Research and utilization of medicinal insects in China

Ying FENG,Min ZHAO,Zhao HE,Zhiyong CHEN,Long SUN 한국곤충학회 2009 Entomological Research Vol.39 No.5

The research and utilization of medicinal insects in China is introduced briefly in this paper. Medicinal insects have been used to treat human diseases from ancient times. There are approximately 300 medicinal insects species distributed in 70 genera, 63 families and 14 orders at present. An estimated 1700 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions include medicinal insects or insect-derived crude drugs. Many insect-derived compounds have been studied and show efficient therapeutic functions. Techniques for mass rearing and cultivation of medicinal insects have been developed in order to have sufficient quantities of medicinal insects. Suggestions are made towards the uses of medicinal insects and it is proposed that insects will be a main resource for the future discovery of new drugs.

The solvent-free modification of butyl rubber in the medium of NaH

Ying Feng,Yan Xia Wang,Hong Qi Shao,En Hua Zhang,Zhen Wang,Jiruo Zhao 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.1

A novel improved butyl rubber (PMIIR) was prepared in a solvent free process, using sodium hydride(NaH) as activating agent and maleic anhydride (MAH) as modifier by processing modificationtechnology in a conventional polymer processing equipment of an internal mixer. The structure ofproducts was characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR. In this process, polar sodium carboxylate functionalgroup and unsaturated carbon–carbon double bonds were successfully introduced onto the chains of IIRon one step. The reaction mechanism was investigated in detail. It was found that the functionalizationexperienced two modified mechanisms: addition and substitution modified mechanisms. The reactionefficiency and content of MAH were evaluated. Polymer isolation and purification operations werereduced out due to the result of solvent free. Curing and mechanical properties of products wereinvestigated. It was found that PMIIR has greatly increased curing rate due to the incorporation of polargroup and carbon–carbon double bond.

Comprehensive Review of Ocular Angiostrongyliasis with Special Reference to Optic Neuritis

Ying Feng,Yukifumi Nawa,Kittisak Sawanyavisuth,Zhiyue Lv,Zhong-Dao Wu 대한기생충학열대의학회 2013 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.51 No.6

(Semi)ladder-Type Bithiophene Imide-Based All-Acceptor Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structure-Property Correlations, and Unipolar n-Type Transistor Performance

Wang, Yingfeng,Guo, Han,Harbuzaru, Alexandra,Uddin, Mohammad Afsar,Arrechea-Marcos, Iratxe,Ling, Shaohua,Yu, Jianwei,Tang, Yumin,Sun, Huiliang,Ló,pez Navarrete, Juan Teodomiro,Ortiz, Rocio Ponce American Chemical Society 2018 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.140 No.19

<P>Development of high-performance unipolar n-type organic semiconductors still remains as a great challenge. In this work, all-acceptor bithiophene imide-based ladder-type small molecules BTI<I>n</I> and semiladder-type homopolymers PBTI<I>n</I> (<I>n</I> = 1-5) were synthesized, and their structure-property correlations were studied in depth. It was found that Pd-catalyzed Stille coupling is superior to Ni-mediated Yamamoto coupling to produce polymers with higher molecular weight and improved polymer quality, thus leading to greatly increased electron mobility (μ<SUB>e</SUB>). Due to their all-acceptor backbone, these polymers all exhibit unipolar n-type transport in organic thin-film transistors, accompanied by low off-currents (10<SUP>-10</SUP>-10<SUP>-9</SUP> A), large on/off current ratios (10<SUP>6</SUP>), and small threshold voltages (∼15-25 V). The highest μ<SUB>e</SUB>, up to 3.71 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>-1</SUP> s<SUP>-1</SUP>, is attained from PBTI1 with the shortest monomer unit. As the monomer size is extended, the μ<SUB>e</SUB> drops by 2 orders to 0.014 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>-1</SUP> s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PBTI5. This monotonic decrease of μ<SUB>e</SUB> was also observed in their homologous BTI<I>n</I> small molecules. This trend of mobility decrease is in good agreement with the evolvement of disordered phases within the film, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. The extension of the ladder-type building blocks appears to have a large impact on the motion freedom of the building blocks and the polymer chains during film formation, thus negatively affecting film morphology and charge carrier mobility. The result indicates that synthesizing building blocks with more extended ladder-type backbone does not necessarily lead to improved mobilities. This study marks a significant advance in the performance of all-acceptor-type polymers as unipolar electron transporting materials and provides useful guidelines for further development of (semi)ladder-type molecular and polymeric semiconductors for applications in organic electronics.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

