The Development of Karate in China: Using Literature Review to Explore Karate from the Perspective of Chinese

Jinwen Xie,정경원,Yuanyuan Cao,Chang Liu 상명대학교 글로벌문화예술교육연구소 2022 Research in Dance and Physical Education Vol.6 No.2

Karate is growing rapidly in China. As of 2021, 21 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions in China have established karate associations, and there are around 300,000-400,000 karate practitioners in China. However, little research has been done on the understanding and discussion of karate among the Chinese. This paper used literature review to reveal the Chinese perspectives on karate. The “karate” was used as a keyword to search relevant newspapers and articles in the People’s Daily and CNKI databases. Besides, books about karate from the National Library of China were compiled. The results showed that since the 1980s, the debate on karate has gradually emerged in China. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the Chinese have always held the understanding that karate originated from the Chinese martial arts of the Tang Dynasty. This understanding may have been brought into China by the Chinese who had been to Japan. However, this understanding is unreliable, and many Chinese martial art researchers accept this theory uncritically. Since 2010, with the introduction of karate majors in some Chinese universities, research on karate has increased rapidly. Chinese researchers have put forward a wide range of theories on the historical origin of karate by using the documents of China and Japan, such as Theory of the Thirty-six families from Min (久米三十六姓輸入説), Theory of development from Okinawan dance and so forth.

What is the Driving Force Behind the Globalisation of Karate? From a Chinese Viewpoint

Jinwen Xie,정경원,Yuanyuan Cao,Chang Liu 상명대학교 글로벌문화예술교육연구소 2023 Research in Dance and Physical Education Vol.7 No.1

Although scholars have discussed the globalisation of karate and its spread worldwide. However, the current study only discusses the spread of karate in the West through the logical reasoning of the researchers, based on scattered evidence. Thus, in this study, the authors collected 40 karate books written by Chinese people and extracted their views on it with the aim of clarifying the force responsible for the globalisation of karate from a ‘non-Western’ perspective. This study analyses their views using reflexive thematic analysis and suggests, first, the modernisation of karate was accelerated by the introduction of tournaments, and some Chinese martial artists noticed karate techniques and the rules of a contest, expecting to learn from its success. Karate became an Olympic sport in 2016, which led the Chinese to reflect on and study in depth the model of promoting the globalisation of karate. This implies that karate is recommended and actively introduced in China by the Chinese. Second, the Chinese believe that karate is a ‘one-hit kill’ (一擊必殺), implying that a single movement can kill the enemy. However, they firmly believe that the practice of karate over time not only reduces this potentially dangerous and violent nature but also promotes the health of the practitioner’s body and mind. Thus, in their perception, karate is likely to exist and function as a ‘Dao’ (道) of both the literary and martial arts.

APPLICATION OF ROTHE'S METHOD TO A NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATION ON GRAPHS

Lin, Yong,Xie, Yuanyuan Korean Mathematical Society 2022 대한수학회보 Vol.59 No.3

We study a nonlinear wave equation on finite connected weighted graphs. Using Rothe's and energy methods, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solution under certain assumption. For linear wave equation on graphs, Lin and Xie [10] obtained the existence and uniqueness of solution. The main novelty of this paper is that the wave equation we considered has the nonlinear damping term |u_t|^p-1·u_t (p > 1).

An Efficient and Secure Authentication Scheme with Session Key Negotiation for Timely Application of WSNs

Jiping Li,Yuanyuan Zhang,Lixiang Shen,Jing Cao,Wenwu Xie,Yizheng,Shouyin Liu 한국인터넷정보학회 2024 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.18 No.3

For Internet of Things, it is more preferred to have immediate access to environment information from sensor nodes (SNs) rather than from gateway nodes (GWNs). To fulfill the goal, mutual authentication scheme between user and SNs with session key (SK) negotiation is more suitable. However, this is a challenging task due to the constrained power, computation, communication and storage resources of SNs. Though lots of authentication schemes with SK negotiation have been designed to deal with it, they are still insufficiently secure and/or efficient, and some even have serious vulnerabilities. Therefore, we design an efficient secure authentication scheme with session key negotiation (eSAS2KN) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) utilizing fuzzy extractor technique, hash function and bitwise exclusive-or lightweight operations. In the eSAS2KN, user and SNs are mutually authenticated with anonymity, and an SK is negotiated for their direct and instant communications subsequently. To prove the security of eSAS2KN, we give detailed informal security analysis, carry out logical verification by applying BAN logic, present formal security proof by employing Real-Or-Random (ROR) model, and implement formal security verification by using AVISPA tool. Finally, computation and communication costs comparison show the eSAS2kN is more efficient and secure for practical application.

