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Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
Taekyun Shin,Meejung Ahn,Yoh Matsumoto 대한해부학회 2012 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.45 No.3
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4⁺ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
Taekyun Shin,Meejung Ahn,Heechul Kim,Jeong Tae Kim,Jeeyoung Lee,Jin Won Hyun,Jae Woo Park 대한수의학회 2006 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.7 No.4
We studied the expression of caveolin-1 in the spinal cords of rats using 60Co γ-ray irradiation (single dose of 8 Gray (Gy)) in order to determine the possible involvement of caveolin-1 in the tissues of the central nervous system after irradiation. Spinal cords sampled at days 1, 4, and 9 post-irradiation (PI) (n = 5 per each time point) were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of caveolin-1 was significantly increased at day 1 PI (p < 0.05), and returned to the level of normal control rats on days 4 and 9 PI. Immunohistochemistry showed that caveolin-1 immunoreactivity was enhanced in some glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and neurons in the spinal cords. The increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for an astroglial reaction, was consistent with that of caveolin-1. In addition, caveolin-1 was co-localized in hypertrophied GFAP-positive astrocytes. Taking all these facts into consideration, we postulate that irradiation induces the increased expression of caveolin-1 in cells of the central nervous system, and that its increased expression in astrocytes may contribute to hypertrophy of astrocytes in the spinal cord after irradiation. The precise role of caveolin-1 in the spinal cords should be studied further.
Hyperthermia Aggravates Neuronal Apoptosis following Global Ischemia in Gerbils
Shin-Mi Park,Changjong Moon,Hyun-Joo Ha,Meejung Ahn,Taekyun Shin,Hyoung-Chun Kim,Bae-Dong Jung,Myung-Sang Kwon,Myung-Bok Wie 한국실험동물학회 2005 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.21 No.4
Hyperthermia exacerbates neuronal injury during ischemic stroke in animal models and humans. In this study, we examined whether hyperthermia affects the neuronal apoptosis in the brain with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gerbils were challenged for 5 min transient cerebral ischemia under the condition of brain temperature at either 37℃ (normothermia, NT) or 39℃ (hyperthermia, HT), followed by reperfusion for 48h. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining of Sax, pro-apoptosis member. We also surveyed the state of astrocyte and microglial cells including subtypes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the same brain areas. The numbers of TUNEL-positive neurons were increased within neocortex and hippocampus in HT group, but not in NT and sham group at 48h after reperfusion. The numbers of Sax-positive neurons were increased within the hippocampus, thalamus, neocortex and piriform cortex in HT group, but not within neocortex and piriform cortex in NT group. The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity of HT group was increased in the hippocampal region compared with that of NT group. In contrast with NT group, the intensive activation of microglial cells by isolectin B4 staining was observed in the hippocampus, thalamus and neocortex region in HT group. The iNOS- and eNOS-positive cells were highly increased within the hippocampal CA1 region in HT group. Therefore, our results suggest that hyperthermia may be one of the crucial factors in acceleration of the neuronal apoptosis by the elevation of iNOS expression through the activation of microglia and astrocyte after ischemic injury.
Shin, Taekyun,Carrillo-Salinas, Francisco J.,Martinez, Ana Feliu,Mecha, Miriam,Guaza, Carmen The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2013 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.53 No.3
Galectin-3 is a ${\beta}$-galactoside-binding lectin that plays a role in neuroinflammation through cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the present study, regulation of galectin-3 was examined in the brain of mice infected with the Daniel strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) at days 7 and 81 post-infection by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry revealed that galectin-3 was mainly localized in ionized calcium-binding adapter 1-positive macrophages/activated microglia, but not in Iba-1-positive ramified microglia. Galectin-3 was also weakly detected in some astrocytes in the same encephalitic lesions, but not in neurons and oligodendrocytes. Collectively, the present findings suggest that galectin-3, mainly produced by activated microglia/macrophages, may be involved in the pathogenesis of virus induced acute inflammation in the early stage as well as the chronic demyelinating lesions in Daniel strain of TMEV induced demyelination model.
Biological activity of various radish species
Shin, Taekyun,Ahn, Meejung,Kim, Gi Ok,Park, Sang Un Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kyung 2015 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.15 No.2
The radish (Raphanus sativus L.; Cruciferae) is cultivated and used as a food worldwide, and has many useful biological properties. Increasingly, it is apparent that the radish may potentially be used to treat various diseases. The radish contains alkaloids and nitrogen compounds, coumarins, enzymes, gibberellins, glucosinolates, organic acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and sulfur compounds; these exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidative, antitumor, and antiviral activities, and act as calmodulin antagonists, growth inhibitors, anti-hypotensive agents, and inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Some components have immunological properties. The radish contains phytoalexins and a 'pungent principle'. Certain components exhibit serological activity, stimulate intestinal motility, and prevent cardiovascular disease. The biological effects of the radish are inexorably linked to materials therein that exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the biological effects of radish components.