중국 뇌물범죄에서의 “뇌물”범위의 재정립 및 관련 실무문제에 관한 검토

이영봉 ( Li Yingfeng ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2021 법학논총 Vol.45 No.2

중국에서는 중국공산당 제18차 전국대표대회 이래 반부패가 미증유의 중요문제로 부각하게 되었고 특히 <형법개정안(9)>와 「탐오뇌물형사사건 최신사법해석」의 반포를 계기로 형법학계에서는 반부패문제를 둘러싸고 공전의 대토론을 벌이게 되었다. 이와 동시에 반부패문제에 대한 사회 각계 특히 국민들의 관심도 지속적으로 증가하게 되었다. 뇌물범죄는 부패범죄의 전형적 형식임과 동시에 중국 부패범죄의 가장 주요한 유형이기도 하다. 뇌물의 범위는 뇌물범죄 성립범위를 결정하는 우선적 요소이고 또한 한 나라 또는 지역이 여러 가지 뇌물범죄에 효율적으로 대처할 수 있는지를 가늠하는 중요한 척도이기도 하다. 사회와 경제의 발전과 더불어 부패범죄 또는 뇌물범죄의 형식도 지속적인 변화를 겪어왔으므로 뇌물범위의 정립은 중국에서 낡은 문제임과 동시에 새로운 문제이기도 하다. 본고는 이 문제에 관한 자신의 견해와 사고를 전개함으로써 이론적 차원으로부터 시대와 여론의 요구에 대한 이성적이고 냉정한 응답을 도모하려도 한다. 본고는 먼저 해외 형사입법, 국제조약 및 형법이론상 뇌물범위에 관한 부동한 입법례와 이론을 소개, 분석하였는데 이들은 대체로 세 가지 유형으로 요약할 수 있다고 본다. 첫째, 협의형: 뇌물은 주로 재물을 가리키지만 재산상 이익도 포함한다.; 둘째, 중간형: 뇌물은 재물, 재산상 이익, 및 특정의 기타 이익을 가리킨다.; 셋째, 광의형: 뇌물은 재물, 재산상 이익, 및 기타 이익을 가리킨다. 새 중국 성립 후 뇌물범위에 관한 중국 형사입법의 규정은 기본적으로 변하지 않았다고 할 수 있다, 즉 뇌물은 재물을 가리킨다는 것이다. 이는 최협의형의 입법례라고 할 수 있겠다(다만 관련 사법해석은 이미 재산상 이익을 “재물”의 범위에 포함시켰다는 점에 주의하여야 한다). 이론상 이런 입법례를 지지하는 소수설(“재물설”)도 존재하지만 현행법의 규정은 뇌물의 범위를 부당히 축소시킨 탓으로 사법실무의 요구를 만족시킬 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 부패범죄처벌의 국제조류에도 어긋나므로 뇌물의 범위를 확장하여야 한다는 점에 학계는 기본적으로 공감을 느끼고 있다. 문제는 ‘어느 정도까지 확장하여야 하는가?’이다. 이에 대하여 중국 학계에는 “재산상 이익설”, “이익설”, “재산상 이익 및 부분적 비재산상 이익설”등 주요학설이 존재한다. 이상의 학설에 대한 비판적 분석에 기초하여 본고는 뇌물의 범위는 확장하여야 하지만 그에 대한 제한도 필요하다고 본다. 즉 뇌물은 재물 및 직접적인 화폐적 가치를 형량할 수 있는 각종 이익으로 개념 정립하는 것이 마땅하다고 생각된다. 다시 말하면 뇌물범위의 확장에 있어서 재산상 이익과 비재산상 이익의 구분에 집착할 필요가 없이 어떤 이익 자체의 가치를 화폐로 계산할 수 있으면 뇌물의 범위에 포함시켜도 좋다고 본다. 뇌물범위에 관한 이상의 이해에 근거하여 본고는 특정 상황을 제외한 성뇌물(성접대)은 뇌물범죄에서 배제하는 것이 바람직하고 “권력과 권력사이의 거래”는 뇌물범죄를 구성하지 않는 것이 마땅하다고 본다. 이 두 가지 행위를 뇌물범죄로 처벌하지 않아도 범죄의 방임으로 이어지는 것은 아니다. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party in China, anti-corruption has been raised to an unprecedented height, especially with the promulgation of the criminal law amendment(9) and the latest judicial interpretation of corruption and bribery criminal cases, the academic circles have had a heated discussion on the issue of anti-corruption. At the same time, various circles of society, especially the public, are paying more and more attention to anti-corruption issues. Bribery crime is a typical form of corruption, and also the most important corruption type in China, the scope of “bribes” is the primary factor to determine the limits of bribery crime, also an important measure whether a country or region can effectively deal with various bribery or not. With the development of economy and society, the forms of corruption crime or bribery crime are also being developed, so how to define the scope of