Model diagnostics of parametric Tobit model based on cumulative residuals

Sun Zhihua,Guo Yuanyuan,Xie Tianfa,Wang Miaomiao 한국통계학회 2021 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.50 No.1

In this paper, we investigate the adequate check of the parametric Tobit model. A Cramér–Von Mises type test statistic is constructed, and its asymptotic properties under the null and alternative hypotheses are rigorously studied. The method is efective for the adequacy check of parametric regression models with a scalar or multivariate covariate. Furthermore, it avoids the nonparametric smoothing of the regression function and the choice of the smoothing parameter. Simulation studies are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed test procedure and the existing methods in the literature. A real data set of income is analyzed by applying the proposed method.

The management of hydatidiform mole with lung nodule: a retrospective analysis in 53 patients

Xiao Li,Yaping Xu,Yuanyuan Liu,Xiaodong Cheng,Xinyu Wang,Weiguo Lu,Xing Xie 대한부인종양학회 2019 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.30 No.2

Objective: To investigate the significance of lung nodule in hydatidiform mole, we retrospectively compared the clinical outcomes of those patients treated with different strategies. Methods: The patients were divided into three groups: chemotherapy immediately once lung nodule was detected (group 1, n=17), delayed chemotherapy until human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) level met the diagnostic criteria for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) (group 2, n=18), and hCG surveillance alone until hCG level was normalized spontaneously (group 3, n=18). The clinical parameters of these patients were collected and analyzed. Results: Totally 53 (4.0%) patients were included from 1,323 cases with molar pregnancy during past 16 years. Among them, the diameters of lung nodules were 0.3–2.5 cm. Chemotherapy cycles for achieving hCG normalization and the failure rate of first-line chemotherapy in group 1 were significantly increased than that in group 2 (5 vs. 3 cycles, p=0.000, 58.8% vs. 11.1%, p=0.005). The hCG level of all 18 cases in group 3 was normalized spontaneously within 6 months. Of those, lung nodules of 9 patients disappeared spontaneously, accounting for 25% (9/36) of patients who initially selected observation. The proportion of single nodule in group 3 was significantly higher than that in group 2 (10/18 vs. 2/18, p=0.012). Conclusion: Our results suggest that lung nodule alone is not an adequate indication of chemotherapy in molar pregnancy. hCG surveillance is safe for patients with lung nodule, especially with single nodule, as long as their hCG levels do not meet International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics diagnostic criteria for GTN.

Maternal nutrition altered embryonic MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens

Li Feng,Yang Chunxu,Xie Yingjie,Gao Xiang,Zhang Yuanyuan,Ning Hangyi,Liu Guangtao,Chen Zhihui,Shan Anshan 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.8

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily feed intake during the laying period on embryonic myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), and myogenic factor 6 (MYF6) gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens. Methods: An experiment in a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with two dietary intake levels (100% and 75% of nutrition recommendation) and two broiler chicken lines (fat and lean). Two lines of hens (n = 384 for each line) at 23th week of age were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 16 birds. The experiment started at 27th week of age (5% egg rate) and ended at 54th week of age. Hatched eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyse the MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 mRNA levels of E7, E9, E11, E13, and E15 body tissues and E17, E19, and E21 chest and thigh muscle samples. Results: The results indicated that there were significant effects of line, dietary intake, and interactions between them on MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 gene mRNA expression levels in embryonic tissues. Low daily feed intake did not change the expression trend of MYOD1 mRNA in either line, but changed the peak values, especially in lean line. Low daily feed intake altered the trend in MYF5 mRNA expression level in both lines and apparently delayed its onset. There was no apparent effect of low daily feed intake on the trends of MYF6 mRNA expression levels in either line, but it significantly changed the values on many embryonic days. Conclusion: Maternal nutrient restriction affects myogenesis and is manifested in the expression of embryonic MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 genes. Long term selection for fat deposition in broiler chickens changes the pattern and intensity of myogenesis. Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily feed intake during the laying period on embryonic myogenic differentiation 1 (<i>MYOD1</i>), myogenic factor 5 (<i>MYF5</i>), and myogenic factor 6 (<i>MYF6</i>) gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens.Methods: An experiment in a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with two dietary intake levels (100% and 75% of nutrition recommendation) and two broiler chicken lines (fat and lean). Two lines of hens (n = 384 for each line) at 23th week of age were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 16 birds. The experiment started at 27th week of age (5% egg rate) and ended at 54th week of age. Hatched eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyse the <i>MYOD1</i>, <i>MYF5</i>, and <i>MYF6</i> mRNA levels of E7, E9, E11, E13, and E15 body tissues and E17, E19, and E21 chest and thigh muscle samples.Results: The results indicated that there were significant effects of line, dietary intake, and interactions between them on <i>MYOD1</i>, <i>MYF5</i>, and <i>MYF6</i> gene mRNA expression levels in embryonic tissues. Low daily feed intake did not change the expression trend of <i>MYOD1</i> mRNA in either line, but changed the peak values, especially in lean line. Low daily feed intake altered the trend in <i>MYF5</i> mRNA expression level in both lines and apparently delayed its onset. There was no apparent effect of low daily feed intake on the trends of <i>MYF6</i> mRNA expression levels in either line, but it significantly changed the values on many embryonic days.Conclusion: Maternal nutrient restriction affects myogenesis and is manifested in the expression of embryonic <i>MYOD1</i>, <i>MYF5</i>, and <i>MYF6</i> genes. Long term selection for fat deposition in broiler chickens changes the pattern and intensity of myogenesis.

