Three-Dimensional Analysis of Chloroplast Structures Associated with Virus Infection

Jin, Xuejiao,Jiang, Zhihao,Zhang, Kun,Wang, Pengfei,Cao, Xiuling,Yue, Ning,Wang, Xueting,Zhang, Xuan,Li, Yunqin,Li, Dawei,Kang, Byung-Ho,Zhang, Yongliang American Society of Plant Biologists 2018 Plant Physiology Vol.176 No.1

<P>Three-dimensional visualization identifies structural remodeling in chloroplasts during barley stripe mosaic virus infection.</P><P>Chloroplasts are multifunctional organelles whose morphology is affected by environmental stresses. Although the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of thylakoid membranes has been reported previously, a 3D visualization of chloroplast under stress has not been explored. In this work, we used a positive-strand RNA ((+)RNA) virus, barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) to observe chloroplast structural changes during infection by electron tomography. The analyses revealed remodeling of the chloroplast membranes, characterized by the clustering of outer membrane-invaginated spherules in inner membrane-derived packets. Diverse morphologies of cytoplasmic invaginations (CIs) were evident with spherules at the periphery and different sized openings connecting the CIs to the cytoplasm. Immunoelectron microscopy of these viral components verified that the aberrant membrane structures were sites for BSMV replication. The BSMV αa replication protein localized at the surface of the chloroplasts and played a prominent role in eliciting chloroplast membrane rearrangements. In sum, our results have revealed the 3D structure of the chloroplasts induced by BSMV infection. These findings contribute to our understanding of chloroplast morphological changes under stress conditions and during assembly of plant (+)RNA virus replication complexes.</P>

浅析汉语佛源熟语的辞格运用

?雪?(Zhang, Xuejiao),?敏球(Na, Mingu) 한국수사학회 2021 수사학 Vol.- No.41

불원(佛源) 숙어(熟语)는 은밀한 표현과 교묘한 해학적 수사효과면에서 중국어 수사학사에 적잖은 영향을 미쳤다. 본고는 그러한 불원 숙어의 수사 특징을 분석했다. 아직 발굴되지 않은 불원 숙어의 내포된 뜻을 파악하여 중국어 숙어의 수사적 연원을 밝히는 데 연구 의의를 둔다. 숙어 용례에 숨어 있는 당시 사회풍속을 탐구하고 숙어의 전통적 수사 기능을 정확하게 이해하고자 했다. 특히 비유(比喻)·대유(借代)·대구(对偶) 등 세 가지 수사법을 집중 조망했는데, 생동감 넘치는 비유와 대유는 심오하고 난삽한 불법을 쉽게 설명해준다. 대구는 한족의 사유와 중국어의 특색을 가장 잘 나타내는 수사법이다. 내용 면에서 ‘沙(모래)’, ‘海(바다)’, ‘莲(연꽃)’, ‘根(뿌리)’ 등 불교 특색이 있는 비유체(喻体)를 반복적으로 사용했는데 그 비유체의 분류와 용례 분석을 통하여 불원 숙어의 함의와 의미적 특성을 고찰한다. 형식 면에서는 다중수사(多重修辭) 효과를 내기 위해 여러 가지 수사법을 종합적으로 구사하였다. Buddhist idioms have had a certain influence on the Chinese rhetoric with their obscure expressions and witty rhetorical effects. From the perspective of rhetoric, this article analyzes the rhetorical characteristics of Buddhist idioms. The introduction first explains the conceptual category and classification of Buddhism idioms, sorts out the current research on Buddhism rhetoric, and briefly explains the reason and research value of the topic. Chapter two distinguishes the definitions and categories of rhetoric and figure of rhetoric. Figure of rhetoric is only a small branch of rhetoric and cannot be equated to rhetoric. Figure of rhetoric is an indispensable and important part of rhetoric. The third chapter sorts out and analyzes examples of common figures of rhetoric in the three types of Buddhist idioms: metaphor, metonymy, and antithesis. Idioms are intended to enlighten people to think about the philosophy of life in plain and understandable language. Therefore, metaphors and metonymy are widely used in Buddhist idioms. At the same time, as one of the rhetorical figures that can best embody the Chinese national thinking and the characteristics of Chinese rhetoric, antithesis has also been widely used. The fourth chapter analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of both content and form of the use of figures of rhetoric. The repeated use of "sand", "sea", "lotus" and "root" and other Buddhist images makes the content of Buddhism idioms have their own metaphorical group; in order to achieve multiple rhetorical effects in form, Buddhist idioms show the characteristics of the comprehensive use of multiple figures of rhetoric.