bribes is not only an old problem, but also a new one in China. This paper intends to put forward its own opinions and thinking on this issue, in order to respond rationally and calmly to the needs of the times and public opinion in theory. This paper first introduces and evaluates the differences and theoretical propositions on the scope of bribes between extraterritorial criminal legislations, international conventions and criminal law theories, which can be generalized into three types: The first is narrow sense: bribes mainly refer to property, but also includes property interests; The second is medium sense: bribes refer to property, property interests and some other specific interests; The third is broad sense: bribes refer to property, property interests and other interests. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the definition of the bribes in China’s criminal legislation has basically remained unchanged, that is, bribes refer to property. This kind of legislation can be called the narrowest sense (however, it should be noted that the relevant judicial interpretations have incorporated property interests into the scope of property). Although this kind of legislation is supported by a small part in the theoretical circle (“property theory”), the current law obviously inappropriately narrows the scope of bribes, and can’t meet the needs of judicial practice, also don’t in line with the trend of combating bribery crimes in the international community. Therefore, expanding the scope of bribes has basically become a consensus in theoretical circle, the question is to what extent. In this regard, there are several theories such as “property interests”, “interests”, “property interests and some non-property interests” in China theoretical circles. Based on critical analysis of the above theories, this paper argues that the scope of bribes needs to be expanded, but can’t be unrestricted. It should be defined as: property and various interests that can be measured its direct monetary value. In other words, when expanding the scope of bribes, we should not deliberately distinguish property interests and non-property interests, as long as the value of certain interests can be measured by monetary amount, they should be included in the scope of bribes. Based on the definition of bribes in this paper, we suggest that, except for specific circumstances, “sexual bribery” (sexual entertainment) should not be criminalized, and “power transaction” behavior also shouldn’t be criminalized. Not punishing these two behaviors by bribery crime law won’t lead to indulgence of crime.

