김교신의 무교회운동 재고: 그 목표와 한계

김용복(박사) ( Yong Bok Kim ) 한국복음주의신학회 2010 성경과신학 Vol.54 No.-

이 연구는 김교신의 무교회운동을 재평가하는 데 목적이 있다. 김교신에게 성서연구는 어떤 의미가 있었는가? 그는 그 연구결과를 자신의 삶에서 어떻게 실천했는가? 이 연구는 이런 질문들에 대한 답을 추구하는 과정에서 김교신의 무교회운동이 지향한 목표와 그 한계점을 살펴보았다.김교신의 무교회운동은 두 가지 목표를 가지고 있었다. 하나는 이 땅에 참된 성서적 기독교를 세우는 일이고, 다른 하나는 신앙적 인간을 양성하여 민족의 운명을 개척하는 것이었다. 김교신이 추구했던 “참된 기독교”는 다른말로 “전적 기독교” 혹은 “조선산(朝鮮産) 기독교”를 구현하는 일이었다. 일반적으로 이 운동의 특징은 세 가지로 평가되어왔다. 첫째, 그것은 반교권운동이었다. 그는 제도화된 교회들의 전통주의와 신조주의를 거부했다. 둘째, 이 운동은 조선산 기독교를 추구했던 반선교사운동이었다. 셋째, 이 운동은 서당식 성서연구와 [성서조선]의 발간을 통한 민중운동이었다. 김교신은 자신의 민족을 사랑했으며, 참된 기독교를 구현하려고 노력했던 헌신적인 그리스도인이었다. 조선산 기독교라 불렸던 그의 신앙운동은 한국교회의 대안운동으로 평가될 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 실천적인 측면에서 볼때, 몇 가지 문제들도 있다: 첫째, 무교회운동은 성서를 선택적으로 받아들였다. 둘째, 무교회운동의 방법은 김교신 자신의 개인적 경험과 성서해석에 크게 의존되어 있었다. 셋째, 김교신의 성서연구는 민중보다 지성인들에게 적합한 것이었다. 넷째, 운동의 지성적 측면을 너무 강조했기 때문에, 김교신은 일제시대에 민중의 실제적인 문제들에 참여하는 일에 소극적인 경향이 있었다. The purpose of this study is to reappraise the non-church[無敎會] movement of Kim Kyo-Shin. What did it mean to study the Bible for Kim? And how did he practice the result of the study in his life? In pursuit of the answers of these questions, the goals of the non-church movement and its limitations will be investigated. Kim’s non-church movement had two goals. The first one was to establish the true biblical Christianity in Chosun, and the other was to pioneer the national destiny by educating the faithful Christian believers. The true Christianity for Kim Kyo-Shin was to realize “total[全的] Christianity” or “Chosunsan(朝鮮産) Christianity” and he pursued these goals by criticizing formalistic and authoritarian Chosun Christianity of his days. In general, the characteristics of this movement have been evaluated from three aspects. First, it was against the existing church’s authoritarianism. He rejected traditionism and creedalism in the institutionalized churches. Second, it was an anti-missionary movement, which sought to establish the Chosunsan Christianity. Third, it was the people’s movement through his “Seodang(書堂) Bible Study” and publication of [Sungseo Chosun] (聖書朝鮮) Kim Kyo-Shin was a devout Christian who deeply loved his country, and tried to establish Chosunsan Christianity. One can easily credit his faith-movement called Chosunsan Christianity as the alternative Christianity in Korea. However, there are some problems in practice: First, the movement was to read the bible in a selective way. Second, the method of the faith-movement depended largely on Kim’s personal experience and biblical interpretation. Third, his Bible study was not oriented for common people but for the intellectual. Fourth, he focused too much on the intellectual aspect of the movement, and thereupon tended to be passive in participating in physical matters of the people during the Japanese regime.

