학 Vol.7 No.3

The purpose of this paper is mainly diagnostic. It investigates current research projects in computational neuroscience to emphasize a shift from a life science approach (biology and medicine) to a computer science approach in the epistemology of the human brain. This shift updates and preserves the “posthuman view” (N. Katherine Hayles) to render a proper regime of knowledge of the brain in the digital age. Moreover, the massive impact of digital media and digital networks in particular cause essential modifications of the concept of the (post-)human subject in the 21st century. At first, the paper will present an analysis of the “Human Brain Project” to highlight the shift from the human to the posthuman brain in one of the most influential projects in computational neuroscience at the moment. What follows is a discussion of the relations between the “Human Brain Project” and the transhumanistimpelled “Substrate-Independent Mind Project” to emphasize the rise of the posthuman brain between visions of treatment and enhancement. Finally, the paper draws attention to recent theory of digital networks to expose some broader transformations of the concept of the (post-)human subject. In the information-driven ‘century of the brain’ that is dominated by (computational) neuroscience, the human as a “cerebral subject” (Fernando Vidal) turns into an ‘in silico cerebral subject.’ As a programmable and networked model of/for human properties the ‘in silico cerebral subject’ becomes the main epistemic object in computational neuroscience to re-conceptualize the human (brain) out of a multi-level system with brain-like artificial intelligence.

스포츠 뇌 도핑(brain doping)과 인권: 부패방지의 관점에서 보는 뇌 도핑

엄주희 한국부패방지법학회 2023 부패방지법연구 Vol.6 No.2

The use of tDCS (Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation), a non-invasive and painless brain stimulation technique, could be used in sports as a new form of brain doping. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits doping in competition, and brain doping has the potential to be used as a substitute or workaround for traditional doping methods. As brain doping technologies may provide performance enhancement in a similar way to doping athletes with banned substances or other devices, it is necessary to examine the normative implications of brain doping as an advanced technology. This article examines constitutional principles from the perspective of fundamental rights, such as the rule of law and fairness, and how they relate to human rights issues. In order to focus the discussion on the constitutional issue of anti-corruption, the article examines the public law issues of rule of law and fairness, and the human rights issues of equality, mental freedom, and the right to health, in the context of brain doping in athletes, and suggests implications for anti-doping policy. The implications of imposing restrictions on performance enhancement by intervening in the brain may be a matter of limiting an individual's right to self-determination as a form of self-determination in that it may restrict an individual's ability to improve their performance in a variety of ways of their own free will. In order for brain-doping devices to contribute to sporting fairness, it is important to ensure that access to brain-doping devices is equitable among individuals, while minimizing the adverse effects of using the technology and ensuring that athletes are safe from health risks. Guidelines are needed to ensure that devices that have the potential to undermine the fairness of sporting events through brain doping are included on the anti-doping rule's prohibited list and that athletes who use them are suspended from competition, and that underage athletes are not coerced into using brain-doping devices by coaches, managers et al. When tDCS used for brain doping is marketed as a wellness healthcare product, there is a need for consumer protection. Considering that doping may emerge in new ways in line with advances in science and technology, international cooperation and discussions should be carried out with the participation of civil society to ensure that technological advances do not jeopardize the safety of citizens and become a tool for corruption. 비침습적이고 통증이 수반되지 않는 뇌 자극 기술인 tDCS (경두개 직류자극술,Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation)의 사용은 뇌 도핑이라는 신기술로 스포츠에서 사용될 수 있다. 세계반도핑위원회는 경기에서 도핑을 금지하고 있는데, 뇌 도핑 기술은 전통적인 도핑 기술의 대체제나 우회용으로 사용될 가능성이 있다. 뇌 도핑 기술도 기존의 금지 약물이나 기타 장치로 운동선수들에게 주는 도핑과 유사한 방식으로 경기력 향상을 가져올 수 있으므로, 첨단과학기술인 뇌 도핑에 대해서도 규범적 검토가 필요하다. 본고에서는 법치주의, 공정성과 같은 헌법상 근본 원리와 기본권의 관점에서 뇌 도핑의 문제를 살펴보고, 이 헌법의 원리와 인권이 뇌 도핑과 어떻게 연결될 것인지 검토한다. 논의의 방향을 부패방지라는 공법적 쟁점으로 집중시키기 위하여 스포츠 선수의 뇌 도핑에 한정하여 법치주의, 공정성의 공법적 논점과 평등권, 정신적 자유권과 건강권 등의 인권적 쟁점에 대해 검토하였고, 반도핑 정책에 반영되어야 할 시사점을 제시하였다. 뇌에 개입함으로써 경기력 향상을 도모하는 것에 대한 제한을 가한다는 의미는 개인의 자유의사로 다양한 방식으로 본인의 경기력을 향상시키고자 하는 것을 제한한다는 점에서 자기결정권의 일종으로서 개인의 신체에 관한 향상에 대한 권리의 제한 문제가 될 수 있다. 뇌 도핑 기기들이 스포츠 공정성에 기여하기 위해서는 기술 사용으로 인한 부작용을 최소화하고 건강에 위해를 끼치지 않도록 선수들의 안전성이 보장되면서도, 뇌 도핑 기기에 대한 접근의 기회가 개인들에게 형평성있게 보장될 수 있어야 한다. 뇌 도핑으로 스포츠 경기의 공정성을 해칠 수 있는 우려가 있는 기기의 경우에는 도핑방지규정의 반도핑 금지 목록에 포함시켜 이를 사용한 선수가 경기에 출전하는 것을 제한하고, 유소년 청소년 등 미성년자 선수의 경우에 코치, 감독, 부모 등 외부에 의해 뇌 도핑 기기의 사용이 강제되지 않도록 가이드라인이 필요하다. 뇌 도핑으로 사용되는 tDCS가 웰니스 건강관리용 제품으로 시장에 판매될 때에는 소비자 보호의 측면에서의 보호가 필요하다. 도핑에 관한 규율은 첨단 과학기술의 발전과 발맞추어 새로운 방식의 도핑이 계속 등장할 수 있다는 점이 고려되어야 한다. 기술의 발전이 시민의 안전과 생명을 위협하고 부패의 수단이 되지 않도록 시민사회가 참여하여 지속적으로 의견을 제시하고, 공적 담론의 영역에서 논의하면서 국제적인 협력과 논의도 병행되어야 한다.