청대 “욕설(罵詈)” 법률 규범 연구

장쉐자오 ( Zhang Xuejiao ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.133

전통적인 법률에는 단순한 욕설 행위도 범죄로 규정하는 독특한 죄명인 ‘욕설죄’가 있다. 현대 법률에도 비방죄, 모욕죄 등 '욕설'과 관련된 범죄가 있다. 차이점은 전통적인 욕설죄는 행위가 공공연히 진행되는 것을 요구하지 않고 심지어 행위의 심각성 기준을 엄격히 규정하지는 않지만, 범죄 대상에 따라 처벌 수위를 구분하고 최고형은 사형에 이를 수 있다는 것이다. 전통적인 욕설 범죄는 진한 시기에 기원하여 수천년의 발전을 거쳐 명나라 시대에 정식적으로 확립되었고, 청나라 시대에 최종적인 체계를 형성했다. 논문은 먼저 욕설 조문의 역사적 변화를 정리한 다음에 청나라 시기 '욕설죄'의 내용과 그 특징을 분석하였다. 마침내 논문은 청나라 때 욕설죄의 법률 규범을 고찰하였다. In the traditional law, there is a unique accusation - “swearing” crime. The “swearing” crime refers to the simple act of swearing, which also constitutes a crime. There are also crimes related to "swearing" in modern law, such as libel and crime of insulting. The difference is that the traditional crime of swearing does not require behavior to be carried out openly, or even has no strict standard for the seriousness of behavior, but it will be punished according to the different objects of crime, and the maximum penalty can be death penalty. The traditional crime of swearing originated in Qin and Han Dynasties. After thousands of years of development, it was formally established in Ming Dynasty and formed the final system in Qing Dynasty. The paper first combs the historical evolution of swearing provisions, and then analyzes the content and characteristics of “swearing crime” in Qing Dynasty. Finally, the paper studies other legal norms of swearing in Qing Dynasty.

Screening and Identification of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae)

Tiantian Zhang,Xuejiao Cui,Jincheng Zhang,Hui Wang,Meng Wu,Hua Zeng,Yuanyuan Cao,Jingze Liu,Yonghong Hu 대한기생충학열대의학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.53 No.6

In order to explore tick proteins as potential targets for further developing vaccine against ticks, the total proteins of unfed female Dermacentor silvarum were screened with anti-D. silvarum serum produced from rabbits. The results of western blot showed that 3 antigenic proteins of about 100, 68, and 52 kDa were detected by polyclonal antibodies, which means that they probably have immunogenicity. Then, unfed female tick proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and target proteins (100, 68, and 52 kDa) were cut and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, respectively. The comparative results of peptide sequences showed that they might be vitellogenin (Vg), heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), respectively. These data will lay the foundation for the further validation of antigenic proteins to prevent infestation and diseases transmitted by D. silvarum.

Electrically Conductive Graphene-Based Biodegradable Polymer Composite Films with High Thermal Stability and Flexibility

Xuejiao Liu,Qinfeng Zou,Tianhao Wang,Liping Zhang 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2018 NANO Vol.13 No.3

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and graphene (GR) powder were added into polylactic acid (PLA)/ polypyrrole (PPy) composite films via a low-cost, eco-friendly, low-temperature, and in-situ polymerization synthesis, which obtain novel flexible and conductive polylacticacid-cellulose nanofibril-graphene/polypyrrole (PLA–CNF–GR/PPy) composite films. The CNF was embedded in the PLA matrix to enhance the mechanical properties. Remarkably, when a few GR (1%) powder was added, the tensile strength of composite films increased by 5.6%, respectively, compared with pure PLA–CNF, and increased by 17.6% compared with the PLA. The GR and CNF had a positive influence on mechanical properties of composite films. In addition, the PLA–CNF–GR/PPy composite films exhibited many unique properties when GR powder was introduced, including high thermal stability, and especially electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of the PLA–CNF–GR/PPy composite films increased from 0.12 to 1.06 S/cm as the content of GR powder increased from 0 to 10%. The PLA–CNF–GR-10/PPy also demonstrated excellent flexible stability, only 7.5% deviation after over 100 bending cycles. Furthermore, we designed and found that the exploration of a flexible solid-state supercapacitor assembled with PLA–CNF–GR-10/PPy composite electrodes had a capacitance of 30 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. Although it was not quite as prominent as the capacitance, it provided an innovative means for preparing the conductive composite films. Based on these advantages the PLA–CNF–GR/PPy could be considered as sensors, flexible electrodes, and flexible displays. It also opens a new field of potential applications of biodegradable materials.

Low-temperature solution selective growth of zinc oxide nanorods on different substrates

Jian Zhang,Lijuan Wan,Xuejiao Chen,Chunran Liu,Huina Hou 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2010 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.11 No.3

In this paper, regular ZnO nanorods with excellent reproducibility were grown by a simple solution method at low temperature. The growth parameters, which can affect the ZnO nanostructures were studied, including the substrate types, the growth temperature, the growth time and the concentration of the solution. Among these conditions, the influence of different substrates on the resulting nanostructures was investicated carefully. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the morphology and microstructure of the as-grown ZnO nanorods. It is concluded that the substrates can affect the ZnO growth remarkably and the selective growth of ZnO is possible through the choice of the substrates.