초음파를 이용한 액체내의 공기방울 포획현상에 관한 연구

김용석,이희복,김용복 공주대학교 과학교육연구소 2002 과학교육연구 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구에서는 초음파에 의해 액체 내에서 공기방울을 포획하는 연구를 수행하였다. 초음파 진동자를 최소의 전력으로 구동하여 안정된 공기방울을 포획하기 위해서는 임피던스 매칭이 필요했다. 초음파진동자의 임피던스는 매우 크므로 임피던스 매칭을 위해 고주파 변압기와 인덕터를 제작하였다. 안정된 공기방울은 증류수를 100℃에서 10분간 끓여서 하루동안 서서히 냉각시켜 물속의 산소용존량이 0.3∼0.5㎎/ℓ일 때 포획되었다. 본 장치의 초음파 공진 주파수는 약 26㎑이었다. In this study the bubble captures phenomena by using supersonic transducers were investigated. The operating minimum power for supersonic transducers requires impedance matching for optimal capture of a stabilized bubble. Because the impedance supersonic transducers of was high, we made high frequency transformers and inductor for impedance matching. The stabilized bubble was captured in the distilled water which boiled at 100℃ for 10 minute and then cooled down for a day until the dissolution of oxygen reached at 0.3∼0.5㎎/ℓ In this experiment the frequency of the acoustic resonance appeared at about 26 ㎑.

생체분해성 망막압정을 이용한 망막고정에 대한 실험적 연구

김용백,민병무,김창식,박근성,김승영,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

Biodegradable retinal fixation devices obtain mechnical fixation of the retina with desirable chorioretinal scarring and with the potential for local, sustained release of antimetabolites and steroids to inhibit proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack with barb that was designed in order to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. This study was carried to evaluate the efficacy for retinal fixation and the capability for sustained release of drugs with a newly designed biodegradable retinal tack Biodegradable retinal tacks were made of polymers of glycolic acids and were designed with barbs in a shape to prevent the disinsertion. Biodegradale retinal tacks are divided into 3 parts, a conical portion that is inserted into the sclera, a cylinder portion that remains in the vitreous, and a neck portion between the pin and the cylinder. The tapered conical end was manufactured to allow easy insertion through the retina and choroid into the sclera. A cylinder portion was manufactured with a tapered angle that fixes firmly into the orifice of 19 gauge spinal needle. A neck portion, 0.4 mm in diameter, was designed to prevent disinsertion from following implantation of retinal tack. The applicator was a 19 gauge spinal needle and its orifice was prepared to 15°angle to accept the tapered cylinder portion of the retinal tack. The retinal tacks, secured in the needles, were passed through the formed vitreous and inserted into the retina, choroid, and sclera and were released by pushing the internal needle, usually within 2-3mm of the medullary ray of the posterior rabbit retina A retinal tack was placed in each of 8 pigmented rabbit eyes. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography were performed periodically from 1 day to 8 weeks after surgery. Eight eyes were enucleated and studied by light microscopy at 8 weeks. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the animals revealed edemas adjacent to the retinal surfaces immediately after insertion of the biodegradable retinal tacks in all the animals. These edemas disappeared after 1 week. The first noticeable change in the size of retinal tacks was shown after 2weeks. The size of the retinal tacks gradually got smaller, decreasing to about one-half at 4 weeks and about one-third at 8 weeks. All retinal tacks remained in inserted places without any movement for an 8 week period. On light microscopy, epiretinal proliferations were seen to extend into the vitreous cavity. Cellular capsules that lined the inner aspect of the scleral defect caused by tack insertion were found. However the adjacent retina had a normal cytologic appearance and architecture in all specimens. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack that is designed to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. All biodegradable retinal tacks reduce in size with time, but no retinal tacks extruded from the inserted place. The newly designed biodegradable retinal tack can be used for retinal fixation and may be used as a vehicle for the introduction of pharmacologic agents to prevent the cellular events that promote proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

생체분해성 고분자를 이용한 사시수술용 제형개발 및 효용성에 대한 연구

민병무,김용백,김승영,김창식,박근성,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

A new device, muscle clamping system was developed to facilitate exact quatifying technique A strabismus surgery, and reduce the risk of complications. The device is composed of a lower fixing body with three jaws and an upper supporting body. They are used to clip an extraocular muscle and fix it to the sclera with a single bite. Superior rectus recession on 16 rabbit eyes were performed with this new device. Conjunctival injection, muscle adhesion strength, and light microscopic findings were examined at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The Conjunctival injection were minimal, adhesion power ranged from 420 to 600 gram gravity, which is sufficient in withstand the normal pull of human extraocular muscle. In microscopic exam, some Inflammatory cells and fibrosis were found. The new device was technically easy, fast, and accurate, so it may be useful in stabismus surgery.