인공지능과 의료의 관계에 관한 연구2)

이창민,최병관 한국인터넷윤리학회 2018 The Digital Ethics(디지털 윤리) Vol.2 No.1

Modern society is an age when people are judged to be capable of handling more accurately in a shorter time. However, because of this phenomenon, the human brain can not concentrate on one thing due to excessive information overloading, and is in a state of doing various things at the same time. This causes our brain to be exhausted all the time, And our brain is not able to exert its original brain function. In this study, it is considered that the most important role of the human brain is to play a role in living a mature human life through deep reflection. Human maturity is only possible when there are diverse experiences and knowledge, and above all, deep reflection. The difference between humans and machines(artificial intelligence) is that humans have deep reflection starting from free will, and machines(artificial intelligence) do not. In the Artificial intelligence(thinking machine) will come in the twenty-first century, And the development of artificial intelligence will provide smart world and economical abundance for future humanity. However, A few people will enjoy these benefits, and most people will not be able to avoid economic poverty because of development of technology. And they has lost their jobs. No matter how artificial intelligence develops, this kind of problem can only be solved by humans deep reflection. Only through the cooperation of mature humans will be able to solve various problems of The Fourth Industrial Revolution Era. In this context, even in the field of medicine, artificial intelligence plays a role as a doctor in surgery, diagnosis, and care, And it is that it will become more influential in the future, But the human will be able to prevent the danger that may be caused by the artificial intelligence, when the doctor has final decision making in the care of the patient.

용서하는 인간 -뇌교육적 인간학을 위한 시론(試論)

이승호 ( Lee Seung-ho ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원 국학연구원 2018 선도문화 Vol.25 No.-