A Bio-memristor with Overwhelming Capacitance Effect

Shuangsuo Mao,Xuejiao Zhang,Bai Sun,Bing Li,Tian Yu,Yuanzheng Chen,Yong Zhao 대한금속·재료학회 2019 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.15 No.5

A bio-memristor, which was prepared using the bio-materials as basic components, has being become the focus of researchowing to the potential application as medical diagnosis in biomedical field. Herein, an environmentally-friendly and sustainablebio-memristor device with Ag/walnut skin (WS)/ITO structure was fabricated, in which an obvious and reliablyrepeated rectangular current–voltage characteristic curve is observed. Our result shows that the WS, an useless bio-material,can be used to fabricate electronic devices after proper processing. Finally, the memory mechanism based on the conductivefilament mode associated the capacitance effect is ascribed. This work has opened a new way to exploit the next generationbio-electronic device with advantages of environmentally-friendly, sustainable and pollution-free.

Levy-type solution for analysis of a magneto-electro-elastic panel

Jia He,Xuejiao Zhang,Hong Gong,H. Elhosiny Ali,Elimam Ali 국제구조공학회 2023 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.46 No.6

This paper studies electro-magneto-mechanical bending studying of the cylindrical panels based on shear deformation theory. The cylindrical panel is constrained with two simply-supported edges at longitudinal direction and two clamped boundary conditions at circumferential direction. The governing equations are derived based on the principle of virtual work in cylindrical coordinate system. Levy-type solution of the governing equations is derived to reduce two dimensional PDEs to a 2D ODEs. The reduced ordinary differential equation is solved using the Eigen-value Eigen-vector method for the clamped-clamped boundary condition. The electro-magneto-mechanical bending results are obtained to show that every displacement, rotation and electromagnetic potentials how change with changes of initial electromagnetic potentials and mechanical loads along longitudinal and circumferential directions.

Highly Sensitive Detection of Low-Abundance White Spot Syndrome Virus by a Pre-Amplification PCR Method

( Xiaoming Pan ),( Yanfang Zhang ),( Xuejiao Sha ),( Jing Wang ),( Jing Li ),( Ping Dong ),( Xingguo Liang ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.3

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major threat to the shrimp farming industry and so far there is no effective therapy for it, and thus early diagnostic of WSSV is of great importance. However, at the early stage of infection, the extremely low-abundance of WSSV DNA challenges the detection sensitivity and accuracy of PCR. To effectively detect low-abundance WSSV, here we developed a pre-amplification PCR (pre-amp PCR) method to amplify trace amounts of WSSV DNA from massive background genomic DNA. Combining with normal specific PCR, 10 copies of target WSSV genes were detected from ~10¹⁰ magnitude of backgrounds. In particular, multiple target genes were able to be balanced amplified with similar efficiency due to the usage of the universal primer. The efficiency of the pre-amp PCR was validated by nested-PCR and quantitative PCR, and pre-amp PCR showed higher efficiency than nested-PCR when multiple targets were detected. The developed method is particularly suitable for the super early diagnosis of WSSV, and has potential to be applied in other low-abundance sample detection cases.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Methyl Jasmonate-mediated Biosynthesis of Protopanaxadiol-type Saponins in Panax notoginseng Leaves

Li Ying,Lin Yuan,Jia Bing,Chen Geng,Shi Huineng,Xu Rui,Li Xuejiao,Tang Junrong,Tang Qingyan,Zhang Guanghui,Yang Jianli,Fan Wei,Yang Shengchao 한국식물학회 2022 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.65 No.1

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been widely used to improve the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Differing from roots that accumulate protopanaxatriol-type saponins, Panax notoginseng leaves with a lower biomass mainly contain protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type saponins. Therefore, it is interesting to explore whether MeJA can activate the biosynthesis of PPD-type saponins in P. notoginseng leaves. In this study, we found MeJA could effectively induce the accumulation of PPD-type saponins, including ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and notoginsenoside Fa, Fe in P. notoginseng leaves based on a newly established high-performance liquid chromatography method. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by MeJA were mainly enriched in “terpenoid backbone biosynthesis”, “biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids”, “sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis”, “fatty acid metabolism”, and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”. Furthermore, the expression profile and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of DEGs showed that MeJA could positively induce the molecular response of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, and increased PPD-type saponins mediated by MeJA in P. notoginseng leaves may be related to the high expression of FPS, SS, SE, DS and UGTs, and the low expression of CYP716A53v2 and β-AS. The results provide a molecular understanding for MeJA-elicited biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and facilitate the further characterization of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of PPD-type saponins in P. notoginseng leaves.