고등학생 스트레스의 횡문화적 연구 : 연변의 한족, 조선족 및 서울의 한국인 비교

김대호,고복자,방금녀,김광일,박용천 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.2

In this transcultural comparison, we examined areas of stress, coping strategies and psychosomatic symptoms resulting form such strategies in Chinese, Korean-Chinese and Korean high school students. A total of 1,042 second-year high school students participated in this study : 213 Chinese from Yanbien, China ; 368 Korean-Chinese from Yanbien, China ; and 466 Koreans from Seoul, Korea. We administered the Stress Questionnaire Form for High school Students(Won & Lee 1995), the Ways of Coping-Revised(Lazarus & Folkman 1984) and the Physical Symptom Scale of Stress(Allen & Hyde 1980) to investigate areas of stress, coping stategies and psychosomatic symptoms, respectively. The findings were understood and interpreted from focus group discussions. Although there were no differences in total stress scores among the three groups, there were significant differences in areas of stress. Chinese students manifested the highest stress scores in peer relation, family problem, heterosexual problem, the future-employment, and religious problem. Koreans scored the highest in academic performance, school life, extracurricular activity, psychological-personality problem, value system, and the future-employment. The Korean-Chinese students scored the highest in extracurricular activity, family-economic problem. In terms of collectivism versus individualism, Chinese students' stress was related more toward the collective situation, whereas the Korean students faced increased stress regarding the individual situation. In coping strategies, the Chinese were characterized by active coping, Koreans by passive coping and Korean-Chinese by a mixture of the two. Koreans had the highest scores in psychosomatic symptoms, suggesting unfavorable coping strategies. The Korean-Chinese students seemed to lie intermediate between Koreans and Chinese in all three study areas, implying their chltural pluralism.

주체의 해체

김용복 광운대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2002 인문사회과학논문집 Vol.31 No.-

This study is aimed at, firstly, exploring the constitution of subject in Husserl and the deconstruction of subject in J. Derrida, and secondly, is examined in some detail the reciprocal relation of two theories. Above all, this study is written in the expectation that it would make a small contribution to epistemologically establishing the compensative debate between the modernism and the post-modernism.

Ferrite 코어를 이용한 Ampere 법칙 실험장치 제작 연구

김영만,김용복,이희복 공주대학교 과학교육연구소 2001 과학교육연구 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구에서는 전도성 교류에 의해 발생하는 자기장의 변화를 Ferrite 코어에 감은 코일의 유도기전력을 측정함으로써 Ampere 법칙을 실험할 수 있도록 하는 실험장치를 고안하였다. 본 실험으로 도선에 흐르는 전류에 의해 발생하는 자기장이 전류의 세기에 비례함을 알 수 있었고, 전도성 용액이나 방전하는 기체에 의해서도 도선에서와 같이 전류에 비례하는 자기장이 발생함을 알 수 있었다. 이 경우 용액이나 기체에 흐르는 전류나 연결된 도선에 흐르는 전류에 의해 발생하는 자기장의 세기가 서로 같아서 전류의 연속성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 토로이드의 유도기전력은 코일의 감은 수와 주파수에 비례하였다. 본 실험장치는 전류의 세기에 따른 유도기전력의 변화를 쉽게 측정할 수 있기 때문에 고등학생들이 Ampere 법칙을 보다 정량적으로 실험을 통해 확인할 수 있다. In this study, an experimental apparatus for Ampere's law using ferrite cores where an electromotive force on the toroidal coil can be induced by the magnetic field forming around an electroconductive alternating current was designed and examined. From the experiment, we have found that the intensity of the magnetic field around the wire is proportional to the current. When an electric current flows in an electrolytic solution or a gas discharge tube, the magnetic field is generated in proportion to the current similar to the above case. The induced electromotive force by the current in the electrolytic solution is equal to that by the wire connected to the solution in evidence of the continuity in the current. Induced electromotive force is proportional to the number of turns in toroid and the frequency. Because the induced electromotive force can be observed directly using the apparatus with easy, high school students can confirm the law of Ampere and the phenomenon of the electromagnetic induction more quantitatively.

흰쥐 태자의 눈 발생과정에서 형질전환성장인자-β_2 및 β_3 발현의 면역조직화학적 관찰

김용욱,최정규,김경용,이원복 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1998 中央醫大誌 Vol.23 No.4

The expression of the transforming growth factor(TGF)-β_2 and ·β_3 was studied in the eye of fetal rats by immunohistochemistry. The results obtained were as follows. The TGF-β_2 and·β_3 expressed in almost all parts of the eye, exhibited the localization in the same areas as well as the localization specific to each isoforms, which indicated the roles of TGF-β_2 and TGF-β_3 were partly dependent on each other. TGF-β_2 showed the characteristic expression pattern in neuroepithelial layer of retina and les cell. TGF-β_3 showed characteristic expression in pigment layer of retina as well as in lens cell. TGF-β_2 exhibited strong and characteristic expression pattern and seemed to have more important role than TGF-β_3 in eye formation. In summary, the expression of TGF-β_2 and·β_3 in the development of the eye was observed in almost all parts, such as iris, lens, retina, and aqueous humor and seemed to play a role in the formation of eyes at fetal life.