용서는 자신에게 해를 입힌 사람이나 단체에 대한 분노나 복수, 원한 등 의 감정을 풀어내는 의식적이고 의도적인 결정이다. 용서는 육체적·심리적 건강에 이득을 주며, 부부생활과 직장생활에도 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 용서를 하게 되면 집단 구성원 간의 협력을 이끌어내어 생존에 유리한 위치에 있을 수 있기 때문에, 자연선택에 의해 만들어진 인간 본성으로 볼 수 있으며 뇌가 갖고 있는 자연스러운 기능으로 이해할 수 있다. 이러한 선천적이고 본능적인 용서 능력을 활용하는 기술을 뇌교육에서는 휴먼 테크놀로지라고 부른다. 진화생물학적으로 용서는 인간을 포함한 동물이 갖고 있는 고유한 능력이다. 그러나 인간은 자신을 대상화 하는 자의식을 바탕으로 자기인식이 가능하기 때문에 대인관계 용서와 자기용서가 가능하다. 신경생물학적의 관점에서, 용서에 대한 인간의 고유한 능력은 전전두엽의 발달에 기인한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 전전두엽을 포함 한 피질과 변연계와 뇌간을 포함하고 있는 피질하부 간의 신경 연결이 원활할 때 제대로 된 용서 기능을 할 수 있게 된다. 인간은 용서를 통해 인간 만이 갖고 있는 뇌 기능을 잘 활용할 수 있다. 용서는 단순히 암묵적이고 본능적인 것을 넘어서 있다. 용서하기 위해서 분노, 복수, 원한 등과 같은 부정적인 감정을 억제해야만 하는 것은 아니다. 사랑, 평화, 용기, 당당함 등과 같은 용서와 관련된 긍정적 감정은 분노, 두려움, 미움, 피해의식 등과 같은 복수하게끔 하는 부정적인 감정을 줄여서 생기는 것이 아니며, 부정적 감정을 줄이고 조절하여 긍정적인 감정을 만들어내는 것도 아니다. 인간 내면에 감추어진 아름다움을 느끼고 체험하고 행동으로 발현될 때 부정적인 감정은 정화되고, 인간은 자기 삶에 대한 책임의식과 새로운 삶을 만들어가겠다는 변화의 주체자임을 인식하게 된다. Forgiveness is a conscious and intentional decision to unravel feelings of anger, revenge, grudge, etc. against a person or organization that has harmed him. It is known that forgiveness is beneficial to physical and psychological health and positively affects marital life and work life. Forgiveness can be seen as a human nature created by natural selection and can be understood as a natural function of the brain, because it can lead to cooperation among group members and be in a favorable position for survival. The technology that exploits this innate and instinctive forgiveness is called human technology in Brain Education. Evolution Biologically, forgiveness is a unique ability possessed by animals, including humans. However, human beings are able to forgive others(interpersonal relationships) and themselves(self-forgiveness), because self-awareness is possible based on self-conscious that can objectify itself. From a neurobiological point of view, human inherent ability to forgiveness can be attributed to development of the prefrontal cortex. When the nerve connections between the cortex including the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system and the brainstem are performed well, it is possible to perform a proper forgiveness function. Human beings can make good use of human brain functions through forgiveness. Forgiveness is beyond just implicit and instinct. Forgiveness does not mean that negative feelings such as anger, revenge, grudge, etc. must be suppressed. Positive emotions related to forgiveness such as love, peace, courage, and dignity do not come from abating negative emotions such as anger, fear, hate, and victim mentality, and do not create positive emotions by reducing and controlling negative emotions. When feeling, experiencing and acting on the beauty of the divine hidden in human beings, the negative emotions are purified, and the human being recognizes that he is the subject of change to create a sense of responsibility for his life and a new life.

Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction(HAII) 프레임웍의 실시간 감성 평가를 위한 생체신호 인터페이스 패턴 추출 및 분류기 설계

김진배(Jinbae Kim),김상호(Sangho Kim),이현수(Hyunsoo Lee) 한국지능시스템학회 2019 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구에서는 Human - Artificial Intelligence Interaction(HAII)을 사용하여 사용자의 감정을 측정하기 위한 효과적인 프레임웍을 제안한다. 기존의 연구는 표본 조사 기반의 Human-Computer 인터페이스 평가방법을 사용했지만 본 연구에서는 지능형 제품을 다루는 사용자의 생체 신호를 분석하고 생체 신호와 인간의 감정 사이의 관계를 분석한다. 추론된 모델은 실시간으로 사용자의 생체신호를 가지고, 지능형 제품을 사용하는 감정상태를 측정하는데 활용된다. 제안된 프레임웍의 효율성을 증명하기 위하여 Voice User Interface(VUI)를 가진 지능형 제품을 가지고 모델링하여 테스트를 진행한다. 31개의 뉴런 채널을 기반으로 한 뇌파 시스템(Electroencephalogram, EEG)에서 측정된 생체신호는 되며 K-최근접 이웃 방법 (K-Nearest Neighbors,KNN) 및 비선형의 서포트 백터머신(Support Vector Machine, SVM)알고리즘을 사용하여 분류된다. 제안 하는 프레임웍은 실시간으로 HAII 인터페이스 환경에서 인간의 감정을 측정하는 새롭고 효과적인 프레임웍으로 고려된다. This research suggests an effective framework for measuring user’s emotions in handling a intelligent production using Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction (HAII). While the existing research studies used survey based human-computer interface evaluation methods, this research analyzes the bio-signals of a user handling an intelligent product and reasons the relationship between the bio-signals and the human emotions. The reasoned model is used for measuring human’s emotions handing an intelligent product only with bio-signals in real time. In order to show the effectiveness of the framework, experiments using an intelligent system with Voice User Interface (VUI) are modeled and tested. The bio-signals are measured from Electroencephalogram (EEG) based 31 neuron channel and these are classified with the premeasured human emotions using a K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN) and nonlinear support vector machine. The suggested framework is considered a new and effective framework measuring a human’s emotions in HAII interface environment in real time.

