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The Impact of COVID 19 on the Meat Supply Chain in the USA: A Review
Dalton Whitehead,Yuan H. Brad Kim 한국축산식품학회 2022 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.42 No.5
The COVID 19 pandemic resulted in a considerable influence on the world economy. Being a big sector of the economy, the food supply chain struggled. The meat supply chain was most notably affected as every part of the supply chain from farm to shelf was closely inter-related. With the closure of businesses and restaurants the demand for at home food from grocery stores increased. Meat production facilities were impacted when the virus spread to the workers causing facilities to close or line speeds to slow. The combination of these two issues, in turn, led to there being less meat on the shelves. With less meat animals being harvested, there was less demand for livestock leading to farmers having an excess in slaughter ready animals. The decreased demand for livestock led to economic issues as money was lost in multiple sections of the supply chain. Aside from the economy and supply chain issues, other issues include concerns over the safety of meat products due to decreased safety protocols to increase line speed. Additionally, concerns of animal welfare with the excess of animals being culled were raised due to decreased capacity in processing facilities. While this review paper mainly focuses on characterizing the impact of COVID 19 on the meat supply chain in the USA, the compiled information should be able to provide practical insights to the meat/food industry across the globe to develop potential mitigating strategies against the COVID 19 and/or any similar pandemic incidences in the future.
Local affordable housing dynamics in two global cities: patterns and possible lessons?
Christine M. E. Whitehead,John Goering 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2021 도시과학국제저널 Vol.25 No.1
This paper compares how New York and London, two major global cities, have developed policies and programmes to help ensure affordable housing for their citizens. It clarifies how, starting from relatively limited local regulatory powers in the nineteenth century, each city has used local resources as well as centrally authorized programmes, to create unique mixes of rental housing support, mostly based on instruments that enable sub-market rents. It goes on to discuss how the legacies arising from these interventions, both positive and negative, have influenced affordability in these cities’ current, more internationally open and generally more privatized, housing systems. The relative success of both cities has depended on the management of this pastiche of programmes and financing. Even so, while large proportions of lower income households in both cities (although larger in London) are assisted, there remains significant, and, in current economic circumstances, potentially growing numbers of households, facing unaffordable market rents. In the foreseeable future it can only be an amalgam of these local and nationally supported policies together with local initiatives that can help limit, although not resolve, the continuing problems of ensuring adequate affordable homes for lower income households in both New York and London.
화이트헤드, 샤운 에이,진희관,김철위 서울대학교 치과대학 치과생체재료학교실 1998 치과생체재료학 논문집 Vol.6 No.1
목적 이 연구의 목적은 in vitro 에서 콤포짓트 레진 표면에 대한 각종 치아 미백치약의 치아세마의 효과를 기술하고 정량화 하기 위하여 이용하는 표면구조 매개변수의 중요성을 평가하기 위한 것이다. 방법 초미세형 콤포짓트 레진의 시편을 채택한 치약으로 세마한 후 표면구조의 윤곽은 다이아몬드 접촉바늘로 세마 전·후를 측정하고 ?석하였다. 표변구조를 기술하기 위한 매개변수는 Ra, Rz, Rpm 및 Rpm : Rz 비율로 치약간 차이는 ANOVA 와 다량비교방법으로 (Student New man-Keuls) 평가하였고 표면조도 매개변수가 세마로 크게 변하는지 알아보기 위하여 p 및 t 값을 계산하였다. 결과 치약으로 세마 후 콤포짓트 레진의 표면구조에 큰 변화를 보여준다. 예로 클리노민(Clinomyn)은 콤포짓트 레진의 표면조도를 증가하였고, Rz 매개변수는 2.19±1.67㎛에서 10.02±2.57㎛(p<0.05)로 변하였다. 표면특성을 나타내는 표면구조 매개변수는 Rpm : Rz 비율처럼 윤곽모양을 반영하여야 하고 수복재료의 표면구조 측정값을 임상에 이용할 때 주의하여야 한다. 의미 이 연구의 모든 치약은 콤포짓트 레진 표면이 저작할 때의 빠른 수직운동으로 잔금이 커지기 쉽게 만들었다. 그러나 칫솔질 후 표면보다는 수복재의 강도에 더 원인이 있다고 할 수 있다.