^(7)Li, ^(87)Rb과 ^(27)Al NMR을 이용한 (K_(1-x)Li_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6), (K_(1-x)Rb_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6)와 K_(2)SnCl_(6):Al^(3+)의 상전이 근처에서의 결정 동력학 연구

김복수,김영훈,강재필,백아영,차유정,김민경,서용문,송승기 명지대학교 자연과학연구소 2004 자연과학논문집 Vol.23 No.-

K_(2)SnCl_(6)는 antifluoride계에 속하는 결정으로서 K_(2)SnCl_(6)에 Li^(+)를 첨가하여 ^(7)Li 핵자기공명(NMR)을 측정하여 동형(isomorphic) 혼합결정(K_(1-x)Rb_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6)와 비동형(nonisomorphic) 혼합결정 K_(2)SnCl_(6):Al^(3+)에서의 핵자기공명(NMR), ^(87)Rb NMR과 ^(27)Al NMR의 측정값과 비교하였다. Rb^(+) 이온은 K_(2)SnCl_(6)의 K^(+)이온을 대신해 동형 결정을 이루며, Al^(3+)이온은 Sn^(4+)이온을 대치하면서 비동형 결정을 이루는데 Li^(+)이온 또한 K^(+)이온을 대신하는 동형 혼합결정과 유사한 결과 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 이 연구 결과는 종래의 Cl-NQR 연구 결과와 비교함으로서 K_(2)SnCl_(6)의 동력학적 특성과 구조 상전이 근처에서의 임계현상을 새로운 관점에서 볼 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다. ^(7)Li, ^(87)Rb and ^(27)Al NMR have been investigated in the isomorphic and nonisomorphic impurity doped crystals (K_(1-x)Li_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6), (K_(1-x)Rb_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6) and K_(2)SnCl_(6):Al^(3+) as a supplementary to the previous Cl NQR studies in these crystals. The results yielded that the features of NMR spectra for both types of crystals are roughly in line with the systematic trends shown in the Cl NQR in these crystals, though the outstanding characteristics exhibited in the Cl NQR become in the case of the NMR of the doped impurities in crystals somewhat weakend. This is due to the degradation of the role of the local field from the main hamiltonian in NQR to the subsidiary in NMR. Each NMR result of the iso/nonisomorphic crystals has been analyzed in terms of the 'impurity induced dynamic lattice defects' for K_(2)SnCl_(6):Al^(3+) and the 'static primary impurity effects' for (K_(1-x)Rb_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6) and (K_(1-x)Li_(x))_(2)SnCl_(6) respectlvely.

He, Kr, N₂의 전자이온화 단면적 측정

김용복,정기주 公州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1998 自然科學硏究 Vol.7 No.-

문턱값 근처의 전자충격 이온화 단면적의 형태는 실험측정값에 의존하여 논의되었다. He, Kr, O2, N2 그리고 CO2에 대한 측정들은 120meV보다 작은 해리에너지 즉 문턱 값을 넘는 이온화 에너지가 0eV<(Ee-AE)≤3eV 에너지 범위에서 초음파 빔으로 이루어 졌다. 충돌 에너지가 퍼짐을 고려하면 측정값계열에서 불확실한 전자에너지, 즉 이온화 단면적 곡선들은 특별한 에너지 영역과 모든 경우의 연구에 있어 모두가 비슷하게 직선적인 것에 의존함을 보인다. 더욱이 준 안정상태의 중요한 감응이 관측되었고 초기 발생 에너지에 대한 값들은 발견되었으며 논의되었다. The shape of the electron impact ionization cross-section near threshold is discussed based on experimental data. Measurements for He, Kr, O2, N2 and CO2 were performed with a supersonic beam apparatus in an energy range of 0eV<(Ee-AE)≤3eV above threshold at an energy resolution of △Ec≤120 meV. By taking into account the spread in the collision energy, i.e. the uncertainty of the electron energy in the data analysis, the ionization cross-section curves show most significant influence of metastable states is observed. In addition, data for appearance energies are presented and discussed.