Aligned Brain Extracellular Matrix Promotes Differentiation and Myelination of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes

Cho, Ann-Na,Jin, Yoonhee,Kim, Suran,Kumar, Sajeesh,Shin, Heungsoo,Kang, Hoon-Chul,Cho, Seung-Woo American Chemical Society 2019 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.11 No.17

<P>Myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a key developmental milestone in terms of the functions of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination caused by defects in OLs is a hallmark of several CNS disorders. Although a potential therapeutic strategy involves treatment with the myelin-forming cells, there is no readily available source of these cells. OLs can be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells; however, there is a lack of efficient culture systems that generate functional OLs. Here, we demonstrate biomimetic approaches to promote OL differentiation from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and to enhance the maturation and myelination capabilities of iPSC-derived OL (iPSC-OL). Functionalization of culture substrates using the brain extracellular matrix (BEM) derived from decellularized human brain tissue enhanced the differentiation of iPSCs into myelin-expressing OLs. Co-culture of iPSC-OL with induced neuronal (iN) cells on BEM substrates, which closely mimics the in vivo brain microenvironment for myelinated neurons, not only enhanced myelination of iPSC-OL but also improved electrophysiological function of iN cells. BEM-functionalized aligned electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds further promoted the maturation of iPSC-OLs, enhanced the production of myelin sheath-like structures by the iPSC-OL, and enhanced the neurogenesis of iN cells. Thus, the biomimetic strategy presented here can generate functional OLs from stem cells and facilitate myelination by providing brain-specific biochemical, biophysical, and structural signals. Our system comprising stem cells and brain tissue from human sources could help in the establishment of human demyelination disease models and the development of regenerative cell therapy for myelin disorders.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Profiling human brain proteome by multi-dimensional separations coupled with MS

Park, Young Mok,Kim, Jin Young,Kwon, Kyung-Hoon,Lee, Sang Kwang,Kim, Young Hye,Kim, Se-Young,Park, Gun Wook,Lee, Jeong Hwa,Lee, Bonghee,Yoo, Jong Shin WILEY-VCH 2006 Proteomics Vol. No.

<P>In our initial attempt to analyze the human brain proteome, we applied multi-dimensional protein separation and identification techniques using a combination of sample fractionation, 1-D SDS-PAGE, and MS analysis. The complexity of human brain proteome requires multiple fractionation strategies to extend the range and total number of proteins identified. According to the method of Klose (Methods Mol. Biol. 1999, 112, 67), proteins of the temporal lobe of human brain were fractionated into (i) cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic, (ii) membrane and other structural, and (iii) DNA-binding proteins. Each fraction was then separated by SDS-PAGE, and the resulting gel line was cut into approximately 50 bands. After trypsin digestion, the resulting peptides from each band were analyzed by RP-LC/ESI-MS/MS using an LTQ spectrometer. The SEQUEST search program, which searched against the IPI database, was used for peptide sequence identification, and peptide sequences were validated by reversed sequence database search and filtered by the Protein Hit Score. Ultimately, 1533 proteins could be detected from the human brain. We classified the identified proteins according to their distribution on cellular components. Among these proteins, 24% were membrane proteins. Our results show that the multiple separation strategy is effective for high-throughput characterization of proteins from complex proteomic mixtures.</P>

인간은 뇌인가?

김웅래(Kim Woongrae) 인천가톨릭대학교 복음화연구소 2019 누리와 말씀 Vol.46 No.1

인간은 뇌일 뿐인가? 현대의 신경과학과 유물론적 철학은 인간의 정신, 마음, 영혼 등과 관련된 개념들을 완전히 없애 버리고 단지 뇌에 대해서만 이야기해도 된다는 견해들을 펼치고 있다. 이러한 물리주의적 관점에 의하면 세상의 모든 것은 물질로 이루어져 있고 인간도 예외가 될 수 없다. 때문에 인간의 모든 이성적이고 정신적인 가치나 상태는 두뇌의 작용으로 환원된다. 본 논고에서는 인간을 뇌로 바라보는 유물론적 견해들과 그에 대한 반론들을 간략하게 제시한다. 또한 물리주의적 관점이 인간을 인격적으로, 전체적으로 파악하는데 한계가 있음을 지적하며, 인간의 정신과 마음을 육체, 환경과 연관하여 고찰하는 통합적 인간관을 소개하고 있다. Is human being just a brain? Modern neuroscience and materialistic philosophy completely eliminate the concepts relating to human being’s spirit, mind and soul, and then spread out the opinions that we should say about the brain only. According to such a materialistic viewpoint, everything of the world is composed of material, and human being can not be the exception. Hence, all human being’s rational and physiological value and status are reverted to the work of brain. This study briefly suggests that the materialistic viewpoint that the human being is the brain and its arguments against it. This study also point out that there are limitations to see human being respectfully and on the whole in this materialistic viewpoint, introduce integrating perspective on human being’s spirit and mind relating to body and environment.