“후기노동교양시대”에서의 중국 경범죄제도의 수립에 관한 성찰

이영봉 ( Li Yingfeng ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2018 법학논총 Vol.42 No.2

중국 형법전에는 경죄와 중죄의 법정구분이 없고 형법전 외에도 따로 경범죄법이 존재하지 않는다. 중국 형법전은 기본적으로 불법행위의 “질”과 “양”을 동시에 요구하는 범죄성립모델을 취하고 있다. 따라서 대부분 불법행위는 범죄성립의 “양”적 기준에 달하지 못할 경우, 일반적으로 범죄의 영역에서 배제되어 행정처벌을 받게 된다. 관련 행정처벌법규중 비교적 많이 적용되는 것이 <치안관리처벌법>이다. 이 법은 어떤 의미에서 한국의 <경범죄처벌법>과 비슷한 점이 있지만 행정법에 속하지 형사법이 아니다. 즉 이 법에 규정된 것은 행정위법행위이지 범죄행위가 아니다. 중국의 위법범죄행위에 대한 처벌체계는 “치안관리처벌-노동교양-형사처벌”등 3개 축으로 구성되어 왔다. 그중 노동교양의 처벌대상은 비교적 복잡한데 일반적으로 경미한 범죄행위와 중대한 행정위법행위로 요약할 수 있다. 형식적으로 보면 노동교양제도가 형사처벌과 행정처벌을 연결시키며 범죄화 영역과 비범죄화 영역 사이에서 조화역할을 하고 있는 것 같지만 제도 자체가 안고 있는 많은 문제점 때문에 이 제도는 2013년에 폐지되었다. 노동교양제도가 폐지됨에 따라 처벌체계의 공백을 메우려는 고려로부터 경범죄제도를 도입하려는 주장이 활발히 제기되고 있다. 그중 형법전 외에 따로 경범죄법을 제정하여 원래 노동교양제도가 처벌하던 일부 행위, <치안관리처벌법>이 처벌하고 있는 일부 행위 그리고 기타 경범죄로 규정할 필요가 있는 행위들을 경범죄법에 포함시킴과 동시에 경범죄에 대하여 아주 간이한 법원의 심리절차를 규정함으로써 상대적으로 경한 범죄행위도 법원의 심리를 받을 수 있도록 하자는 것이 학계의 비교적 유력한 주장이다. 하지만 형법의 겸억성(謙抑性) 19) 및 중국의 전통법문화를 감안할 때 노상방뇨, 쓰레기 등 투기, 인근소란, 광고물 무단부착 등 한국 <경범죄처벌법>에 규정된 다수 행위를 경범죄로 규정해야 한다는 주장은 중국 학계에서 보기 드문 편이다. 경범죄제도의 도입을 주장하는 학계의 일부 의견에 대하여 중국의 입법기관은 범죄 영역의 대폭 확장 그리고 전과자 인수의 급속 증가 등을 우려하여 경범 죄법의 제정에 대하여 신중한 태도를 보여 왔다. 하지만 취주(醉酒)운전20)행위의 범죄화 이후 양호한 예방효과를 거둔 지금, 입법기관의 태도가 바뀔 가능성은 있다고 본다. 즉 경범죄화를 통한 국민의 규범의식의 양성은 입법기관의 입장에서 수용할 수 없는 것이 아니기 때문이다. 본고의 관점은 아래와 같다. 즉 경범죄제도의 수립은 법치발전의 큰 방향과 일치하다. 하지만 현재 중국은 경범죄제도를 전면적으로 수립할 여러 조건을 구비하지 못하고 있다. 현단계 중국은 가급적 기존 제도의 틀 안에서 혹은 기존 제도를 전면적으로 개조하지 않는 전제하에서 관련 제도와 규정의 수립, 보완을 통하여 점차적으로 경범죄제도의 수립을 추진하여야 한다. There is no legal classification of "misdemeanor" and "felony" in Chinese Criminal Code, and there is no other misdemeanor law outside the Criminal Code. The Criminal Code of China basically adopts the criminal establishment mode of the pattern that the offenses have the "quality" and "quantity" at the same time, therefore, if the majority of offenses cannot meet the requirement of constituting crime in "quantity", it will be excluded from the crime field and be punished only by administrative punishment. In the relevant administrative penalty regulations, the Law on Penalties for Administration of Public Security is more applicable, which is similar to the Law of Punishment of Misdemeanor in South Korea, but it belongs to administrative law rather than criminal law, that is, the offenses stipulated in the law are administrative malfeasance, not the crime. All along China’s criminal sanction system is composed of three poles: penalties for administration of public security-re-education through labor-criminal punishment, among which the objects of reeducation through labor are more complex, but generally they can be summed up as petty misdemeanors and serious administrative violations. From the formal perspective, the system of reeducation through Labor can play a role in linking criminal punishment with administrative punishment, and reconciling the field of criminalization and decriminalization, but because of its many problems, the system was abolished in 2013. After the abolition of the re-education through labor, in order to make up the gap of punishment system, the ideas of constructing misdemeanor system became quite active. One of them advocated the enactment of misdemeanor law beyond the criminal code, which regulates the objects including part of the re-education through labor system’ objects, part of the Law on Penalties for Administration of Public Security’ objects and other offenses which need to be defined as misdemeanors, and prescribed a very simple trial procedure so that petty misdemeanors can also be heard by the court, this is a more powerful idea theoretically. However, considering the modesty of the criminal law and the China’s traditional legal culture, it is very rare in the Chinese academia to advocate the petty misdemeanor punishment being applicable for the public defecation, littering, noise nuisance, posting advertisement and so on, while which is stipulated in the Law of Punishment of Misdemeanor in South Korea. Despite the part of the academia’s opinion of introducing the misdemeanor system, China’s legislature has been cautious about the misdemeanor law, fearing a sharp expansion of the criminal circle and a sharp increase in the number of people with criminal records. However, with the fact that drunken driving into penalty has received good preventive effect now, the legislature’s attitude is likely to change, that is, from the standpoint of the legislature, through misdemeanor, shaping the national normative awareness is not unacceptable. This article suggests that the establishment of misdemeanor system conforms to the general direction of the development of the rule of law, but at present China doesn’t have the conditions to systematically construct the system of misdemeanor at all, now as far as possible within the existing institutional framework or not to subvert the existing system, through the establishment and improvement of relevant systems and regulations, China should gradually promote the construction of misdemeanor system.