Gallic Acid Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment Caused by Sleep Deprivation through Antioxidant Effect

Pang Xiaogang,Xu Yifan,Xie Shuoxin,Zhang Tianshu,Cong Lin,Qi Yuchen,Liu Lubing,Li Qingjun,Mo Mei,Wang Guimei,Du Xiuwei,Shen Hui,Li Yuanyuan 한국뇌신경과학회 2023 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.32 No.4

Sleep deprivation (SD) has a profound impact on the central nervous system, resulting in an array of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Despite this, the dynamic alterations in neuronal activity during sleep deprivation have not been extensively investigated. While some researchers propose that sleep deprivation diminishes neuronal activity, thereby leading to depression. Others argue that short-term sleep deprivation enhances neuronal activity and dendritic spine density, potentially yielding antidepressant effects. In this study, a two-photon microscope was utilized to examine the calcium transients of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons in awake SD mice in vivo at 24-hour intervals. It was observed that SD reduced the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ transients while increasing the proportions of inactive neurons. Following the cessation of sleep deprivation, neuronal calcium transients demonstrated a gradual recovery. Moreover, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed a significant decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) after SD. The investigation also assessed several oxidative stress parameters, finding that sleep deprivation substantially elevated the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), while simultaneously decreasing the expression of Nuclear Factor erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the ACC. Importantly, the administration of gallic acid (GA) notably mitigated the decline of calcium transients in ACC neurons. GA was also shown to alleviate oxidative stress in the brain and improve cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation. These findings indicate that the calcium transients of ACC neurons experience a continuous decline during sleep deprivation, a process that is reversible. GA may serve as a potential candidate agent for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation.

A Method for Missing Data Recovery of Waste Gas Monitoring in Animal Building Based on GA-SVM

Jinming Liu,Qiuju Xie,Yuanyuan Zhang 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.9 No.5

In order to solve the data missing problem caused by sensor faults during the waste gas monitoring in animal building, a method for missing data recovery was presented based on support vector machine (SVM) combined with genetic algorithm (GA). Multiple factors that influence monitoring values of the waste gas in animal building such as temporal, spatial and environmental, were considered to established a SVM regression prediction model to estimate the missing data of the waste gas monitoring. Meanwhile, to obtain better prediction accuracy, model parameters were optimized by the GA. The data processing of the ammonia (NH3) concentration was taken as an example; monitoring data of 3 days were randomly selected in a farm to test the presented model in this paper. It is shown that there was a very little error between the estimated data and the monitoring data, the maximal relative error was 6.99 % (percent), and the average relative error was 2.15 % (percent). It is an effective method for missing data recovery and a practical way of data processing for waste gas monitoring in animal building.

Grid Scheduling Strategy Considering Electric Vehicles Participating in Multi-microgrid Interaction

Yu Zexu,Dou Zhenhai,Zhao Ye,Xie Ruishuo,Qiao Mengmeng,Wang Yuanyuan,Liu Lianxin 대한전기학회 2023 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.18 No.3

With the expansion of the scale of power grid and the increase of the number of microgrids, the energy interaction between microgrids using contact lines will greatly increase the computation of the superior dispatching center. Therefore, the contact lines between microgrids are cancelled, so that the microgrids can realize energy interaction through the distribution network. However, this method may lead to overload of distribution network connections while reducing the computation. Due to its good transfer characteristics, the addition of electric vehicles (EVs) can alleviate the contact line pressure and realize the load transfer of microgrids. On this basis, a grid dispatching model based on the participation of EVs in microgrid interaction is proposed. Contact lines between microgrids are replaced by EVs and 100% transmission through the distribution network. The grid load is optimized with the goal of minimizing total cost, maximizing renewable energy utilization, and maximizing profit of each integrator. In the process of model optimization, aiming at the problem that the speed factor in the particle swarm optimization algorithm cannot take into account the optimal direction and the optimal step size, the adaptive time factor is added to establish a two-layer improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, which realizes the cooperative optimization of load and electricity price. The simulation results show that the total cost and underutilization of renewable energy of IEEE33-node system are reduced by 13.79% and 67.85%, compared with the traditional interaction mode, while they are reduced by 0.425% and 6.11% in IEEE43-node system.