빅데이터 시대 중국 개인정보보호에서의 사전동의에 관한 예비적 고찰

이영봉(Li, Yingfeng) 4차산업혁명융합법학회 2021 4차산업혁명 법과 정책 Vol.3 No.-

본고는 중국 개인정보 관련 입법에서의 개인정보의 개념 및 사전동의에 관한 규정을 소개하였다. 개인정보(권)는 사법과 공법의 공동보호를 받는 법익으로서 사법영역의 전속 권리가 아니라고 이해하는 것이 바람직하다. 사전동의의 규칙은 실제 적용과정에서 정보처리자 고지의무의 형해화, 정보주체 동의의 선택공간의 압축, 동의에 수반하는 리스크의 예측곤란, 고지와 동의가 커버할 수 있는 정보처리범위의 제한 등 곤경에 처해 있으므로 “사전동의 제한론”이 학계의 주류를 이루고 있고 이는 또한 본고의 입장이다. 입법자는 “영역이론”에 근거하여 사전동의의 구체적인 적용규칙을 설정함으로써 상기 적용곤란의 완화를 도모하는 것이 마땅하다고 본다. 동의에 대한 강한 확보가 개인정보에 대한 강한 보호를 의미하는 것이 아니므로 사전동의의 규칙의 적용제한이 개인정보 보호등급의 하락으로 직결되는 것은 아니다. 사법만으로는 개인정보를 효과적으로 보호하기 어렵다는 점은 이미 사법실무에서 충분히 증명된 바이므로 개인정보보호의 법률체계는 행정법, 형법 등 공법의 역할을 중시하여야 한다. 공법적 시각에서 보면 개인정보권은 일종의 “보호받는 권리”로 해석할 수 있고 따라서 개인정보보호의 목적은 사적 권리의 확인이 아니라 리스크의 통제라는 결론에 도달할 수 있다. 이런 시각과 사고방식의 전환은 개인정보보호 법률체계에서 사전동의의 위치를 재확인하고 사전동의에 대한 제한을 거부감 없이 받아들임으로써 개인정보의 보호와 이용 이 두 가지 가치와 이익사이의 동적 조화를 꾀하는데 도움이 될 수 있다고 생각된다. This article introduces the concept of personal information and the notification and consent rules in China s personal information protection legislation. Personal information (rights) should be understood as a legal interest protected by both private law and public law, rather than a right exclusively belonging to the field of private law. In practice, the notification and consent rules have encountered the dilemmas including that the information processor’s obligation of notification is blurred; the information subject has few options; the information subject is difficult to assess the risk of consent; and the actual coverage of the notification and consent is limited. Base on this, the limited notification and consent rules have been supported by majority scholars, which is also the view of this paper. According to “spheres theory”, legislators could design different specific applicable standards for the notification and consent rules to solve the difficulties encountered by the rules in practice. Limiting the application of the notification and consent rules won’t lead to a reduction of personal information protection, because strong consent doesn’t mean strong protection. It is fully proved in practice that personal information is difficult to effectively protect only by private law. The personal information protection legal system should take the role of administrative law, criminal law and other public laws seriously. From the perspective of public law, the personal information rights should be understood as a kind of “protected rights”, that is, the purpose of protecting personal information is not to confirm rights, but to avoid risks. The change of perspective and thinking helps us to clarify the position of the notification and consent rules in the personal information protection legal system, and also makes us more comfortable to accept the limitations on it, so as to realize the dynamic balance between the personal information protection and the utilization of personal information.

Fabrication and evaluation of tissue engineering vascularscaffolds based on biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters

Liancai Wang,Yingfeng Wu,Liang Chen,Yongquan Gu,Tingfei Xi,Aiying Zhang,Zeng-guo Feng 한국물리학회 2005 Current Applied Physics Vol.5 No.5

As initial step for developing tissue-engineered vascular autografts, a novel series of biodegradable aliphaticaromatic copoly-esters were synthesized and tubular scaolds were fabricated. Cytotoxicity, adhesion and growth of dierent kinds of cells on thepolyester lms and in vivo biocompatibility have been evaluated. The results indicate that these copolyesters possess good biocom-patibility. Canine bone marrow cells were seeded on the scaolds and cultured in a bioreactor for 3 days. A conuent, adherentmonolayer bone marrow cells was observed in the scaold lumen. All the testing results suggest that these copolyesters might ulti-mately nd applications for vascular tissue engineering..

Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology: A Review of Its Development and Applications

( Guoyan Zhang ),( Yingfeng An ),( Hossain M. Zabed ),( Qi Guo ),( Miaomiao Yang ),( Jiao Yuan ),( Wen Li ),( Wenjin Sun ),( Xianghui Qi ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.2

Bacillus subtilis spore surface display (BSSD) technology is considered to be one of the most promising approaches for expressing heterologous proteins with high activity and stability. Currently, this technology is used for various purposes, such as the production of enzymes, oral vaccines, drugs and multimeric proteins, and the control of environmental pollution. This paper presents an overview of the latest developments in BSSD technology and its application in protein engineering. Finally, the major limitations of this technology and future directions for its research are discussed.

Analysis on the temperature dependent electrical properties of graphene/ Al–ZnO Schottky contact

Yapeng Li,Yingfeng Li,Jianhua Zhang,Xiangyu Zou,Yongshan Wang 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.10

The electrical characteristics of the graphene/Al–ZnO schottky contact with the temperature of 180 K–300 K have been discussed in detail. Based on the TE model, the barrier height increased and the ideal factor decreased with the increasing of temperature from 180 K to 300 K, which can be interpreted by the lateral inhomogeneities of schottky barrier height. Combined with the single gauss distribution function of barrier height, the lateral inhomogeneities distribution of barrier height at the interface was confirmed. By DLTS measurement, one electron trap centers were observed at the interface.